中國水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量與安全【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Quality and Safety of Aquatic Products in China</p><p>　　Material Source: Sustainability in Food and Water

2、 An Asian Perspective</p><p>　　Author: Wang Xi Chang, Tao Cen, Tao Ning Ping and Liu Yuan</p><p>　　Abstract: The quality and safety of aquatic products have attracted more and more attention to

3、all levels including fishery supervisor governors, aquatic products manufactures and final consumers in recent years. The countrywide establishment of HACCP and traceability system in China has gradually enhanced the sec

4、urity of aquatic products across the whole production chain from aquaculture, processing, distribution to consumption. </p><p>　　Key words: Aquatic products, HACCP, quality, safety, traceability </p>

5、<p>　　Background </p><p>　　Supervised by Department of Fisheries under the Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese fisheries production has witnessed sustainable development. The output of Chinese aquatic prod

6、ucts was up to 51 million tonnes in the year of 2005, which accounted for over one-third of global fisheries production, and China fishery has played an important role in aquatic product trade of the world (Wang, 2005, 2

7、006). It is noteworthy that the quality and safety of aquatic products became the most important issues o</p><p>　　Situation and Discussion </p><p>　　In order to solve the serious bottleneck pro

8、blems which influenced its domestic economic and social development, China will give priority to technological development in the field of auqaculture from 2006 to 2020. According to the outline of a national program, th

9、e implementation will be focused on 11 major sectors as follows: health and disease control for aquatic production, fine-processing and deep-processing as well as modern storage and transportation for aquatic products, c

10、omprehensive exp</p><p>　　More attention should be paid to the five prominent food safety issues in China, which are as follows: </p><p>　　1. Pollution occurs when the agri-products have been pr

11、oduced by individual farmers during the cultivation process. </p><p>　　2. Small-scale, private-owned and unorganized food manufactures pose unqualified sources of pollution. </p><p>　　3. Lacking

12、 effective facilities and management, food distribution doesn’t perform well in China. </p><p>　　4. Food security is relatively weak in rural areas compared with urban areas of China. </p><p>　　

13、5. Food incidents occurring in China in recent years brought a bad reputation on international markets, and it even led EU, USA and other developed countries to restrict food imports from China. </p><p>　　To

14、 solve those bottleneck problems mentioned above encountered in fisheries production and trading, the processing and utilization of fisheries products might be the critical measure to carry out. China’s aquatic product p

15、rocessing industry made gradual new progress in 2004. More than 10 million tonnes of aquatic products were processed or utilized as raw materials, which account for over 35% of global fisheries production. The frozen pro

16、ducts (whole fish, block and fillet etc.) were the majorit</p><p>　　Chinese aquaculture product industries developed rapidly with the implementation of Chinese reform and opening up strategies, indicating a

17、strong potential to transfer trade benefits from comparative advantage to competitive advantage on the global market. Unstable quality of raw materials and products resulted in a gap between China and developed countries

18、 and it was hard to meet the overseas trade requirement for China. We should pay adequate attention to explore and utilize the marine and fre</p><p>　　Chinese consumers have gradually become aware of the imp

19、ortance of food safety and quality although they are generally sensitive about the price. Nowadays, in some developed urban areas such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, consumers buy food products depending o

20、n the safety and quality first. They are willing to pay more money in order to get quality and safety guarantees. Therefore, the central government has implemented the Fangxinshipin (safety guaranteed foods) policy, and

21、clai</p><p>　　The trend of aquatic products processing and utilization in China comprises the following sectors: accomplish integral management for the production chain from farming, processing, storaging, t

22、ransporting to ratailing; diversify the processing methods; manufacture products with good materials; standardize the product quality mechanism; promote scientific management of production, improve the processing technol

23、ogy, with Chinese characteristics for aquatic products processing and utilization on la</p><p>　　China also should make continued efforts to diversify varieties of aquatic products as follows: convenience (s

24、easoning before being frozen) food for supermarkets, recreational food, fast food, microwave food, baby/infant and geriatric food, functional food (healthy food), engineering food(imitation food), healthy beverage, and c

25、ondiments, etc. </p><p>　　The advancement of modern science and technology, optimization of distribution and marketing, and globalization of economy, all these factors make it possible to combine traditional

26、 techniques with advanced technology in the future. In order to meet global market demand, it is farsighted for China to do research on health and nourishment of marine products, to provide more professional and technica

27、l training, to insure the safety and quality of aquatic products across the whole production chain,</p><p>　　China Central Government and Department of Fishery promise to “spare no efforts” to enhance qualit

28、y assessment and supervise aquatic product security as soon as possible. Nowadays, there are many aquatic product quality and safety inspecting centers located countrywide belonging to the general administration of quali

29、ty supervision, inspection and quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture or local government in China, respectively. A national scheme against the residues in aquatic products was carried </p><p>　　Owing to the an

30、tibiotic residue restriction of other import countries, China lost at least 7 million US dollars in the year of 2006. For example, traces of chloramphenicol were detected in the shrimp and prawn samples exported from Chi

31、na. So it is crucial to promote formal training courses on proper dosage of fish medicine for Chinese fishermen. Food industries in China have made considerable development on adjusting their strategies in view of a mark

32、et-orientation, focusing on suitable raw mate</p><p>　　Suggestions </p><p>　　Based on the statements above, it is practical and significant to make further research in the safety of aquatic prod

33、uct from production to circulation. Some suggestions on improving quality and safety of aquatic products in China.</p><p>　　Consolidate the Construction of HACCP, Traceability and GAP System </p><

34、p>　　Safety and quality of aquatic products should be ensured from the headstream. Firstly, environmental protection should be intensified from origin, including the establishment and improvement of the inspecting netw

35、ork of aquatic products, and strict restriction on pollutants. More attention should be paid to formulating environmental standards for the place of origin, to develop general inspection of the environment especially on

36、aquatic products production, to take effective measures for deconta</p><p>　　Strengthen the Supervision and Management of Aquatic Product Quality and Safety </p><p>　　Based on the construction o

37、f aquatic product quality and safety inspecting and testing centers, it is essential to enhance the professional ability of inspecting personnel, modernize the equipment and measures, implement inspecting work in produci

38、ng bases, wholesale markets, agricultural trade markets, and supermarkets. The aim is to form the aquatic products self-inspection system step by step, develop all-round quality and safety monitoring mechanism. Materials

39、 and producing process could be r</p><p>　　Improve the Integrity Mechanisms and Advertise the Fundamentality of Food Security </p><p>　　Considering the food industry on the long term, an effecti

40、ve method is to intensify professional faculties as well as to encourage the institution’s responsible for the food industry and other food safety groups to carry out more activities on advertising. Associations of civil

41、 society organizations must play a supporting role in the management of food safety. As the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World Expo draw near, it is everyone’s duty to make more efforts to improve the int

42、eg</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　中國水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量與安全</p><p>　　資料來源: Sustainability in Food and Water An Asian Perspective </p><p>　　

43、作者：Wang Xi Chang, Tao Cen, Tao Ning Ping and Liu Yuan</p><p>　　摘要：近幾年，水產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和安全在不同層面上吸引了越來越多的重視，包括漁業(yè)在內(nèi)的所有主管省長，水產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)方和最終消費者。全國建立了HACCP系統(tǒng)和追蹤系統(tǒng)，中國已經(jīng)逐漸提高加強了應(yīng)對從養(yǎng)殖，加工，配送到消費的整個生產(chǎn)鏈水產(chǎn)品的安全性。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：

44、水產(chǎn)品，HACCP體系，質(zhì)量，安全，可追溯性</p><p><b>　　背景</b></p><p>　　由漁業(yè)部門監(jiān)管下，農(nóng)業(yè)部在漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)中進行可持續(xù)發(fā)展。2005年中國水產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量達5100萬公噸，其中占全球漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)超過三分之一，在漁業(yè)發(fā)展方面發(fā)揮了中國在世界的重要作用（王，2005年水產(chǎn)品貿(mào)易的重要作用，2006年）。值得注意的是，隨著中國日益增長的消費者的需求

45、，在21世紀(jì)水產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和產(chǎn)品安全成為糧食供應(yīng)的最重要問題，其中包括對糧食安全的意識，快速的生活節(jié)奏和緊迫性使人們更加注重營養(yǎng)和健康，消費水平和結(jié)構(gòu)等因素。</p><p><b>　　形勢與探討</b></p><p>　　為了解決當(dāng)下嚴(yán)重的瓶頸問題，加快國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展，2006年至2020年中國將優(yōu)先在該領(lǐng)域進行技術(shù)發(fā)展。根據(jù)國家規(guī)劃綱要，實現(xiàn)將集中在11個主

46、要行業(yè)如下：保健和疾病控制水產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)，精細(xì)加工和深加工以及現(xiàn)代存儲和水產(chǎn)品綜合開發(fā)和運輸利用生物資源的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)，環(huán)境友好型農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，食品安全有關(guān)進出口檢驗檢疫，預(yù)防和快速反應(yīng)機制，突發(fā)公共事件。尤其是農(nóng)藥和獸藥的進口材料是嚴(yán)重危害濫用，水產(chǎn)品的安全。</p><p>　　更要注意的五個突出的中國食品安全問題，這些問題如下：</p><p>　　1、在農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程中，通過農(nóng)民個人產(chǎn)

47、生的污染。 2、小型，私人擁有和無組織的食品生產(chǎn)者不合格造成的污染來源。 3、我國缺乏有效的設(shè)施和管理，糧食分配執(zhí)行不良好。 4、我國農(nóng)村地區(qū)與城市地區(qū)相比，糧食安全是相對比較薄弱的。 5、在中國發(fā)生的食物事故，近年來在國際市場帶來了不好的聲譽，甚至導(dǎo)致歐盟，美國和其他發(fā)達國家限制從中國進口糧食。 解決上述這些在漁業(yè)生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易加工，以及利用漁業(yè)產(chǎn)品中遇到的問題，關(guān)鍵是措施的實行。中國的水產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)在2004年逐步取得新

48、的進展。超過1000萬噸的水產(chǎn)品加工或作為原料，占全球漁業(yè)利用生產(chǎn)比例超過35％。冰凍的產(chǎn)品（全魚，塊和圓角等）的加工產(chǎn)品是多數(shù)，而其他包括咸，罐頭，醬制品，魚糜和魚糜為基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)品，魚粉，魚油，海藻食品，海藻化工產(chǎn)品，海洋健康食品，海洋藥物，從魚皮，化妝品，工藝品衍生皮革。 </p><p>　　中國水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖產(chǎn)品行業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，隨著中國改革開放戰(zhàn)略的實施，顯示出強大的潛力，比較優(yōu)勢轉(zhuǎn)移到貿(mào)易利益在全球市場上的競爭優(yōu)

49、勢。不穩(wěn)定的原材料，和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量在中國與發(fā)達國家之間的差距，并造成了難以滿足中國海外貿(mào)易的要求。我們應(yīng)當(dāng)充分注意發(fā)掘和利用海洋和淡水生物量，不僅增加了供求平衡的市場供應(yīng)，滿足消費者的需要，也是促進加工產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量效率。因此，它是中國重要的漁業(yè)加工業(yè)做出巨大的貢獻，全球糧食供應(yīng)，并促進對開發(fā)新的增值產(chǎn)品的方法，可持續(xù)發(fā)展，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，確保食品安全，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)等。中國消費者已逐漸成為食品安全和質(zhì)量的重要性，雖然他們一般都對價格敏感。如今，在一

50、些如北京，上海，廣州和深圳發(fā)達的城市地區(qū)，消費者在購買食品的安全和質(zhì)量第一而定。他們愿意支付更多的錢，以獲得質(zhì)量和安全保證。因此，中央政府實施了“放心食品”（安全保證的食品）的政策，并聲稱只有在指定的食品生產(chǎn)加工設(shè)施均不得零售。 </p><p>　　水產(chǎn)品的加工和利用的趨勢，中國包括以下方面：完成了從養(yǎng)殖，加工生產(chǎn)鏈中不可或缺的管理，貯藏，運輸?shù)搅闶鄱鄻踊奶幚矸椒?；具有良好的材料制造的產(chǎn)品，規(guī)范產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的機制

51、；促進生產(chǎn)科學(xué)管理，提高水產(chǎn)品加工與利用在大尺度，緊密的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，更多的信息，以市場為導(dǎo)向，以及中國特色的加工技術(shù)。</p><p>　　中國還應(yīng)該繼續(xù)努力以分散水產(chǎn)品品種如下：方便（之前被凍結(jié)調(diào)味）食品超市，休閑食品，方便食品，微波食品，嬰兒/嬰兒和老年食品，功能性食品（健康食品），工程食品（仿食品），健康飲料，調(diào)味品等?，F(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)，分銷和營銷優(yōu)化進步，經(jīng)濟全球化，所有這些因素使得人們有可能在未來結(jié)合先進技術(shù)改

52、造傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)。為了滿足全球市場需求，這是有遠(yuǎn)見的中國做健康和營養(yǎng)研究的海洋產(chǎn)品，為客戶提供更專業(yè)和技術(shù)培訓(xùn)，以確保安全，貫穿了整個生產(chǎn)鏈的水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高利用率水產(chǎn)品，以加強每個產(chǎn)品的功能和特點，選擇和培育適宜樹種為原料，并促進工業(yè)規(guī)模等新產(chǎn)品。 </p><p>　　中國中央政府和漁業(yè)部承諾“不遺余力”，加強質(zhì)量評估和監(jiān)督，盡快水產(chǎn)品的安全性。如今，有許多水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全檢查全國屬于質(zhì)量監(jiān)督檢驗檢疫總局位于中心，農(nóng)

53、業(yè)部或地方政府在中國，分別部。一項針對水產(chǎn)品中的殘留物進行了國家計劃在2006年秋天，這表明中國已建立了水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)測的完整體系。表1顯示了在中國有關(guān)食品安全事務(wù)的行政部門。水產(chǎn)品加工工廠必須記錄他們的日常生產(chǎn)和藥品用量的數(shù)據(jù)。原材料購買和補充也應(yīng)記錄并接受嚴(yán)格審查。 </p><p>　　表1 中國有關(guān)食品安全事務(wù)的行政部門</p><p>　　由于進口國對其他抗生素殘留量的限制，中國失

54、去了在2006年一年至少有7萬美元。例如，在檢測氯霉素的痕跡，從中國出口的蝦和對蝦樣品。所以關(guān)鍵是促進對魚類中醫(yī)藥漁民適當(dāng)劑量的正式訓(xùn)練課程。在中國食品工業(yè)已就調(diào)整以市場為導(dǎo)向的戰(zhàn)略觀點長足的發(fā)展，重點放在合適的原材料和先進的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備，以滿足消費者對高品質(zhì)安全的要求。</p><p><b>　　建議</b></p><p>　　基于上述的觀點，對水產(chǎn)品從生產(chǎn)到流通的

55、安全性做出進一步研究是非常有實踐意義的。并且提出中國水產(chǎn)品安全和質(zhì)量方面的幾點建議。</p><p>　　鞏固HACCP，可追溯性和GAP體系建設(shè)</p><p>　　安全及水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量應(yīng)確保從源頭。首先，應(yīng)加強環(huán)保，從起源，包括建立和水產(chǎn)品檢測網(wǎng)絡(luò)完善，對污染物的嚴(yán)格限制。更要注意為制訂的產(chǎn)地環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，大力發(fā)展水產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)，特別是對環(huán)境的大檢查，采取有效措施，凈化農(nóng)業(yè)和生態(tài)環(huán)境，并與'

56、;水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，嚴(yán)格的從它的源頭安全。其次，要加強生產(chǎn)過程管理。開展技術(shù)培訓(xùn)應(yīng)為生產(chǎn)者水產(chǎn)品和監(jiān)督他們遵守安全生產(chǎn)的技術(shù)規(guī)范和減少以及抗生素殘留。第三，監(jiān)督和水產(chǎn)品加工業(yè)的管理應(yīng)逐步提高。企業(yè)應(yīng)確保其產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和衛(wèi)生安全，并鼓勵他們采取措施，例如生產(chǎn)許可和強制檢驗的有效措施。監(jiān)督的執(zhí)法和HACCP方法，以及水產(chǎn)品的加工和流通鏈的安全也應(yīng)積極改善。</p><p>　　加強監(jiān)督和水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全管理</p>

57、<p>　　對水產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全檢驗檢測中心建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上，必須加強檢驗人員的專業(yè)能力，現(xiàn)代化的設(shè)備和措施，落實檢查生產(chǎn)基地，批發(fā)市場，農(nóng)貿(mào)市場和超市的工作。其目的是形成水產(chǎn)品自檢制度一步一步，開展全面質(zhì)量安全監(jiān)測機制。材料和生產(chǎn)過程可以被記錄，并可以根據(jù)污染的控制，甚至對整個生產(chǎn)水產(chǎn)品監(jiān)督檢查可以在任何意外情況，以確保質(zhì)量，從源頭水產(chǎn)品的安全。</p><p>　　提高廣告的誠信機制和糧食安全的根本所在