法律文本翻譯

1、法律文本的翻譯,,法律文體的分類,,法律文本Legal text,法律條文Legal provision,如：國際法， 國內(nèi)法， 政府頒布的具有法律效力的 法規(guī)、法令 ……,法律文書Legal document/Instrument of law,如：條約、 公約、 協(xié)定、 合同、 起訴書、 傳票、

2、 ……,,,,,,,法律文體的英漢翻譯,英語法律文本的形式特征條理化：法律條文都以章、條、款、項從小到大層次羅列。,,語言特征：1. 不厭其煩的重復為了確保并體現(xiàn)法律的嚴密性，英語法律文本中很多語句詰屈聱牙，復雜難懂，有些詞或詞語的重復在遠離法律工作的普通人看來簡直到了無可復加的地步。e.g.If any of the provisions of this Contract or any document ex

3、ecuted in connection herewith is hereafter determined to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, (i) the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not i

4、n any way be affected or impaired, and such remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect; and (ii) the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision shall be replaced by a valid, legal and enforceable provisi

5、on that comes closest to expressing the true intent of such an invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision.如果本合同的條款或與本合同有關(guān)的執(zhí)行文件，在合同簽訂以后，根據(jù)適用的法律，任何方面被確定無效，（1）其他條款的有效性不受影響，將繼續(xù)完全有效，（2）那個無效的條款，由最接近于表示該無效條款真正意圖的有效條款來代替。,,2.

6、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)復雜英語法律文本的句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常很復雜，一個句子就是一個段落的情況比比皆是。e.g. As implementing the foregoing, it is understood and agreed that the Guarantor guarantees that the obligations will be paid to Party B in accordance with the terms and pro

7、visions of any agreement, expressed or implied, which has been or may hereafter be made or entered into by Party A in reference thereto. The obligations of the Guarantor hereunder shall not be discharged except by paymen

8、t in full of the obligations as herein provided.在實施上述事項時，雙方同意，保證人將按照甲方已經(jīng)訂立的協(xié)議，或此后參照已經(jīng)訂立的協(xié)議可能訂立的新協(xié)議所明示或暗示的條款向乙方履行付款義務。根據(jù)本保證書，保證人的付款義務不得解除，但本保證書里提出的付款義務已充分履行的情況除外。,3. 英語法律文體中喜歡使用正式詞語，不使用同樣意義的其他文本里常見的詞語。在英語法律文本中經(jīng)常見如下正式詞語

9、：,Assist (help) 幫助，render (give) 給予，assign (transfer) 轉(zhuǎn)讓， amend (revise) 修改convene (call together) 召集，construe (explain) 解釋， title (ownership) 所有權(quán)，surrender (present) 提交，,partake (take part) 參加，

10、 forthwith (immediately) 立即，require (ask) 要求， notify (inform) 通知，furnish (give) 提供， alter (change) 更改，supplement (add) 增加， repatriate (send back) 返還 …,,4. 同意反復的成對詞語的使用法律文體中使

11、用成對詞是歷史的沿襲，是法律嚴格、周密的體現(xiàn)。不但副詞成雙，介詞成雙，謂語動詞、分詞、不定式、形容詞、名詞也都有成雙成對的。e.g.The parties may, through consultation, make amendments to and revisions of this Contract as and when the need arises.雙方可在必要時通過協(xié)商，修改本合同。This Agreement

12、 is made and entered into by and between ABV Co. and XYZ Co.本協(xié)議有ABC 公司和XYZ公司簽訂。,,Licensor agrees to furnish and provide Licensee with technical information such as …售證人同意向購證人提供……技術(shù)資料。Furthermore, Licensee agrees to p

13、ay and shall pay a royalty of …% on the Net Selling Price of all products manufactured and / or assembled by Licensee during the term of this Agreement.此外，購證人還同意在協(xié)議期間按照制造或裝配產(chǎn)品的銷售凈價的……%支付提成費。Each party to this agreemen

14、t shall fulfill or perform any of the obligations under this Agreement.本協(xié)議的雙方應履行協(xié)議規(guī)定的義務。This Agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without

15、the consent of the other party hereto.本協(xié)議以及本協(xié)議規(guī)定的權(quán)利或義務，沒有另一方的同意就不得擅自轉(zhuǎn)讓。,,5. 英語法律中頻繁使用here, there, where 與介詞in, by, of, to, on, upon, with, after, before, under等結(jié)合構(gòu)成的副詞，在句子中作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在其它文體中極為罕見，所以構(gòu)成了理解法律文體的難點。Here 是th

16、is 的意思，指“本法律（條約、合同、文書）”，但有時在hereinafter, hereinbefore等詞中，here是this point 的意思指“該處”；There是that的意思，指這里講到的“那個法律（條約、合同、文書）”；Where構(gòu)成的副詞是關(guān)系副詞，連接狀語從句。,,1.Hereafter = from now on, in the future 此后，往后2. Hereby = by this mean

17、s, as the result of this document 以此，特此，茲3. Herein = in this document 于此4. Hereinafter = in what follows, further on in this document 在下文，以下5. Hereinbefore = in what has gone before, before this point in this document

18、 在上文，以上6. Hereof = of this document 本法律（合同、擔保書等）的7. Hereto = to this document 對此法律，于此法律8. Heretofore = before now, until now 在此以前，知道此時9. Hereunder = under this, as provided for under the terms of this document 據(jù)此，按照本

19、法律條款規(guī)定10. Hereupon = after this, as a result of this 此后，由此，就此11. Herewith = with this document 同此，于此，附此,,12. Thereafter = after that time, after that place 此后13. Thereby = thus, by that means, as a result of that 因此，由

20、此，以此14. Therefore = for that reason 為此，因此15. Therefrom =from that 從那里16. Therein = in that thing, in that place, in that document, in that respect 在那點，在那里，在那法律，在那方面17.Theretofore = before that time 在那以前18. Therebefo

21、re = before that time, before that place19. Thereof = of the place, thing, event etc. just mentioned 關(guān)于剛才提到的20. Thereon = on that thing just mentioned 就剛才提到的21. Thereto = to that 對那，與那22. Thereunder = in accordance w

22、ith the thing mentioned 按照那（文件）的規(guī)定23. Thereupon = as the result of that; immediately or shortly after that 因此；此后立即24. Therewith = with that 與之，與此,,whereas = considering that, since 鑒于，因為whereby = by which 據(jù)此，以此wherei

23、n = in which 在那里，在那點上whereof = of which, of what, of whom 關(guān)于那事，關(guān)于那物，關(guān)于那人whereon = on which, on what 在那上面whereafter = after which 此后whereto = to which 對于那whereupon = immediately after which,,6. 情態(tài)動詞shall 使用多在非法律文件中s

24、hall用于第一人稱表示將來，用于第二人稱表示講話人的命令，用于第三人稱表示講話人的決心。在法律文體中shall表示法律意義上的約束力和強制性，或表示條約或合同對簽約雙方的約束力。e.g. This Guaranty shall be governed by and construed according to the laws of the People’s Republic of China to the jurisdictio

25、n of which the parties hereto submit.本保證書由訂立雙方提交司法的中華人民共和國的法律管轄和解釋。,法律文體的英漢翻譯技術(shù),1. 注意法律文體的形式特征：法律條文的章、條、款、項的層次布排在段落空間進行設(shè)置，左右頁邊寬狹幅度的設(shè)置上體現(xiàn)出層次性。法律根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要可以分為編、章、節(jié)、條、款、項、目。編 – part 章 – chapter節(jié) – section

26、 條 – article 款 – paragraph 項 – subparagraph目– item,,例3：Article 23* Under either of the following circumstance, an interested person may apply to the people’s court for a declaration of a citizen’s death:(1) if the c

27、itizen’s whereabouts have been unknown for four years or, **(2) if the citizen’s whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the date of an accident in which he was involved.If a person’s whereabouts become unkno

28、wn during a war, the calculation of the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the final day of the war. **** article 23** the subparagraph (1) of article 23*** the second paragraph of article

29、 23譯文：第23條* 公民有下列情形之一的，利害關(guān)系人可以向人民法院申請宣告他死亡：(一) 下落不明滿四年的；**（二）因意外事故下落不明，從事故發(fā)生之日起滿兩年的。戰(zhàn)爭期間下落不明的，下落不明的時間從戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束之日起計算。**** 第23條**第23條第1款第1項***第23條第2款,,2. 分析原文句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)法律文體句子通常較長，句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，首先要找出主句的主謂賓，在分析其他句子成分是怎么分別修飾主句里的

30、主謂賓的，從句需分析出于主句成分的關(guān)系，注意嵌套從句層次的分析。是否需要分譯？先譯哪里？后譯哪里？分譯不符合漢語表達邏輯就不可分譯，需重新排列英語句內(nèi)各句子成分，使譯文符合漢語思維習慣和表達邏輯。漢語句子成分排列基本順序基本如下：時間狀語+主語+各種其他狀語+地點狀語+動詞謂語+賓語即，什么時間，某某，為了什么目的，用了什么方法或手段，與誰一起，在什么地方，做了什么事,,3. and / or 的翻譯這一用法是英語法律文體同

31、義成對詞語使用特點的體現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)情況下只要選擇一個能表達英語兩個詞意義的漢語用語就可以了，個別情況下，一個漢語詞表達不了or連接的兩個或數(shù)個詞，需要用更多一些詞語譯出。4. all(全部)、any(任何) 不必每次出現(xiàn)都譯出，根據(jù)漢語需要，在適當位置譯出。5. here, there, where與介詞in, by, of, to等構(gòu)成的副詞，在英語句中是放在后面的狀語，漢語句子中狀語大都放在句子前部，翻譯時注意用詞適切。6

32、. shall 通常譯“應當”、“應該” ，有時根據(jù)上下文不一定譯出，shall not 通常譯為“不得”7. 注意措辭的嚴肅性。,法律文體的漢譯英,法律文體的漢譯英是英譯漢的逆向思維中文法律文體的特征1. 用詞嚴肅本法律、該法律、本章、該章、管轄、禁止、吊銷、繳銷、不得、給予補償、不受干涉、須經(jīng)審批……2. 中文法律文體句子簡短，簡明扼要，不用長句，沒有堆砌和不厭其煩的重復3.不使用成對詞，區(qū)別于英語法律文體,,英譯時

33、應注意：1. 文書的格式和布局要一目了然2. 要以漢語段落為單位構(gòu)思3. 由于漢語不是靠語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而是約定俗成的排列，英語則是復雜的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，翻譯時需先設(shè)計好英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)，先考慮一個大的框架，在將具體細節(jié)理順加進，絕大多數(shù)情況下，一個段落譯成一個英語句子。設(shè)計英語句子需注意：使用shall 和shall not 表示法律約束力，常用一般現(xiàn)在時描述情況使用正式詞，如“解釋”譯為construe，“管轄”譯為govern使用h

34、ere, there, where和介詞構(gòu)成的副詞，如herein、hereby等使用同義反復的成對詞，如any and all， force and effect，注意此類成對詞都是約定俗成的，不可為了成對自己創(chuàng)造,,EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT聘請協(xié)議This EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”) is dated as of August 1, 2008 (the “Ef

35、fective Date”), between Youg Xu, (“Employee”), and Sing Kung, Ltd. a British Virgin Islands corporation (the “Company”)本聘請協(xié)議（下稱“協(xié)議”）由徐勇（下稱“雇員”）與Sing Kung有限公司（下稱“公司”）于2008年8月1日（下稱“生效日期”）簽訂。Sing Kung有限公司是一家位于英國維京群島的公司。WH

36、EREAS, the Company believes that Employee will provide unique and valuable services for the Company and the Subsidiaries wishes to retain the services of Employee as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Comp

37、any; and鑒于，公司認為雇員將會為公司提供獨一無二及有價值的服務，并且子公司希望保留雇員，繼續(xù)擔任公司副總裁和首席財務總監(jiān)，并,,WHEREAS, Employee wishes to accept employment with Sing Kung Ltd. and the Subsidiaries, and following the prospective merger with InterAmerican Acquisi

38、tion Group, Inc. (IAG) the successor company; and鑒于，雇員愿意接受Sing Kung有限公司及其子公司的雇傭，并正在進行與美洲收購集團（InterAmerican Acquisition Group, Inc. (IAG)）富有前景的合并，IAG為繼任公司，并WHEREAS, the Company and Employee have reached an understanding

39、 with respect to Employee’s employment with the Company for a two-year period with a third-year extension option commencing as of the Effective Date; and鑒于，公司與雇員就自生效日期開始起開始雇員兩年的雇傭期并可于第三年可選擇續(xù)簽一年達成共識，并WHEREAS, the Compan

40、y and Employee desire to evidence their agreement in writing and to provide for the employment of Employee by the Company on the terms set forth herein.鑒于，公司與雇員雙方都希望以書面協(xié)議為鑒證，并希望由公司根據(jù)本協(xié)議以下訂立條款履行雇員雇傭。,,NOW, THEREFORE, IN

41、CONSIDERATION of the foregoing facts, the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein and other good and valuable consideration, the parties hereby agree as follows:茲考慮到上述事實，于此包含的雙方共同關(guān)心的協(xié)議及其它有價值的考量，上述雙方達成協(xié)議如下：,,資產(chǎn)評

42、估約定書 本合同由甲方、乙方（下稱“委托方”）與丙方（下稱“受托方”），與……年……月……日簽訂。雙方通過友好協(xié)商，自愿在平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上簽訂本合同如下：…… 本合同字簽字之日起生效，至委托方支付完所有本合同第四條所述服務金額后終止。委托方：法定代表人：____ 法定代表人：____ ____年___月___日 ____

43、年___月___日 受托方：法定代表人：________年___月___日,,Assets Evaluation Agreement This contract (hereinafter called the “Contract”) is signed on this … day of …, …by Party And Party B on the one side (hereinafter called the

44、 “Entrusters”) and Party C on the other (hereinafter called the “Entrustee”). Both sides have reached an agreement on the following terms based on the principle of equality and mutual benefits through sufficient frien

45、dly consultations.… The Contract becomes effective as from the date of signature and continues to be in force until the Entrusters have paid all service charge as stated in Article Four of the Contract.Entruste

46、rs Legal Representative:____ Legal Representative:____Dated: Dated:EntrusteeLegal Representative:_____Dated:,,JOINT SOURCING AGREEMENT This JOINT SOURCING AGREEMENT (this “J

47、SA”) is made and entered into as of the this … day of …2003, by and between Party A, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of … (country) and Party B, a corporation organized and existing under the laws

48、 of the People’s Republic of China.… IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this JSA by their respective duly authorized representatives on the date and in the years first written above.

49、 PARTY A

50、 By:_______

51、 Name: Title: PARTY B

52、 By:_______ Name:

53、 Title:,聯(lián)合采購協(xié)議,本聯(lián)合采購協(xié)議訂于……年……月……日。簽約雙方：甲方為一家根據(jù)……國法律建立及運作的公司；乙方為一家根據(jù)中華人民共和國法律建立及運作的公司?！?據(jù)此，雙方由各自授權(quán)代表與上述時間簽署本協(xié)議：

54、 甲方 代表簽名： 職位：

55、 乙方 代表簽名： 職位：,,Personal Guaranty

56、 The Guaranty is made on __ of ___, ___, by and between __(hereafter referred to as the “Guarantor”) who is director of —__ Company (hereafter referred to as Party A), with its principal business at ___, and ___

57、Company (hereafter referred to as Party B ) with its principle place of business at ___. …,,個人保證書 本保證書由……有限公司（以下簡稱“甲方”）董事……（以下簡稱“保證人”）與……公司（以下簡稱“乙方”）于……年……月……日訂立。甲方主營業(yè)部所在地為……。乙方所在地位……。 ……Preamble 約首,,For a

58、 valuable consideration and in order to induce Party B to enter into continuing business relationship with Party A, the Guarantor hereby irrevocalby and unconditionally guarantees the faithful performance of the agreemen

59、t(s), inclucing but not limited to purchase agreements for goods by Party A, together with fees, commissions and interest thereon without limitation for any period of time. The faithful performance of the agreement(s) in