文化交流外文翻譯---中美跨文化交際語(yǔ)用失誤的分析

1、<p>　　Sino-US Cross-cultural Communication Pragmatic Failure Analysis</p><p>　　[Abstract] </p><p>　　In recent years, the trend of Economic globalization, China-US cooperation in economic, p

2、olitical, and cultural exchanges in various fields grow closer. The Sino-US cross-cultural communication process, communication since the two sides ignored the cultural connotation of the language itself can cause variou

3、s aspects of pragmatic failures. This paper attempts the analysis of Sino-US Cross-cultural communication in Pragmatic Failure on the basis of the phenomenon to explore the cause of Sino-US C</p><p>　　[Keywo

4、rds:] cross-cultural communication Cultural Differences Pragmatic Failure </p><p>　　First, an overview of </p><p>　　In recent years, the trend of Economic globalization, China-US cooperation in

5、 economic, political, and cultural exchanges in various fields such as getting closer and closer, this cross-cultural communication and social progress of both countries played a great role in promoting. The two countrie

6、s, however, there are different historical path of development, different environments and different cultural background, people in language, cultural orientation, values, social norms, ways of thinking </p><p

7、>　　Second, cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure (A) Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure definition </p><p>　　Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure is a pragmatic rules caused by migration. Specifically, 'the spe

8、aker does not unwittingly violate the rules of the communication norms, social conventions, or sub-time and space, do not look at an object, regardless of the identity of both communication, status, and other occasions,

9、contrary to the purpose of language-specific cultural values, so that the interruption of communication or failure of the communicative obstacles, resulting in communication can not a</p><p>　　According to t

10、he British linguist Jenny Thomas's point of view, cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure can be divided into social pragmatic language errors and Pragmatic Failures in two categories. Thomas believes that the emergence of

11、pragmatic language errors are usually due to the form of foreign language learners against the principle of the right to use the wrong form of language to express the correct speech act; or because the speaker or the lis

12、tener the wrong translation of linguistic informat</p><p>　　Socio-pragmatic failure, it is because of the socio-cultural pragmatics are due to lack of capacity is a pragmatic person fails to complete the req

13、uired communicative illocutionary scenario making. Specifically, social pragmatic failure is due to different cultural backgrounds, committed to pragmatic errors. What if the stresses involved in what words should not be

14、 speaking, interpersonal distance, people's rights and obligations, and the value of people's values. Such as the following example, </p><p>　　Third, China-US cross-cultural communication of the reas

15、ons for Pragmatic Failure </p><p>　　Sino-US Pragmatic Failure in Intercultural Communication is mainly the great Sino-US cultural diversity. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects. (A) The diffe

16、rence between the values of </p><p>　　First of all, Chinese Culture advocates collectivism, while the U.S. Culture that values individualism. In China, the mutual trust between people, unity and cooperation,

17、 when the individual interests and collective interests conflict, the collective interest was always the first place. In determining individual behavior, often based on ethical as the norm, focusing on harmony, group int

18、erests of the maintenance, which is very different from American culture. Americans believe in personal freedom</p><p>　　Second, the idea of hierarchy in Chinese Culture are different, old and young orderly

19、hierarchy, Americans pay more attention to individual rights, the pursuit of equality for all. In China, the younger generation to see the respect for their elders to take the initiative to greet the table; students shou

20、ld be respect for the teacher. The weak hierarchy in American culture. Children, parents, student teachers are first-name basis, children can be controversial issues with their parents, or put f</p><p>　　In

21、the social customs, the two sides there are also a huge cultural differences. When the Chinese people like to ask to speak to each other's age, income, marital status and children cases. The Americans thought that th

22、ese aspects of personal privacy, especially asking the woman's age will be considered as lacking in upbringing of impolite behavior. As the euphony of the reasons, the Chinese like the number 6, 8, 9, and hate the nu

23、mber 4. The Americans believe that 13 is an unlucky number. Modes</p><p>　　Sino-US cultural differences of religious belief is also an important part. In China, Buddhism and Taoism have 2000 years of history

24、, its deep-rooted notions affect the Chinese people, more deeply embedded into the Chinese culture, the Chinese language had a vocabulary can not be underestimated the role of a substantial part of the idioms are is rela

25、ted to Buddhism, such as the 'mid-life switch', 'save a life, Katsuzo seven-Buddha', 'Road Bearing in mind that', etc. If these terms alone translat</p><p>　　Can be seen that the two

26、countries in the language and culture, ways of thinking, values, personality characteristics, communication patterns, religious beliefs and social customs in such aspects as there is a big difference. In cross-cultural c

27、ommunication, the communication between the parties in the face of things and phenomena ﹑ evaluation and interpretation of behavior is built on the basis of their own culture, they often use their own cultural standards

28、to measure the behavior of other na</p><p>　　Must first understand the Chinese national culture, are familiar with their own language and culture, customs, values. At the same time we want to understand the

29、U.S. culture. Finally should compare the two cultures to identify differences, enhance the culture of consensus and cross-cultural communication in a conscious manner to avoid pragmatic failure. (B) strengthening of cul

30、tural adaptability. </p><p>　　When entering a new cultural environment, we are likely to Experience physical and psychological suited, and may even be conflicts encountered misunderstandings. Therefore, we s

31、hould strengthen the adjustment in an unfamiliar culture and adaptability. First, to enhance the cultural sensitivity, awareness of various cultural phenomena. Second, the elimination of cultural bias, do not take cultur

32、al prejudices to go and communicate with each other. Finally, a flexible treatment of the phenomenon of</p><p>　　With the continuous deepening of China-US cross-cultural communication, two different cultures

33、 is bound to fierce collisions, people inevitably arise when dealing, such as misunderstanding, misunderstandings, cultural conflicts and other issues, cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure phenomena along the emergence of th

34、e exchange of the two countries has brought tremendous obstacles. However, as long as we enhance the cross-cultural awareness, in-depth understanding of each other's culture, and enhance</p><p>　　Press,

35、1988 [2] Hu Wenzhong, cross-cultural communication Introduction to [M], Beijing: </p><p>　　Foreign Language teaching and Research Press, 2004 Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download </p>&

36、lt;p>　　中美跨文化交際語(yǔ)用失誤的分析</p><p><b>　　(摘自譯言網(wǎng))</b></p><p>　　[摘要] 近年來(lái), 在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)下, 中美在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化交流等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域合作的越發(fā)的頻繁。中美跨文化交際過(guò)程中, 交際雙方若忽略對(duì)方的文化內(nèi)涵是語(yǔ)言會(huì)引發(fā)語(yǔ)用失誤。本文試圖分析中美跨文化交際中語(yǔ)用失誤現(xiàn)象的基礎(chǔ)上, 探討了中美跨文化語(yǔ)用

37、語(yǔ)誤的原因在, 并提出了避免跨文化語(yǔ)用失誤一些的建議。</p><p>　　[關(guān)鍵詞:]跨文化交際, 文化差異, 語(yǔ)用失誤</p><p><b>　　首先,概述</b></p><p>　　近年來(lái), 在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)下, 中美在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化交流等各個(gè)領(lǐng)域合作的越發(fā)的頻繁?？缥幕浑H的進(jìn)步,在兩國(guó)的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了很大的推動(dòng)作用。這兩個(gè)國(guó)

38、家,有著不同的歷史發(fā)展道路,不同的環(huán)境和不同的文化背景, 人們?cè)谡Z(yǔ)言、文化取向、價(jià)值觀念、社會(huì)觀念、思維方式的差異會(huì)導(dǎo)致跨文化交際等領(lǐng)域中有許多的差異, 誤解的現(xiàn)象,即跨文化交際中語(yǔ)用失誤的現(xiàn)象,會(huì)成為跨文化交際在美國(guó)有巨大的障礙。</p><p>　　第二,跨文化語(yǔ)用失誤</p><p>　　(A)跨文化語(yǔ)用失誤的定義</p><p>　　跨文化語(yǔ)用語(yǔ)誤是一個(gè)語(yǔ)用

39、規(guī)則引起的遷移。具體地說(shuō),”演講者不知不覺(jué)違反某些社會(huì)習(xí)俗,、特殊空間, 身份, 場(chǎng)合等, 對(duì)語(yǔ)言特殊文化背景的不理解,會(huì)中斷通信或者在溝通中形成障礙,導(dǎo)致不能達(dá)到預(yù)期的結(jié)果,或者沒(méi)有完美的表達(dá), 這種情況被稱(chēng)為語(yǔ)用失誤”。跨文化交際語(yǔ)用失誤確實(shí)給在不同的文化背景中的人在跨文化交際中的相互了解與和諧帶來(lái)了很大的困難,使人們擔(dān)心郁悶,或誤解,極大地阻礙了跨文化交際活動(dòng)。</p><p>　　(B)跨文化語(yǔ)用失誤的分

40、類(lèi)</p><p>　　根據(jù)英國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家珍妮托馬斯的角度來(lái)看,跨文化語(yǔ)用失誤可分為社會(huì)語(yǔ)用語(yǔ)誤和語(yǔ)用失誤的兩種類(lèi)型。托馬斯認(rèn)為,語(yǔ)用語(yǔ)言的出現(xiàn)通常是由于錯(cuò)誤的形式對(duì)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者或演講者或聽(tīng)眾產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤的翻譯信息。語(yǔ)用語(yǔ)誤是因?yàn)樯鐣?huì)文化語(yǔ)用學(xué)是由于缺乏能力不能理解特別的文化內(nèi)涵。具體地說(shuō),社會(huì)語(yǔ)用失誤是由于不同的文化背景而導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言的不理解。例如下面的例子,一個(gè)中國(guó)學(xué)生和美國(guó)學(xué)生到圖書(shū)館去，美國(guó)朋友看了一本雜志,他說(shuō):&

41、#39;好心人你能把它借給我?’。這種方式讓中國(guó)學(xué)生覺(jué)得很不舒服，覺(jué)得他過(guò)于客氣了。因?yàn)樗馕吨愕囊髢H適用于那些不熟悉,或者比他們地位較高的人。然而,中國(guó)學(xué)生想要插入自己在一個(gè)較低的職位僅僅只是為了來(lái)表達(dá)尊敬朋友。這是中國(guó)社會(huì)和美國(guó)社會(huì)的思想和價(jià)值觀的典型碰撞, 也導(dǎo)致社會(huì)語(yǔ)用失誤。</p><p>　　第三,中美跨文化交際語(yǔ)用失誤的原因</p><p>　　在中美跨文化交際語(yǔ)用失誤主

42、要是中美文化的多樣性。這主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面。</p><p><b>　　(A)價(jià)值差異</b></p><p>　　首先,中國(guó)文化提倡集體主義,而美國(guó)的文化,價(jià)值觀提倡個(gè)人主義。在中國(guó),人們之間相互信任,團(tuán)結(jié)合作,當(dāng)個(gè)人利益和集體利益的沖突,集體利益總是第一位。在確定的個(gè)人行為之前,它們常?；趥惱淼臉?biāo)準(zhǔn),聚焦在和諧、集團(tuán)利益的維護(hù)上。美國(guó)人相信個(gè)人的自由,強(qiáng)調(diào)

43、個(gè)人的潛能的發(fā)揮,個(gè)人的目標(biāo)和個(gè)人利益的追求</p><p>　　第二,輩份的想法在中西文化中是不同的,美國(guó)人更注重個(gè)人權(quán)利、追求所有人的平等。在中國(guó),年輕的一代必須尊重他們的長(zhǎng)輩,學(xué)生應(yīng)該尊重老師。在美國(guó)文化中軟弱的層次。兒童、家長(zhǎng)、學(xué)生的老師都平等的, 美國(guó)的孩子們可以對(duì)長(zhǎng)輩提出他們自己的個(gè)人想法。</p><p>　　(B)社會(huì)習(xí)俗上的差異</p><p>　

44、　在社會(huì)習(xí)俗方面，中西方也有一個(gè)巨大的文化差異。當(dāng)中國(guó)人喜歡問(wèn)交談,對(duì)方的年齡、收入、婚姻狀況和兒童的病情。美國(guó)人認(rèn)為這兩方面的個(gè)人隱私,特別是問(wèn)女士的年齡將被視為不禮貌的行為，是缺乏教養(yǎng)的。中國(guó)喜歡數(shù)字6、8、9，討厭的4。美國(guó)人相信13是不吉利的數(shù)字。謙虛是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的美德之一,當(dāng)受到表?yè)P(yáng)和賞識(shí),中國(guó)人會(huì)說(shuō):“不,不”、“不可以”或“在哪里,哪里的種謙虛的話,這將讓美國(guó)人懷疑他是不會(huì)做一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的判斷。</p><p

45、>　　(C)在宗教信仰的差異</p><p>　　宗教信仰在中美文化差異中是一個(gè)重要的組成部分。在中國(guó),佛教和道教有兩千多年的歷史,其根深蒂固的觀念影響中國(guó)人民,更深入地嵌進(jìn)了中國(guó)文化, 有關(guān)佛教的成語(yǔ)在中國(guó)語(yǔ)言詞匯中是不容低估的角色。,如“開(kāi)關(guān)”、是拯救一個(gè)生命的訊息,等等。如果這些條款僅從字面上翻譯成英文的話,讓美國(guó)人不理解。同樣,隨著美國(guó)主流宗教,基督教是也深深嵌入到美國(guó)文化,是“神”(神)來(lái)代替這個(gè)

46、詞”的佛陀的意義,在中國(guó),大量的習(xí)語(yǔ)和諺語(yǔ)有關(guān)神,當(dāng)然，我們也時(shí)常聽(tīng)過(guò)(愿上帝保佑你)!上帝與神就是文化的差異。'</p><p>　　我們可以看到,這兩個(gè)國(guó)家在語(yǔ)言、文化、思維方式、價(jià)值觀念、個(gè)性特征、溝通方式、宗教信仰、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等方面有很大的差異。在跨文化交際中, 在面對(duì)的事物和現(xiàn)象﹑評(píng)價(jià)解釋的行為，當(dāng)事人之間的溝通,是建立自身文化的基礎(chǔ)上, 他們經(jīng)常使用他們自己的文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)衡量和判斷行為, 更真實(shí),

47、更確切地說(shuō),假定自己只接受自己國(guó)家或群體的價(jià)值觀、社會(huì)規(guī)范、社會(huì)規(guī)則的語(yǔ)言這必然會(huì)造成混亂, 跨文化交際中語(yǔ)用失誤甚至?xí)?dǎo)致誤解和沖突。</p><p>　　第四,為了避免中美跨文化交際中語(yǔ)用失誤所提出的建議</p><p>　　(A)相互學(xué)習(xí)文化和加強(qiáng)文化的共識(shí)。</p><p>　　首先要了解自己民族的文化, 熟悉自己的語(yǔ)言、文化、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、價(jià)值觀。同時(shí), 我們

48、要了解美國(guó)文化。最終可以在比較兩種不同的文化中識(shí)別文化的差異,增強(qiáng)跨文化交際的共識(shí),在一種有意識(shí)的方式下,避免語(yǔ)用失誤。</p><p>　　(B)加強(qiáng)文化的適應(yīng)性。</p><p>　　當(dāng)進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的文化環(huán)境,我們有可能體驗(yàn)到的生理、心理所不適應(yīng)的,甚至有許多人可能遇到的誤解、沖突。 因此,我們應(yīng)加強(qiáng)調(diào)整在一個(gè)陌生的文化的適應(yīng)性。第一,要提高文化敏感性,越來(lái)越多的人意識(shí)到各種文化現(xiàn)象，故

49、要提高自己的接受力。第二,消除文化偏見(jiàn)。最后, 積極促進(jìn)文化的交流。跨文化交際語(yǔ)用失誤有時(shí)是不可避免的, 因此必須是靈活的,從對(duì)方的角度考慮這個(gè)問(wèn)題,承擔(dān)與另一個(gè)無(wú)意識(shí)的進(jìn)攻, 從而避免誤解和沖突。</p><p><b>　　5結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　在與不斷深入的中美文化交流中,兩種不同的文化是注定要激烈的碰撞,人們不可避免的會(huì)在打交道時(shí)出現(xiàn)誤解和誤會(huì)以