chaney跨文化商務溝通第04章

1、Chapter 4Cultural Shock,,4-2,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,2,Topics,Stages of Cultural ShockAlleviating Cultural ShockAspects of Cultural ShockRelationships and Family ConsiderationsPublic

2、and Private Self,,4-3,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,3,Cultural shock is the trauma you experience when you move into a culture different from your home culture.Frustrations may include:- lack of fo

3、od - unacceptable standards of cleanlinessdifferent bathroom facilities fear for personal safety,4-4,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,4,Cultural shock includes- hearing yes when some

4、one means no - having to bargain when shopping in the market- having laughter used for anger,4-5,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,5,On her first day of teaching at the university in La Paz, Bolivia

5、, a college professor from Atlanta, Georgia, asked directions to the ladies’ room. Upon entering, she observed three males using urinals and made a hasty retreat. After her U.S. colleagues explained that all restrooms

6、were unisex, the professor decided to take a taxi to her hotel.,,4-6,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,6,Major Symptoms of Cultural Shock,HomesicknessBoredomWithdrawal (avoiding contact with host nation

7、als)Need for excessive amounts of sleepCompulsive eating/drinkingIrritabilityExaggerated cleanliness,,4-7,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,7,Marital stressFamily tension and conflictChauvinis

8、tic excessesStereotyping of host nationalsHostility toward host nationalsLoss of ability to work effectivelyUnexplainable fits of weepingPhysical ailments (psychosomatic illnesses),4-8,Copyright © 2014 Pearson

9、Education, Inc.,8,Asia Shock has five progressive stages:,Frustration with the culture, which includes the language, food, and an exasperation with local customs.Unwillingness to understand the rationale behind the loca

10、l ways of doing things.Ethnocentricity; U.S. persons label Asians as dishonest because they say one thing and do another; consider face-saving as dishonest.Racism – use of unflattering labels for Asians (Japs).Avoidan

11、ce of the culture; U.S. persons form clubs rather than intermingle with people of the culture.,4-9,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,9,Strategies for Coping with a New Culture During Short Visits,Nonacceptanc

12、e of the host culture; traveler behaves as he/she would in the home culture.Substitution - The traveler learns the appropriate responses/behaviors in the host culture and substitutes these responses/behaviors for the on

13、es ordinarily used in the home culture.,,4-10,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,10,Addition - The person adds the behavior of the host culture when in the presence of nationals but maintains the home culture

14、behavior with others of the same culture.Synthesis - Integrates or combines elements of the two cultures, such as combining U.S. dress and that of the Philippines.,,4-11,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,11,

15、Resynthesis - The integration of ideas not found in either culture (U.S. traveler to China chooses to eat neither American nor Chinese food, but prefers Italian).,4-12,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,12,Sta

16、ges of Cultural Shock,Stage 1: Excitement and fascination with the new culture; the "honeymoon" stage.Stage 2: Crisis or disenchantment period; excitement has turned to disappointment.Stage

17、 3: Adjustment phase; you begin to accept the new culture, try new foods, see the humor in situations. Stage 4: Acceptance or adaptation phase; feel at home in the new culture and become invo

18、lved in activities of the culture. Stage 5: Reentry shock; follows the stages identified earlier: initial euphoria, crisis or disenchantment, adjustment, and adaptation.,,4-13,Copyright © 2014 Pears

19、on Education, Inc.,13,U-Curve,,,,,Honeymoon,Crisis,Adjustment,Acceptance,Reentry,,,,,4-14,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,14,W-Curve,Theory of cultural shock that explains that reentry actually takes the fo

20、rm of a second U-curve (thus forming a “W”) with a repetition of the stages experienced during initial adjustment to the foreign culture.,4-15,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,15,Problems Related to Reentr

21、y Shock,Finding a new niche in the corporate structure at home.Adjusting to lower standards of living.Problems reestablishing personal and professional relationships.Dealing with readjustment problems of children, inc

22、luding the difference in their educational experience abroad.,,4-16,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,16,Repatriation,Returnee expectations—realistic positionsReturnee feelings of alienation and isolation ca

23、n cause traumaReturnee can feel cultural dissonance caused by personnel changes new company policies and procedures different performance valuation methodsdifferent benefits and compensationdifferent job responsibi

24、lities,4-17,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,17,Replace the Golden Rule (Do unto others as you would have them do unto you) withThe Platinum Rule (Do unto others as they would have done unto them).,To alle

25、viate cultural shock, try to see the environment from the perspective of the host nationals.,,4-18,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,18,Alleviating Cultural Shock by Careful Selection of Overseas Personnel,Se

26、nsitive, cooperative, able to compromiseOpen to others' opinionsReaction to new situations; appreciation of cultural differencesUnderstanding of own values and aware-ness of values in other culturesReaction to

27、criticismUnderstanding of U.S. government systemAbility to develop contacts in new culturePatience and resiliency,,4-19,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,19,Training Models,Intellectual or classroom model

28、- involves giving facts about the host country using a variety of instructional methods.Area training or simulation model - emphasizes affective goals, culture specific content, and experiential processes.Self-awarenes

29、s or human relations model - based on the assumption that the trainee with self-understanding will be more effective in the overseas assignment.,,4-20,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,20,Cultural awareness m

30、odel - emphasizes cultural insight and stresses affective goals and an experiential process.Interaction approach - participants interact with people in the host country.Multidimensional approach - attempts to combine c

31、ognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of training.,4-21,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,21,Feedback and Rewards,Appraisal and reward system must reflect the purpose and expectations of the assignment

32、 (profit or building a presence in the country).Reward systems include special allowances for housing, hardship, home leave, medical, taxes, etc.Reward system must compensate for what U.S. persons are leaving behind an

33、d must be based on the idea of equity (the ratio between what is contributed and what is received).,,4-22,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,22,Developing Employees to Their Potential,Plan for repatriation, in

34、cluding reasons for the assignment and how the employee will contribute to the company upon his/her return.Allow adequate time for readjustment before employee reports to work.Provide appropriate compensation for trans

35、ition expenses.Assist in locating proper housing.Show appreciation to family for their contributions.,,4-23,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,23,Success or Failure Due To:,Self-efficacyPrior international

36、experienceAgeCross-cultural fluencyInterpersonal skillsFlexibilityCultural sensitivityAdaptability,4-24,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,24,Aspects of Cultural Shock,Cultural Stress - alleviate stress

37、by reading up on the country, studying the language, and becoming aware of customs and traditions in the culture.Social Alienation - cultivate friendships with persons from home and host cultures; include host nationals

38、 in social events.,,4-25,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,25,Social Class and Poverty-Wealth Extremes - mentors in host culture can be helpful in advising U.S. persons regarding acceptable ways of dealing wi

39、th poverty-wealth extremes.Financial Information - should be provided before going to the culture; also financial counseling before reentry.,4-26,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,26,Relationships and Family

40、 Considerations,Spouse or family member who cannot adapt Family training to minimize adjustments Encourage children to discuss their anxieties and fears,4-27,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, I

41、nc.,27,The Johari Window,The public self may include information about a person’s work, family, and interests. The public self is small for the Japanese; it is large for U.S. persons.The private self may include feel

42、ings, personal information, and opinions. The private self is large for the Japanese; it is small for U.S. persons.,4-28,Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.,28,Public and Private SelfThe Johari Window,Things