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簡介：SEEDISCUSSIONS,STATS,ANDAUTHORPROFILESFORTHISPUBLICATIONATHTTPS//WWWRESEARCHGATENET/PUBLICATION/245281863ENGINEERINGTHETOWERANDMAINSPANCONSTRUCTIONOFSTONECUTTERSBRIDGEARTICLEINJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERINGMARCH2010DOI101061/ASCEBE194355920000042CITATIONS8READS4293AUTHORS,INCLUDINGGUIDOMORGENTHALBAUHAUSUNIVERSIT?TWEIMAR89PUBLICATIONS215CITATIONSSEEPROFILEALLINTEXTREFERENCESUNDERLINEDINBLUEARELINKEDTOPUBLICATIONSONRESEARCHGATE,LETTINGYOUACCESSANDREADTHEMIMMEDIATELYAVAILABLEFROMGUIDOMORGENTHALRETRIEVEDON27AUGUST2016ETRYTHEJUMPFORM,FIG5,COMPRISEDASELFCONTAINED‘BIRDCAGE’INCORPORATINGALLACCESSPLATFORMSNECESSARYFORREBARFIXING,FORMWORKFIXINGANDSTRIKING,CONCRETEPOURING,CURINGANDTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHESILANEPROTECTIONCOATINGCONCRETEOPERATIONSWERECARRIEDOUTBYMEANSOFASKIPLIFTEDBYTOWERCRANEBECAUSETHEHEIGHTOFTHETOWERPROHIBITEDTHEUSEOFCONCRETEPUMPSTHECONCRETEWASPLACEDEVENLYINLAYERSAROUNDTHECIRCUMFERENCEOFTHETOWERJUMPSWERE4MHIGHANDTHESTANDARDCYCLETIMEWAS6DAYSUPPERTOWERTHEUPPERTOWER,THE118MLONGSECTIONWHERETHESTAYCABLESAREANCHORED,ISACOMPOSITESTRUCTUREWITHASTAINLESSSTEELSKINOF20MMTHICKNESSATTHEOUTSIDEANDCARBONSTEELANCHORAGEBOXESATTHEINSIDETHESTAINLESSSTEELSKINALSOFUNCTIONEDASOUTERFORMWORKANDWASDELIVEREDTOSITEASTWOHALFSHELLS,FIG7THESTAINLESSSTEELSKINSANDANCHORAGEBOXESNEEDEDTOBEOFEXACTGEOMETRYWITHINTHEMSELVESANDRELATIVETOEACHOTHERTHEUPPERTOWERGEOMETRYISDETERMINEDBYTHESESTEELITEMS,BECAUSETHEERECTIONONSITEPROCEEDEDBYSTACKINGUPLIFTBYLIFTWITHNOMEANSFORGEOMETRYADJUSTMENTTHESKINSANDBOXESWEREHENCEFABRICATEDINAYARDBYMATCHASSEMBLY,FIG6THREEBOXESANDSKINSWEREERECTEDONTOPOFEACHOTHER,CAREFULLYCHECKEDFORGEOMETRY,THENDISASSEMBLEDANDTHETOPUNITRETAINEDASTHEBOTTOMFORTHENEXTTRIALASSEMBLYTHISALLOWEDFORTHEFINALGEOMETRYOFTHEUPPERTOWERTOBEESTABLISHEDINTHEYARDSUBJECTTONOASSEMBLYERRORSBEINGMADE,THISGEOMETRYWOULDBEACCURATELYREPLICATEDONSITETHISAPPROACH,WHICHHADTOIMPOSESTRINGENTTOLERANCESONTHEASSEMBLYINTHEYARD,HASLEADTOAVERYEFFICIENTANDSEAMLESSERECTIONONSITEOFTHEVERYCOMPLEXUPPERTOWERAT175MELEVATIONTHEINTERFACETOTHEUPPERTOWERWASCONSTRUCTEDWITHSPECIALCAUTIONOWINGTOTHEERECTIONMETHODDESCRIBEDABOVE,THEFIRSTSTAINLESSSTEELSKINHADTOBESETSTRICTLYHORIZONTALTORELATIVETOLERANCESOFLESSTHAN2MMANCHORBOLTSWERECASTINTOTHELASTLIFTOFTHELOWERTOWER,WHICHTHEFLANGEATTHEBOTTOMOFTHESKINWASTHENSETOUTONADJUSTMENTSWEREMADEONTHENUTSDURINGCAREFULSURVEYINGWITHTHEOUTERFORMWORKDISASSEMBLED,THEERECTIONPROCEEDEDWITHTHEERECTIONOFTHESKINS,DELIVEREDWITHTEMPORARYBRACINGTORETAINTHEIRSHAPEUNDERLIFTINGCONDITIONSTHEFIRSTFOURLIFTSDIDNOTFEATUREANCHORBOXESWITHTHELOWESTTHREECABLESBEINGANCHOREDINCONCRETECORBELSSUBSEQUENTLY,THEANCHORBOXESWEREPLACED,RUNNINGONELIFTAHEADOFTHESKINSANDCONCRETEPOURS,FIG7THESKINSANDANCHORBOXESWERELIFTEDWITHTHETOWERCRANE,DEFININGITSREQUIREDLIFTINGCAPACITYOF28TNOATTACHMENTSWEREALLOWEDTOTHESURFACEOFTHESTAINLESSSTEELSKINS,WHICHNECESSITATEDTHEDESIGNOFCIRCULARBRACINGBEAMSTOPROVIDEINTERMEDIATESUPPORTPOINTSOFTHECRANEMASTDECKERECTIONSTARTEDBEFORETHETOWERSWERECOMPLETE,LEADINGTOERECTIONCONCURRENTWITHUPPERTOWERCONSTRUCTIONTHISLEADTOAMORECOMPLICATEDGEOMETRYCONTROLFORTHETOWER,BUTTHEERECTIONMETHODWITHMATCHASSEMBLEDSTEELSEGMENTSAUTOMATICALLYENSUREDATANGENTIALCONSTRUCTIONEVENOFADEFLECTEDTOWERINTHETOPOFTHEUPPERTOWERAROOMWASBUILTFORPOSSIBLEFIG1ARTIST’SIMPRESSIONOFCOMPLETEDBRIDGEFIG2CONFIGURATIONOFTHEBRIDGEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/MARCH/APRIL2010/145DOWNLOADED20JAN2011TO1189718666REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICENSEORCOPYRIGHTVISITHTTP//WWWASCELIBRARYORG

簡介：PROCEEDINGSOF2008NSFENGINEERINGRESEARCHANDINNOVATIONCONFERENCE,KNOXVILLE,TENNESSEEGRANT0530759EXPERIMENTALSIMULATIONOFTSUNAMIHAZARDSTOBUILDINGSANDBRIDGESHRRIGGS,IANNROBERTSON,KWOKFAICHEUNG,GENOPAWLAKUNIVERSITYOFHAWAIIATMANOAYINLUYOUNGANDSOLOMONCSYIMPRINCETONUNIVERSITYOREGONSTATEUNIVERSITYABSTRACTTHISPROJECTINVESTIGATESTSUNAMIHAZARDSFACEDBYCOASTALINFRASTRUCTURETHROUGHEXPERIMENTALANDNUMERICALSIMULATIONPRIMARYFOCUSOFTHEINVESTIGATIONISONSCOURANDFLUIDLOADSFROMRUNUP,INUNDATION,ANDDRAWDOWNWHENTSUNAMIBORESHITSTRUCTURESTHEFOCUSOFTHEEXPERIMENTSISTOOBTAINQUALITYDATATHATCANBEUSEDTOVALIDATENUMERICALMODELSANDCODESTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISPAPERISTODOCUMENTTHECOMPLETEEXPERIMENTALSETUPSASWELLASTHESEQUENCEOFEXPERIMENTSANDTOPROVIDESOMEPRELIMINARYDATATHEPAPERWILLPROVIDEAREFERENCEOFTHEEXPERIMENTALDESIGNTHATSUBSEQUENTPUBLICATIONSCANCITE1INTRODUCTIONCOASTALINFRASTRUCTURESUCHASBUILDINGS,BRIDGES,HIGHWAYS,ANDHARBORFACILITIESNEARSHORELINESTHATARESUSCEPTIBLETOTSUNAMIINUNDATIONAREATRISKOFSIGNIFICANTDAMAGEIFTHESTRUCTURESARENOTADEQUATELYDESIGNEDFORSUCHLOADSTHE2004GREATINDIANOCEANTSUNAMIDEMONSTRATEDTHIS,ANDTHEDEVASTATIONHASBEENWELLDOCUMENTEDREF13SHOWCLEAREXAMPLESOFDAMAGEASARESULTOFBOTHSCOURANDFLUIDLOADINGFROMTHATTSUNAMITHESTRUCTURALDAMAGEISVERYSIMILARTOWHATCANHAPPENFROMHURRICANESTORMSURGEANDWAVESSUCHDAMAGEFROMHURRICANEKATRINAISSHOWNINFIGURE1–FIGURE3FIGURE1US90BRIDGEFROMBAYSTLOUISTOPASSCHRISTIANSHOWINGDISLOCATIONDUETOBUOYANCYANDHYDRODYNAMICLOADS4FIGURE2DOUBLETEENEGATIVEBENDINGFAILUREINPARKINGSTRUCTUREATGRANDCASINO,BILOXI–BOTTOMPICTUREISINSETFROMTOPPICTURE5ALTHOUGHTHEREARESOMECLEARDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHEDAMAGEMECHANISMSOFTSUNAMIANDHURRICANESURGE/WAVES,THEREAREALSOSIMILARITIESANDTHERESULTINGDAMAGEISSTRIKINGLYSIMILARTHETSUNAMITHREATHASBEENRECEIVINGINCREASEDATTENTIONARECENTSPECIALISSUEOFTHEASCEJOURNALOFWATERWAY,PORT,COASTALANDOCEANENGINEERINGFOCUSEDONTSUNAMIENGINEERING,WHICHWASDEFINEDAS‘THOSEACTIVITIESTHATARESIGNIFICANTFORTHEENGINEERINGGOALOFDESIGNINGANDPROTECTINGTHEBUILTENVIRONMENTANDTHEPEOPLETHATDWELLTHEREIN,WITHREGARDTOPOTENTIALTSUNAMIHAZARDS’6UNFORTUNATELY,DESIGNERSNSFGRANT0530759NSFPROGRAMNAMENEESRESEARCHPROCEEDINGSOF2008NSFENGINEERINGRESEARCHANDINNOVATIONCONFERENCE,KNOXVILLE,TENNESSEEGRANT0530759THEWAVEMAKERISAPISTONTYPE,ELECTRICMOTORITCONSISTSOF29BOARDS,EACH20MHIGHREGULAR,IRREGULAR,ANDTSUNAMISOLITARYWAVESCANBEGENERATED,BOTHSINGLEANDMULTIDIRECTIONALTHEWAVEPERIODSRANGEFROM05STO10STHEPISTONSHAVEAMAXIMUMSTROKEOF21MANDAMAXIMUMVELOCITYOF20M/SINFORMATIONONTHEFACILITYCANBEFOUNDONTHEWEB13UNFORTUNATELY,THETWBDOESNOTHAVEARECONFIGURABLEBEACH,ANDBEACHCONFIGURATIONSFORSPECIFICPROJECTSMUSTBECUSTOMMADEFOROUREXPERIMENTS,WEREQUIREDANUMBEROFBEACHSLOPESANDFRINGINGREEFCONFIGURATIONSITWOULDHAVEBEENTOOEXPENSIVE,ANDTAKENTOOLONG,TORECONFIGUREBEACHESTHATSPANNEDTHEENTIRE265MWIDTHOFTHEBASININADDITION,TOOBTAINTHEDATAREQUIRED,WEWEREMOSTLYINTERESTEDINTWODIMENSIONALFLOWASARESULT,WECONSTRUCTEDTWOCONCRETEWALLSALONGTHELENGTHOFTHEBASINTOCREATETHREECHANNELS,TWOOFWHICHARE216MWIDEANDAREUSEDINOUREXPERIMENTSFIGURE5THEOUTERWALLHASTHREE11MX07MPLEXIGLASVIEWPORTSDOWNSTREAMTOOBTAINAVERTICALPLANEVIEWANDVIDEOCAPTUREOFTHEFLUIDFLOWANDSEDIMENTTRANSPORTTHEREMAINDEROFTHEBASIN,APPROXIMATELY218MWIDE,ISUSEDBYOSUFORUNRELATEDTSUNAMIEXPERIMENTSANDFORAPAYLOADPROJECTALLTHREECHANNELSEXPERIENCEDTHESAMEWAVEFIELDS,WHICHWERECONTROLLEDBYOURTESTSFIGURE4TSUNAMIWAVEBASINTWB13OUREXPERIMENTSREQUIREDFIVESETSOFBASICBEACHCONFIGURATIONSTWOWITHACONSTANTSLOPEFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHEBASINATSLOPESOF110AND115,ANDTHREEWITHBEACHSLOPESOF15,110,AND115ANDAFRINGINGREEFINTHECASESOFAFRINGINGREEF,THEBEACHSLOPETERMINATEDATANELEVATIONOF1MABOVETHEBASINBOTTOMANDWASHORIZONTALTHEREAFTERTHEBASICCONFIGURATIONISSHOWNINFIGURE6FORTHE110BEACHSLOPEWITHREEFFORTHERUNUP/INUNDATIONSTUDIESANDTHESTRUCTURALLOADINGSTUDIES,THEBEACHWASCONCRETEEXCEPTFORTHE115SLOPE,THEUPPERPORTIONOFWHICHWASASTEELPLATEFORTHESCOURSTUDIES,THESLOPEWASCREATEDBYSANDWATERDEPTHSOF10,105,110,AND115MWEREUSEDWAVEHEIGHTSFROM01TO06MININCREMENTSOF01MWEREUSEDWHILETHEFOCUSWASONSOLITARYWAVES,TOMODELATSUNAMI,SOMECNOIDALANDSTORMWAVESWEREALSORUNTOOBTAINABROADERRANGEOFDATAFIGURE5CHANNELSINSTALLEDINTWBINTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONS,THEEXPERIMENTALSETUPSANDRESULTSFROMEACHOFTHETHREETHRUSTSAREDISCUSSEDINMOREDETAIL3WAVEENERGYDISSIPATIONTHECOASTLINESAROUNDHAWAIIANDOTHERTROPICALLOCATIONSAREFRONTEDBYFRINGINGREEFS,WHICHTYPICALLYCONSISTOFASTEEPREEFFACEANDASHALLOWREEFTOPWITHHIGHLYIRREGULARSURFACETHESELARGECOASTALFEATURESBETWEENLANDANDOCEANMAYHAVESIGNIFICANTIMPLICATIONFORTSUNAMIHAZARDSASSESSMENTANDMITIGATIONAPARTFROMANECDOTALREPORTSOFTSUNAMIDAMAGEORLACKOFDAMAGETOCOASTLINESWITHREEFSTRUCTURES,ASYSTEMATICSTUDYOFTHEPROTECTIONPROVIDEDBYFRINGINGREEFSTOCOASTALINFRASTRUCTUREISNOTIMMEDIATELYEVIDENTFIVESERIESOFEXPERIMENTSWERESPECIFICALLYDESIGNEDTOINVESTIGATETSUNAMITRANSFORMATIONANDENERGYDISSIPATIONOVERFRINGINGREEFSTHETWOCONSTANTSLOPEEXPERIMENTSAREPRIMARILYUSEDTOTESTTHEEFFECTSOFBEDFORMROUGHNESSONTSUNAMIBOREFORMATIONANDENERGYDISSIPATIONTHETHREEREEFCONFIGURATIONSWEREDESIGNEDTOCOVERNATURALFRINGINGREEFPROFILESGATHEREDFROMOAHU,HAWAIIANDGUAM,MARIANAISLANDSFORSOMEOFTHETESTS,AREEFCRESTISADDEDATTHEREEFEDGETOCREATEASHALLOWLAGOONBEHINDFIGURE6SHOWS,FOREXAMPLE,THEEXPERIMENTALSETUPFORTHE110REEFCONFIGURATIONARESISTANCEWAVEGAUGENEARTHEWAVEMAKERRECORDSTHEINCIDENTWAVEPROFILE,WHILEGAUGESPLACEDAT1MINTERVALSOVERTHEREEFFACERECORDTHEPROFILETRANSFORMATIONTHEFORMATIONOFTHEBORESATTHEREEFEDGEANDTHECORRESPONDINGVELOCITYPROFILEARECAPTUREDBYFOURADVSMOUNTEDFROMABRIDGEACROSSTHEFLUMEASERIESOFPRESSURE

簡介：中文中文5000字，字，3200單詞，單詞，17萬英文字符萬英文字符出處出處RIGGSHR,ROBERTSONIN,CHEUNGKF,ETALEXPERIMENTALSIMULATIONOFTSUNAMIHAZARDSTOBUILDINGSANDBRIDGESC//NSFCMMIENGINEERINGRESEARCHANDINNOVATIONCONFERENCENSFCMMIENGINEERINGRESEARCHANDINNOVATIONCONFERENCE2008美國國家基金會撥款0530759NSF項目名稱地震工程茉莉網(wǎng)絡(luò)試驗關(guān)于海嘯對建筑物及橋梁的危害的模擬實驗HRRIGGS,IANNROBERTSON,KWOKFAICHEUNG,GENOPAWLAK馬洛阿夏威夷大學(xué)YINLUYOUNGANDSOLOMONCSYIM普林斯頓大學(xué)奧勒岡州立大學(xué)摘要這個項目通過試驗及數(shù)字模擬來調(diào)查海岸基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)施在面對海嘯時的危害。本次調(diào)研尤為聚焦在海嘯孔打擊結(jié)構(gòu)時的水位上漲、漫灘及水位下降所帶來的沖刷及液體荷載的影響。本實驗的關(guān)鍵是獲取高質(zhì)量的數(shù)據(jù)以證實數(shù)字模型和代碼的正確性。此論文的目標是用文件證明這個完整的實驗機構(gòu)及其結(jié)果并提供一些重要的數(shù)據(jù)。本論文將提供一些相關(guān)的實驗設(shè)計裝置因而使后來的出版物能夠引用。1引入如果結(jié)構(gòu)沒有足夠的設(shè)計來承受海嘯荷載的話，海岸基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的機構(gòu)，如建筑物、橋梁、高速公路和靠近海岸線并易受海嘯漫灘的海港都有存在承受巨大損失的隱患。2004年的印度洋大海嘯就能證明上述觀點。那次的毀壞很好的被文件證明。引文13清晰的展示了來自海嘯所造成的沖刷集流體所造成破壞的示例。海嘯所造成的結(jié)構(gòu)破壞與颶風(fēng)的大浪和波濤所造成的破壞非常相似，如數(shù)據(jù)13所展示的卡特里拉颶風(fēng)。圖1美國90大橋從STLOUIS海灣到CHRISTIAN關(guān)口說明了浮力和流體荷載造成的轉(zhuǎn)位4圖2發(fā)生在GRANDCASINO停車建筑物，BILOXI底部圖片是上圖的一個說明。雖然海嘯大量和颶風(fēng)波浪的破壞機理有一些明顯的不同，但是它們?nèi)匀挥邢嗨浦幥移淦茐慕Y(jié)果驚人的相似。海嘯威脅得到持續(xù)的關(guān)注，ASCE關(guān)于水運、港口、海岸及海洋工程的海岸工程CFD模型的正確性，這個沉積物運輸和沖刷實驗被設(shè)計用于研究海嘯腐蝕和沉積物的過程，包括波浪形狀的影響，波浪與土壤的相互作用，波浪與土壤與結(jié)構(gòu)的的相互作用，其目標是威力收集基準數(shù)據(jù)用于完善和證實海嘯沉積物運輸模型，并最大限度的完善設(shè)計工具來確定海嘯規(guī)模及沖刷位置。這個項目實驗設(shè)計和實驗?zāi)Ｐ蛯⒃诖渭右栽敿毭枋?，目標是描述一個完整的實驗項目用以給后來的相關(guān)發(fā)表文獻引用參考。隨著數(shù)據(jù)的分析，實驗將不斷的進行，然而，我們還是將一些初步的結(jié)果公布如此。這個試驗對三個作用力（水位上漲\漫灘、結(jié)構(gòu)荷載、沉積物運輸和沖刷）的試驗設(shè)立將為別加以描述。但是我們首先把這幾個模塊的試驗設(shè)施和基本的設(shè)立步驟進行描述。2基本的試驗設(shè)立步驟；這次試驗主要是在俄勒岡州立大學(xué)的OHHINSDALE波浪實驗室進行，專業(yè)的器材為海嘯波浪池（TWB），這是NSF的NEES設(shè)備，這個方形水池（數(shù)據(jù)4）規(guī)格為488M265M21M，其最大水深為13M，能產(chǎn)生08M的水位超高值，這波浪生成器為活塞式，電力馬大型，它由29個20M高的板構(gòu)成。常規(guī)，非常規(guī)的海嘯波（獨立的）能夠被產(chǎn)生，單個的或是多方位的也能產(chǎn)生。波的周期從05S到10S不等?；钊哂?1M的最大沖程和20M/S的最大速度，設(shè)備的相關(guān)信息在應(yīng)用13的網(wǎng)站上能夠找到。不幸的是，這個TWB沒有可重構(gòu)的海灘，專業(yè)項目的海灘配置必須按慣例來制造，對于我們此次的試驗，我們需要一系列的海灘斜坡和岸礁配置，這將花費巨大并且耗時較長。重構(gòu)海灘將橫跨整個水池265M的寬度。此外為了獲取請偶們所需的數(shù)據(jù)，我們主要對二維流比較感興趣，因而，我們沿著池子縱向建造了兩道混凝土墻來制造了這個海峽，其中的兩個216M寬并且應(yīng)用到我們的試驗中數(shù)據(jù)5，外墻在下游處有3個11M07M的樹脂玻璃視口用以獲取垂直的平面視野和對液體流動及沉積物運輸?shù)牟蹲?。這個水池容器，大約218M寬，用于OSU對不相關(guān)海嘯試驗及有效荷載的研究，所有的3個模擬海峽都經(jīng)歷了相同的波浪廠，這些是被我們的試驗所控制的。圖4海嘯波浪水池（TWB）13我們的試驗數(shù)據(jù)需要五組基本的海灘配置，其中兩組是從池底建立坡比為

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