簡介：SHIPSIMULATIONMODELSANAIDTOHARBORDESIGNBYRPDALLINGA,1THELZINGA,2ANDRHMHUIJSMANS3ABSTRACTINTHEDESIGNANDDEVELOPMENTOFPORTS,COSTBENEFITANALYSESAREOFTENUSEDTOSELECTTHEFINALDESIGNTHESEANALYSESSHOWONTHEONEHANDTHECOSTS,IE,CAPITALANDMAINTENANCECOSTSFORDREDGINGANDINVESTMENTCOSTS,ANDONTHEOTHERHANDTHEBENEFITSOFALARGERTRANSPORTVOLUMETHEECONOMYOFAPORTISSUBSTANTIALLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEDIMENSIONSOFAPPROACHCHANNELSANDPORTENTRANCESTODETERMINEOPTIMALDIMENSIONSOFAHARBOR,THEVESSELSTHATWILLCALLATTHEPORTHAVETOBECONSIDERED,BECAUSETHECHANNELANDPORTDIMENSIONSARELARGELYINFLUENCEDBYTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEVESSELSINTHEPREDICTIONOFSHIPMOTIONS,SIMULATIONTECHNIQUESHAVEPROVENTOBEADEQUATETOOLSTWOSUCHSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESAREDISCUSSEDONERELATEDTOHORIZONTALSHIPMOTIONSTHEOTHERRELATEDTOVERTICALSHIPMOTIONSINTRODUCTIONINDESIGNINGANDDEVELOPINGAPORT,THEHARBORDIMENSIONS,WHICHGUARANTEESAFEOPERATIONOFVESSELS,HAVETOBEESTABLISHEDTHESEDIMENSIONSAREDEPENDENTONTHEBEHAVIOROFTHEVESSELSTHATCALLATTHEPORT,SOSPECIALKNOWLEDGEOFTHEBEHAVIOROFVESSELSISREQUIREDINGENERAL,THEBEHAVIOROFAVESSELARRIVINGATORDEPARTINGFROMAPORTISINFLUENCEDBYTHEWAYITISCONTROLLEDANDBYENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESASSHOWNINFIG1THECONTROLOFAVESSELDEPENDSONTHEPERCEPTIVEABILITIESOFASHIPSNAVIGATOR,HISPOSSIBILITIESANDACTIONSINCONTROLLINGAVESSEL,ANDTHERESPONSECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEVESSELINQUESTIONENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESSUCHASWIND,WAVES,CURRENTS,MUD,ANDBANKSALSOAFFECTTHEBEHAVIOROFAVESSELQUITEOFTENINASPECIFICDESIGNSTUDYFORAPORT,NOTENOUGHINFORMATIONISAVAILABLEONTHEBEHAVIOROFAPARTICULARVESSELUNDERPARTICULARCIRCUMSTANCESINSUCHCASES,SIMULATIONMODELSAREFREQUENTLYUSEDTOPREDICTTHEVESSELSBEHAVIORWHENEVERUSINGSIMULATIONMODELS,THREEIMPORTANTSTAGESCANBEDISTINGUISHED1THEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEPROTOTYPEPROBLEMINTHEMODEL2THEDETERMINATIONOFTHEBEHAVIOROFAVESSELAND3THEINTERPRETATIONOFTHERESULTSOFTHEMODELANDITSIMPLEMENTATIONINTOTHEFAIRWAYDIMENSIONSOFTHEPROTOTYPESITUATIONPROJECTMGR,NSMB,THEEDE/WAGENINGENLABORATORIESOFMARITIMERESEARCHINSTITUTENETHERLANDS,POBOX28,6700AAWAGENINGEN,THENETHERLANDS2PROJECTMGR,NSMB,EDE/WAGENINGENLABORATORIESOFMARITIMERESEARCHINSTITUTENETHERLANDS,POBOX28,6700AAWAGENINGEN,THENETHERLANDSSCIENTIFICOFFICER,NSMB,EDE/WAGENINGENLABORATORIESOFMARITIMERESEARCHINSTITUTENETHERLANDS,POBOX28,6700AAWAGENINGEN,THENETHERLANDSNOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILAUGUST1,1986TOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGEROFJOURNALSTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONFEBRUARY20,1985THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFWATERWAY,PORT,COASTALANDOCEANENGINEERING,VOL112,NO2,MARCH1986?ASCE,ISSN0733950X/86/00020255/0100PAPERNO20469255DOWNLOADED08JAN2012TO22220529173REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICENSEORCOPYRIGHTVISITHTTP//WWWASCELIBRARYORGINGFASTTIMESIMULATIONMODELSTHERELATIONTOFAIRWAYDIMENSIONINGISALSODISCUSSEDHORIZONTALSHIPMOTIONSINTRODUCTIONNOWADAYSSEVERALSHIPHANDLINGSIMULATORS,CONSISTINGOFAMOCKUPOFASHIPSBRIDGE,ACOMPUTER,ANDLARGEVISUALSCENERY,AREINUSEALLAVAILABLEINSTRUMENTSNORMALLYUSEDFORREALNAVIGATION,EG,ASHIPSRADAR,AREALSOAVAILABLEONSUCHLARGESCALEORFULLMISSIONSIMULATORSFIG2THEBEHAVIOROFTHEVESSELSINTHEHORIZONTALPLANE,INCLUDINGTHEEFFECTSOFENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESLIKETHEONESSHOWNINFIG1,AREDESCRIBEDMATHEMATICALLYEXAMPLESOFAPPLYINGMANEUVERINGSIMULATORSINPORTANDFAIRWAYDESIGNAREGIVENINREFS4,AND3ENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESWHENAPPLYINGSIMULATIONMODELS,ITHASTOBEDECIDEDWHICHSPECIFICENVIRONMENTALDISTURBANCESTOINCLUDEINTHEMODELCURRENTS,WIND,WAVESSWELL,BANKS,ANDSHALLOWWATER,ANDTHEPREVAILINGMUDCONDITIONSCANALLHAVEACLEAREFFECTONTHESHIPSBEHAVIORTHEEFFECTSOFMUDONTHEMANEUVERINGCHARACTERISTICSOFLARGEVLCCSWASTHESUBJECTOFARECENTEXPERIMENTALTESTPROGRAM,REPORTEDBYSELLMEIJER,ETAL12THEMANEUVERINGEQUATIONS,DESCRIBINGTHESHIPSBEHAVIOR,WEREADAPTEDACCORDINGTOTHEEXPERIMENTALTESTRESULTSSIMULATIONEXPERIMENTSWEREPERFORMEDONTHEMANEUVERINGSIMULATORATMARINTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFMUDONTHEMANEUVERINGPERFORMANCEOFVLCCSANDTHEPOSSIBLESTRATEGYADOPTEDBYPILOTS7MEDIUMSCALESIMULATORSLARGESCALE,MEDIUMSCALE,ANDSMALLSCALEORMICROSIMULATORSAREINUSENOWADAYSAMICROSIMULATORGENERALLYCONSISTSOFAMICROCOMPUTER,ASINGLEVISUALDISPLAYUNITVDU,ANDAUNITTOCONTROLTHEVESSELRECENTLY,AMEDIUMSCALESIMULATOR,THESOCALLEDPANORAMICVIEWSIMULATORPANSIM,WASDEVELOPEDBYMARINTHEPANSIMCONSISTSOFTHREEMINICOMPUTERS,IE,ONEPDP11/44ANDTWOPDP11/34,WHICHAREALSOUSEDFORTHELARGESCALESIMULATORSOFMARIN,UPTOTHREEVISUALDISPLAYUNITSVECTORSCANTYPE,ANDACONTROLUNITFORRUDDER,ENGINE,BOWTHRUSTER,ANDPOSSIBLYTUGBOATSANEXAMPLEOFTHEPANSIMCONFIGURATIONWITHONLYONEVDUISDISPLAYEDINFIG3AFIG3BSHOWSANEXAMPLEOFTHEIMAGEONTHEVDUFIG2INTERIOROFLARGESCALESHIPHANDLINGSIMULATORATMARIN257DOWNLOADED08JAN2012TO22220529173REDISTRIBUTIONSUBJECTTOASCELICENSEORCOPYRIGHTVISITHTTP//WWWASCELIBRARYORG

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文開題報告學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號號學(xué)院院機(jī)電工程學(xué)院專業(yè)業(yè)設(shè)計設(shè)計論文論文題目題目城市生活垃圾處理設(shè)備分揀機(jī)設(shè)計及仿真設(shè)計指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師均需要大量資金，有些地區(qū)造成入不敷出的現(xiàn)象，從而造成城市生活垃圾資源化基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施差。第四，法規(guī)的不健全，管理制度的不完善。當(dāng)前，我國把垃圾處理的重點(diǎn)放在減量上，對垃圾資源化不夠重視，無相應(yīng)的資源回收法，管理差，且目前的管理體制不離于垃圾的資源化。第五，資源化意識淡薄。隨著人們生活水平的不斷提高，人們的消費(fèi)觀念隨之改變，資源的回收觀念淡薄，回收難度大。城市生活垃圾處理系統(tǒng)分揀機(jī)就是針對目前中國的垃圾混合回收的現(xiàn)狀而設(shè)計的一套針對塑料回收的分揀設(shè)備，是垃圾資源化處理系統(tǒng)中的一個很重要的組成部分，這套設(shè)備的應(yīng)用，不僅保證了垃圾中塑料回收的效率，而且還節(jié)省了很多的人力，改變?nèi)肆κ止し诌x的現(xiàn)狀。我國垃圾無害化處理的起步較晚，但是很多環(huán)保公司已經(jīng)開始研發(fā)較為先進(jìn)的垃圾處理工藝和設(shè)備，根據(jù)國內(nèi)的垃圾處理的發(fā)展情況垃圾混合回收，原生垃圾必須經(jīng)過垃圾破袋、塑料的分選，才能進(jìn)行后面的處理工藝。2選題依據(jù)由于垃圾中的塑料存在的形態(tài)各異、成分的不同，因此給垃圾的分選過程造成了很大的困難，雖然一些公司已經(jīng)采用了“滾筒篩”等分選設(shè)備，但是分選的效果卻不理想，比如，塑料的分選能力差，造成很多硬質(zhì)塑料垃圾無法回收，效率低下?；蛘吒鶕?jù)部分地區(qū)的特殊情況，垃圾含水量比較高，甚至含水量達(dá)到100，垃圾呈粘性狀態(tài)，造成的軟塑料無法回收。由此看來，塑料分揀機(jī)的設(shè)計具有一定的挑戰(zhàn)性。3選題目的城市生活垃圾處理設(shè)備工作環(huán)境比較惡劣，對設(shè)備的要求比較高，再為達(dá)到高效率、少故障的目的，結(jié)合我國目前城市生活垃圾處理的緊迫現(xiàn)狀與資源回收利用的意義，參考一些現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)和設(shè)備進(jìn)行改進(jìn)，解決目前存在的效率低的問題，達(dá)到分選設(shè)備的分選塑料的能力強(qiáng)，分選速度的提高。4選題意義針對未來城市生活垃圾資源化處理的必然趨勢，塑料分揀設(shè)備是整個垃圾處理工藝中重要組成部分之一，無論最終的可降解產(chǎn)物是衛(wèi)生填埋還是焚燒發(fā)電、生物堆肥，首先要保證的是塑料這種不可降解的資源得以全面的回收，塑料垃圾的回收不僅可以減少一定的垃圾填埋量，還可以從中獲得效益，達(dá)到資源合理、高效的利用的目的，從而使垃圾處理的過程中的投資得以部分回收甚至盈利。人們已經(jīng)漸漸的認(rèn)識到了城市生活垃圾中塑料帶來的種種危害，比如衛(wèi)生填埋不可降解的塑料，污染土壤和水源；焚燒發(fā)

簡介：140ANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEMSIMULATIONANDMODELLINGINADAMSBOZDALYAN,MVBLUNDELLCENTREFORAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERINGRESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGYSCHOOLOFENGINEERING,COVENTRYUNIVERSITY,COVENTRYCVLSFB,ENGLANDABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEADAMSAUTOMATICDNAMICANALYSISOFMECHANICALSTEMSCOMPUTERPROGRAMMESTOMODELANDSIMULATETHEPERFORMANCEOFANANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEMABSASTUDYHASBEENCONDUCTEDBASEDONASINGLEWHEELMODELANDDYNAMICSIMULATIONSHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTWHICHCOMBINEABRAKINGALGORITHMREPRESENTINGTHEABSTHEBRAKINGMODELSDESCRIBEDHEREEMBODYFIALATYREMODELBASEDONTYRETESTSCARRIEDOUTWITHINTHESCHOOLOFENGINEERINGATCOVENTRYUNIVERSITYTHESETESTSWERECONDUCTEDTOEXPLORETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTYREBRAKINGFORCEANDWHEELSLIPWHILSTBRAKINGTORQUEISAPPLIEDTOTHEWHEEL,SLIPINCREASESUNTILTHEWHEELISLOCKEDANDSLIPPINGOCCURSTHESIMULATIONRESULTSREPRESENTEDHEREDEMONSTRATEHOWASIMPLEABSALGORITHMCANBETRANSFORMEDINTOAVEHICLEBRAKINGMODELTOPREVENTWHEELLOCKING,WHENSEVEREBRAKINGOCCURSONEOFTHEMAINOBJECTIVESOFTHISPAPERISTOINVESTIGATETHECOMPLICATEDINTERACTIONBETWEENTHETYREANDTHEABSSYSTEMSODESIGNERSCANUSETHISMODELTODECIDEWHICHTYRESAREMORESUITABLEWITHANABSSYSTEMTHISISDEMONSTRATEDBYCOMPARINGTHEABSALGORITHMWITHMODELSUSINGDATAFORTWODIFFERENTTYRESANDALSOINVESTIGATINGTHEINFLUENCEOFCHANGINGROADCONDITIONSFROMDRYTOWETTOICETHEPAPERCONCLUDESWITHADISCUSSIONOFTHEPRACTICALDIFFICULTIESINVOLVEDINDEVELOPINGREALISTICALGORITHMSTOREPRESENTABSINCOMPUTERSIMULATIONKEYWORDSABS,ADAMS,AUTOMOTIVE,BRAKING,MODELLING10INTRODUCTIONTHEADAMSSOFTWAREIISUSEDTOSTUDYTHEBEHAVIOUROFSYSTEMSCONSISTINGOFRIGIDORFLEXIBLEPARTSUNDERGOINGLARGEDISPLACEMENTMOTIONSTHEMAINUSAGEOFADAMSISWITHINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYWHERETHESOFTWAREISCOMMONLYUSEDTOSTUDYSUSPENSIONSORTOSTUDYTHERIDEANDHANDLINGPERFORMANCEOFFULLVEHICLEMODELS241THISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEUSEOFTHESOFTWARETOINVESTIGATETHEPERFORMANCEOFANANTILOCKBRAKINGALGORITHMONASINGLEWHEELMODELTHEEXPERIMENTALDATAUSEDINTHISMODELWASOBTAINEDFROMTESTSPERFORMEDBYCOVENTRYUNIVERSITYANDISBASEDONTHEFRONTSUSPENSIONSYSTEMOFAPEUGEOT605THESUSPENSIONSYSTEMMEASUREMENTSWEREUSEDTOVERIFYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEADAMSMODELANINITIALSIMPLIFIEDABSALGORITHMHASBEENDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHEWORKDESCRIBEDIN520MODELLINGAQUARTERVEHICLEWASMODELLEDUSINGASINGLEWHEEL,THESUSPENSIONUNITANDABODYREPRESENTINGTHEQUARTERVEHICLEMASSASCHEMATICOFTHEQUARTERVEHICLEMODELISSHOWNINFIGURE1THESUSPENSIONISMODELLEDASASERIESOFRIGIDLINKSCONNECTEDBYJOINTSANDRUBBERBUSHESTHEFORCECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESPRING,THEDAMPERANDTHEBUMPSTOPBUSHAREALSOINCLUDEDTHESUSPENSIONSYSTEMISCONNECTEDTOAQUARTERMODELOFTHEVEHICLEBODY,WHICHHASLONGITUDINALANDVERTICALDEGREESOFFREEDOMSOTHATVEHICLECANFREELYMOVEONTHEXANDZDIRECTIONVIATOTRANSLATIONALJOINTS,BUTDOESNOTINCLUDEPITCH\ILLIFIGURE1QUARTERSUSPENSIONMODELAVERTICALFORCEACTSONTHEBODYTOREPRESENTTHEEFFECTSOFWEIGHTTRANSFERDURINGTHEACCELERATIONANDALONGITUDINALFORCECOMPENSATESFORTHELACKOFREARSUSPENSIONINTHISMODELTHESETWOFORCESWEREAPPLIEDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONSIMULATIOFL30SEPTEMBER2OCTOBER1998,CONFERENCEPUBLICATIONNO457,0IEE,1998I42INADAMSINPUTDECK,SLIPRATIOCANBEDEFINEDWITHTHEFOLLOWINGVARIABLEFUNCTIONEXPRESSIONVAWID,FUVX1,JWZI,J,RMR/VX1,JVEHICLEVELOCITYVXINXDIRECTIONBETWEENIMARKERRELATIVETOTHEJMARKERWHEELANGULARVELOCITYWZABOUTZAXISBETWEENIMARKERTOTHEJMARKERANDITISCONSIDEREDFROMTHEREFERENCEMARKERTYREROLLINGRADIUSRCANBECALCULATEDROUGHLYFROMTHECIRCUMFERENCEOFTHELOADEDTYRE21CONTROLALGORITHMSTWOSIMPLEALGORITHMSWEREUSEDFORTHEINITIALMODELLINGOFTHEABSCONTROL,ARITHMETICIFANDSTEPFUNCTIONARITHMETICIFWASUSEDFORINITIALLYAPPLYINGTHEABSPRESSUREANDSTEPFUNCTIONWASCONTROLLEDONTHEABSCYCLINGTHISWASRELATEDTOTHESLIPRATIOTHEINITIALPRESSURERISEISATAGREATERRATETHANTHERATESUSEDFORTHEABSCONTROLTHEREFOREABSSTARTSTHECYCLEMODEWHENTHESLIPRATIOLIMITWASPASSEDTHELOGICOFABSCONTROLISSHOWNINFIGURE5FIGURE5LOGICOFABSCONTROLALGORITHMTHEADAMSDIFFSTATEMENTWASUSEDTODETERMINETHEPRESSUREINTHISMODELTHISPRESSUREWASUSEDTOCALCULATETHEBRAKINGFORCEANDTORQUEONTHEWHEEL211ARITHMETICIFANDSTEPFUNCTIONSAPPLYINGINITIALPRESSUREINADAMSCANBECALCULATEDWITHFOLLOWINGDIFFSTATEMENTDIFF/L,IC0,FUNCTIONIFVXI,J0,0,STEPTIME,05,0,06,DIIC0MEANSVALUEOFFUNCTIONISZEROWHENTHETIMEISZEROFUIFVXI,J0,0,CHECKSVEHICLEVELOCITYANDACCEPTSTOZEROIFITISSTOPPEDORGOINGBACKWARD,BUTIFVEHICLEHASVELOCITYTHEN,ITISDOINGTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPFUNCTIONSTEPTIME,05,0,06,DISTATESTHATTHERATEOFPRESSURECHANGEISINCREASEDTOTHEVALUEOFDRIVERINPUTDIBETWEENTIME05TO06SECONDDURINGTHISTIMEPERIODITISNECESSARYFORADAMSTOCONTINUETHISSIMULATIONGRADUALLYCYCLINGPRESSURECHANGECANBECONTROLLEDBYANOTHERDIFFSTATEMENTDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSDIFF/2,ICO,,FUIFTIME1220,0,IFVARVALID023ABSON,ABSON,,STEPVARVALID,O23,ABSON,025,ABSOFFTHEIFT1ME122PARTOFTHESTATEMENTDELAYSTHEABSCYCLINGTIMETHISALLOWSPASSINGTHESLIPRATIOFORTHEFIRSTTIME122SECONDDETERMINEDBYEXPERIMENTDUETOINITIALPRESSURERISEVARVALIDCALCULATESTHEVALUEOFTHESLIPRATIOANDTHEFUNCTIONSTATESTHATIFSLIPRATIOISLESSOREQUALTO023THENTHEPRESSUREISINCREASEDBYABSORIFTHESLIPISGREATERTHEN023THEFUNCTIONCONTINUESWITHTHESTEPFUNCTIONTHESTEPFUNCTIONSWITCHESTHEABSCYCLINGFROMONTOOFFIFTHESLIPRATIOISGREATERTHAN025AGAINTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHESETWOSLIPRATIOSISNECESSARYFORADAMSTOCOUNTTHISGRADUALLY,BECAUSEADAMSHASDIFFICULTYWITHSUDDENCHANGESWHENTHEINITIALPRESSUREANDCYCLINGPRESSUREISCALCULATEDWITHTHEABOVETWODIFFSTATEMENTS,THEACTUALVALUEOFPRESSUREISRETURNEDTOTHEADAMSWITHFOLLOWINGVARIABLESTATEMENTVARIABLEHD,FUNCTIONDIF1DIF2BRAKINGTORQUECANBEAPPLIEDUSINGTHEABOVEVARIBALETHISWILLGIVETHETOTALABSBRAKINGPRESSURETOALLOWUSTOCALCULATETHEBRAKINGTORQUE212CALCULATIONOFBRAKINGTORQUETHEREARETWOCHANGEABLEVARIABLESINTHECALCULATIONOFBRAKETORQUETHEFIRSTONEISTHECOEFFICIENTOFFRICTIONPBETWEENTHEBRAKEPADSANDTHISISASSUMEDTOBECONSTANTTHESECONDONEISTHEBRAKEPRESSURETHEREFORE

簡介：ABSTRACTACCORDINGTOTHETHROTTLESLICETHICKNESSANDPREDEFORMATIONOFTHROTTLESLICE,THEVELOCITYPOINTSOFVALVEOPENINGWEREANALYZEDBYTHERELATIONOFFLUXTOTHEVELOCITY,ANDTHEANALYTICFORMULASOFSHOCKABSORBERVELOCITYWHENVALVEOPENINGWEREGIVENBASEDONTHIS,THEOUTERCHARACTERISTICMODELOFSHOCKABSORBERWASESTABLISHEDBYPIECEWISELINEARFUNCTIONAPRACTICALEXAMPLEOFSIMULATIONOFSHOCKABSORBEROUTERCHARACTERISTICWASGIVEN,ANDTHEPERFORMANCETESTWASCONDUCTEDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEMODELOFOUTERSIMULATIONISCORRECT,THESIMULATIONVALUESISCOINCIDEWITHTESTVALUES,ANDITHASIMPORTANTREFERENCEVALUEFORTELESCOPESHOCKABSORBERDESIGNANDCHARACTERISTICANALYSISIINTRODUCTIONHESHOCKABSORBEROFAUTOMOBILEISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTCOMPONENTSOFSUSPENSIONSYSTEM,ANDPLAYSAVITALROLEINTHEDRIVINGPROCESSOFVEHICLESTHECHARACTERISTICOFSHOCKABSORBERINFLUENCESDRIVINGSMOOTHNESSANDRIDECOMFORTABLENESSOFVEHICLES1–2THESHOCKABSORBERUSEDMOSTCOMMONLYONAUTOMOBILEISTELESCOPICSHOCKABSORBERTHECHARACTERISTICSIMULATIONHASTHESIGNIFICANCEFORTHEDESIGNOFSHOCKABSORBER3–4WITHTHECHARACTERISTICSIMULATION,THEFLAWSOFDESIGNCOULDBEFOUNDANDMODIFIEDINTIME,SOTHEDESIGNANDDEVELOPCOULDSPEEDUP,WHILEALSOTHETESTCOSTSCOULDBEREDUCEDHOWEVER,ATPRESENT,BOTHINDOMESTICANDABROAD,THECHARACTERISTICOFSHOCKABSORBERISSIMULATEDMOSTLYWITHREADYMADESIMULATIONSOFTWARE5–6UTILIZINGTHISMETHOD,MOSTOFNECESSARYPARAMETERSUSEDINTHEMODELINGOFCHARACTERISTICAREOBTAINEDTHROUGHTHEEXPERIMENTTESTS,THEREFORE,ITISHARDTOESTABLISHTHEACCURATESIMULATIONMODEL,ANDTHESIMULATIONRESULTSISALSONOTRELIABLE7–8THOUGHSOMESCHOLARSHADBUILTTHEMODELOFCHARACTERISTICWITHMATHFUNCTION,DUETOTHEINACCURATEANALYSISOFTHESHOCKABSORBERDAMPINGCOMPONENT,ANDTHEIMPRECISECOMPUTATIONOFTHROTTLESLICEDEFORMATIONANDOPENINGSIZEOFTHETHROTTLEVALVEWITHTHEMECHANICALDESIGNHANDBOOKWHICHPROVIDESONLYTHEMAXIMUMDEFORMATIONPROXIMATELYFORMULA,SOITISDIFFICULTTOBUILDTHEACCURACYMODELINTHISPAPER,BYTHEANALYSISTOTHEPATHWAYTHROTTLELOSSCOEFFICIENTANDLOCALTHROTTLELOSSCOEFFICIENTOFPISTONHOLES,MANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDJULY15,2008THISWORKWASSUPPORTEDINPARTBYTHESDNSFUNDERGRANTY2007F72ANDNEDTFFAX865332786837EMAILGREATWALLSDUTEDUCNSBYUANYILIUISWITHTHESHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,ZIBO255049,CHINAPHONE865332780023FAX865332780023EMAILLIUYUANYISDUTEDUCNTDYANHUICAIISWITHTHEWEIHAIVOCATIONALCOLLEGE,WEIHAI264200,CHINAEMAILCAIYH1965126COMWITHTHEANALYTICFORMULAOFTHROTTLESLICEDEFORMATION,ACCORDINGTOTHEVELOCITYPOINTSATWHICHTHEVALVEOPENING,THEMODELOFSHOCKABSORBEROUTERCHARACTERISTICWASESTABLISHEDBYTHEPIECEWISELINEARFUNCTIONTHESIMULATIONANDANALYSISOFOUTERCHARACTERISTICWASGIVEN,ANDTHEPERFORMANCETESTWASCONDUCTEDIIANALYSISOFDAMPINGCOMPONENTSWHENTHECHARACTERISTICOFSHOCKABSORBERISANALYZED,THETHROTTLEHOLES,PISTONHOLEANDPISTONSLOTSHOULDBETAKENINTOACCOUNT,MEANWHILETHELOCALTHROTTLELOSSMUSTALSOBECONSIDEREDTHEANALYSISONTHESTRUCTURE,THETHROTTLEPRESSUREANDTHEFLUXOFTHETHROTTLEVALVESAREASFOLLOWSATHROTTLEHOLESTHROTTLEHOLESAREAISCOMPOSEDOFANUMBEROFSMALLRECTANGULARHOLESONSLICEITCOULDBEREGARDEDASTHINWALLEDHOLETHEREFORE,THERELATIONBETWEENFLUXANDTHROTTLEPRESSURECANBEREGARDEDAS90002APQAΕΡ1WHERE,ΕISTHROTTLEFLOWCOEFFICIENT,WHICHISDECIDEDBYTHETYPEOFTHROTTLEHOLES0PISTHEPRESSUREOFTHROTTLEHOLES0AISTHETOTALAREAOFTHROTTLEHOLESBDEFORMATIONOFTHROTTLESLICENORMALLY,THEVELOCITYOFSHOCKABSORBERISQUITESLOW,ANDTHETHROTTLEPRESSUREISLOW,THUSTHEDEFORMATIONOFTHROTTLESLICECOULDBEREGARDASMINORDEFLECTIONBENDINGDEFORMATIONACCORDINGTOTHECALCULATIONMETHODOFTHEBENDINGDEFORMATIONCOEFFICIENT,THEDEFORMATION10ATVALVEMOUTHRADIUSCANBEEXPRESSEDAS3KKFRRPFGH2WHERE,KRGISTHEDEFORMATIONCOEFFICIENTOFTHROTTLESLICEATVALVEMOUTHRADIUSHISTHETHICKNESSOFTHROTTLESLICEPFISTHEPRESSUREONTHROTTLESLICETHEOPENINGSIZEOFTHROTTLEVALVEISDETERMINEDBYTHETOTALDEFORMATIONKRFANDPREDEFORMATION0KRFOFTHROTTLESLICEATVALVEMOUTHRADIUS,THATIS0KKKRRRFFΔ?3CHARACTERISTICSIMULATIONOFTELESCOPICSHOCKABSORBERFIRSTACHANGCHENGZHOU,SECONDBYUANYILIU,ANDTHIRDCYANHUICAIT2079781424417872/08/2500C?2008IEEEWHENTHEVALVEOPENSFIRST,THEPRESSUREONSLICEISEQUALTOTHETHROTTLEPRESSUREOFORIFICE,THATIS101FKKPPTHEFLUXOFORIFICECANBEEXPRESSEDAS01012/KFKQAPΕΡ12PISTONHOLESANDORIFICESARETHESERIES,THATIS011KHKQQ,SOTHETHROTTLEPRESSUREOFPISTONHOLESCANBEEXPRESSEDAS0114128THEKHKHHLQPNDΜΠ13THROTTLEORIFICEANDPISTONHOLESAREINPARALLELWITHPISTONSLOT,THEREFORE,THETHROTTLEPRESSUREOFPISTONCIRCLESLOTISEQUALTOTHESUMOFTHROTTLEPRESSUREOFPISTONHOLESANDTHROTTLEORIFICES,THATIS111HKHKFKPPPSOTHEFLUXOFPISTONCIRCLETHROTTLESLOTCANBEEXPRESSEDAS321111512HHHKHKTHDEPQLΠΔΜ14ACCORDINGTOTHECONTINUITYTHEOREMOFOIL,THEFLUXOFTHROTTLEORIFICES,PISTONHOLESANDPISTONCIRCLESLOTSHOULDSATISFYTHERELATIONEQUATION,THATIS0111KHKKHQQVSTHUSTHEVELOCITYATWHICHTHEREBOUNDVALVEOPENINGCANBEOBTAINED,THATIS3211101211512FKHHHKFKKFHHTHPDEPPAVSSLΠΔΕΡΜ15BVELOCITYPOINTOFVALVEOPENINGSECONDLYWHILEREBOUNDVALVEOPENINGSECONDLY,THETHROTTLESLICEWOULDTOUCHTHELIMITGASKETANDLOWEROFSHIELDRINGASARESULTOFDEFORMATION,SO,THEMAXIMUMOPENINGSIZEOFVALVEISMAXΔ,ASFIG2AFTERTHETHROTTLEREBOUNDVALVEBEINGATTHEMAXIMUMOPENINGSIZE,THETOTALDEFORMATIONSOFTHROTTLESLICEIS2MAX0KKRKRFFΔSO,THEPRESSUREONTHROTTLESLICEIS32MAX0/KKFKRRPFHGΔFORTHETHROTTLEORIFICEISPARALLELWITHTHETHROTTLESLOTOFREBOUNDVALVE,SO022KFKPP,THEFLUXOFTHROTTLEORIFICEIS02022/KFKQAPΕΡ16THEFLUXOFTHROTTLESLOTOFREBOUNDVALVEIS3MAX226LN/FKFKTBKPQRRΠΔΜ17THROTTLEORIFICEISPARALLELTOTHROTTLESLOTOFREBOUNDVALVE,ANDTHENSERIESTOPISTONHOLE,SO2202HKFKKQQQTHEREFORE,THETHROTTLEPRESSUREOFPISTONHOLEIS20224128THEFKKHKHHLQQPNDΜΠTHEFLUXOFTHROUGHPISTONCIRCLESLOTIS32202211512HHHKKHKTHDEPPQLΠΔΜ18ACCORDINGTOTHECONTINUITYTHEOREMOFOIL,WHENTHEREBOUNDVALVEREACHESTHEMAXIMUMOPENINGSIZE,THEVELOCITYOFSHOCKABSORBERIS22202/KFHKFKKHVQQQS19CPIECEWISELINEARFUNCTIONMODELOFCHARACTERISTIC1REBOUNDPROCESSV0THEOUTERCHARACTERISTICOFSHOCKABSORBERINREBOUNDPROCESSCANBEEXPRESSEDBYTHEFOLLOWINGPIECEWISELINEARFUNCTION1111222123332,0,,DFFHHKFDDFFHHKKFDFFHHKFFPPSVVFFPPSVVVFPPSVV??20WHERE,1FP,2FP,3FP1HP,2HP,AND3HPARETHETHROTTLEPRESSUREOFTHROTTLESLOTOFREBOUNDVALVEANDPISTONHOLE,WHENREBOUNDVALVEISONTHREEKINDSOFCONDITIONSTHATAREBEFOREOPENING,AFTEROPENINGANDMAXIMUMOPENINGSIZE2COMPRESSIONPROCESSV0INTHESAMEWAY,THEOUTERCHARACTERISTICOFCOMPRESSIONPROCESSCANBEEXPRESSEDAS1111122222133332,0,,DYYHYGLHKYDDYYHYGLHKYKYDYYHYGLHKYFPPSPSVVFFPPSPSVVVFPPSPSVV?≤?≤???21FIG2OILPATHSAFTERREBOUNDVALVEOPENINGSECONDLY2008ASIASIMULATIONCONFERENCE7THINTLCONFONSYSSIMULATIONANDSCIENTIFICCOMPUTING209

簡介：MATLABBASEDINTERACTIVESIMULATIONPROGRAMFOR2DMULTISEGMENTMECHANICALSYSTEMSHENRYKJOSI?SKI1,2,ADAM?WITO?SKI1,2,KAROLJ?DRASIAK1,ANDRZEJPOLA?SKI1,2,ANDKONRADWOJCIECHOWSKI1,21POLISHJAPANESEINSTITUTEOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYALEJALEGIONóW241902BYTOM,POLAND{HJOSINSKI,ASWITONSKI,KJEDRASIAK,APOLANSKI,KWOJCIECHOWSKI}PJWSTKEDUPL2SILESIANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYAKADEMICKA1644100GLIWICE,POLAND{HENRYKJOSINSKIADAMSWITONSKIANDRZEJPOLANSKIKONRADWOJCIECHOWSKI}POLSLPLABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSPRINCIPLESOFDESIGNINGMULTISEGMENTMECHANICALSYSTEMREPRESENTEDISAMODELOFASINGLESEGMENT,ITSEXTENSIONINFORMOFACOUPLEOFSEGMENTSANDTHEFINALCONSTRUCTION–AFRAGMENTARYANDSIMPLIFIEDSILHOUETTEOFAHUMANFORMNAMEDTHEBIPEDTHISPAPERDESCRIBESPROCEDUREOFCONSTRUCTIONOFTHEBIPED’SDIGITALMODELUSINGMATLABPACKAGEITALSODISCUSSESTESTRUNOFASINGLEEXPERIMENTANDALGORITHMOFTHECALCULATIONSREALIZEDINTHESINGLESTEPOFINTEGRATION1INTRODUCTIONSCIENTISTSCREATEPHYSICALANDMATHEMATICALMODELSOFMOVEMENTOFAWHOLEHUMANFORMORITSSPECIFIEDPARTSMATHEMATICALMODELSENABLECREATIONOFDIGITALMODELSTOCONDUCTCOMPUTERSIMULATIONMODELTESTINGMAKESITPOSSIBLETOANALYSEDECOMPOSITIONOFFORCESANDTORQUESINANONINVASIVEWAYTHEPURPOSEOFTHISRESEARCHWASTOBUILDASIMPLEMULTISEGMENTMOVEMENTMODELINORDERTODETERMINETHEPRINCIPLESOFADDINGTHESUCCESSIVESEGMENTSANDHOWTOAVOIDTHEIRBREAKUPTHISISHOWTHESILHOUETTENAMEDBIPEDWASCREATEDITSDIGITALMODELCREATEDUSINGMATLABPACKAGESHOULDENABLETOCARRYOUTSIMULATIONOFTHEBIPED’SMOVEMENTLITERATURERELATEDTOTHISSUBJECTISEXTENSIVEANALYSISOFCONTENTSOFAMOVEMENTMODELWASINCLUDEDIN9THEDYNAMICSOFPLANARHUMANBODYMOTION,SOLVEDWITHANONITERATIVEMATRIXFORMULATIONWASPRESENTEDIN1WORTHMENTIONINGISALSOITEM3OFTHEBIBLIOGRAPHYWHEREBRUBAKERETALPROPOSEDAMODELBASEDONTHEANTHROPOMORPHICWALKER5,6,APHYSICSBASEDPLANARMODELWITHTWOSTRAIGHTLEGS,ASINGLETORSIONALSPRINGANDANIMPULSIVECOLLISIONMODELTHEANTHROPOMORPHICWALKERISSIMPLE,ASITONLYEXHIBITSHUMANLIKEGAITSONLEVELGROUNDBRUBAKERETAL2INTRODUCEDALSOTHEKNEEDWALKER–ACOMPLEXMODELOFBIPEDALLOCOMOTIONBASEDONBIOMECHANICALCHARACTERIZATIONSOFHUMANWALKING7ITHASATORSOANDTWOLEGSWITHKNEESANDANKLESITISCAPABLEOFEXHIBITINGAWIDERANGEOFPLAUSIBLEGAITSTYLESAMATHEMATICALMODELOFTHESWINGPHASEOFWALKINGWASPRESENTEDIN8MATLABBASEDINTERACTIVESIMULATIONPROGRAM3UPTODATESEGMENT’SENDS’COMPONENTSARECALCULATEDUSINGSIMPLETRIGONOMETRICEQUATIONSX1XLSINΦ2Y1Y?LCOSΦ24X2X?LSINΦ2Y2YLCOSΦ25DIFFERENTIATIONALLOWSTOCALCULATEVERTICALANDHORIZONTALCOMPONENTSOFSEGMENT’SENDS’VELOCITY˙X1˙X˙ΦLCOSΦ2˙Y1˙Y˙ΦLSINΦ26˙X2˙X?˙ΦLCOSΦ2˙Y2˙Y?˙ΦLSINΦ27SUCCESSIVEDIFFERENTIATIONLEADSTOFORMULAEDESCRIBINGSEGMENT’SENDS’ACCELERATION¨X1¨X¨ΦLCOSΦ2?˙Φ2LSINΦ2¨Y1¨Y¨ΦLSINΦ2˙Φ2LCOSΦ28¨X2¨X?¨ΦLCOSΦ2˙Φ2LSINΦ2¨Y2¨Y?¨ΦLSINΦ2?˙Φ2LCOSΦ29EQUATIONSDESCRIBINGSTATEOFTHESEGMENTALLOWTOFORMULATEGENERALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENACCELERATIONSOFTHESEGMENT’SENDSANDEXTERNALINFLUENCES–FORCESANDACONTROLTORQUEM????¨X1¨Y1¨X2¨Y2????MCOEF????????F1XF1YF2XF2YM1????????10SYMBOLMCOEFREPRESENTSCOEFFICIENTS’MATRIXDETERMINEDBYTHEFORMULAS8,9ALLOWINGFOREQUATIONS1,2,33MODELOFCOUPLEOFSEGMENTSMOVEMENTTHECASEOF2JOINEDSEGMENTSREQUIRESDOUBLINGOFTHESTATEVARIABLES’SETAPPLIEDFORTHECASEOFASINGLESEGMENTDECOMPOSITIONOFFORCESANDTORQUESISSHOWNONFIG2INDEXUDENOTESTHEUPPERSEGMENTWHEREASL–THELOWERONE

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OFACORNEROFTHEPRIMARYSHUNTITSROLEISTOCLOGTHECOLDMATERIALFROMTHEMOLDINGMACHINENOZZLE,TOPREVENTTHEMATERIALFROMENTERINGTHEPARTS,TOENSUREASMOOTHFILLINGANDGETTHEHIGHQUALITYPARTSTHECROSSSECTIONOFTHECOLDSLUGWELLISGENERALLYTRAPEZIUM3THESIZEOFTHERUNNERSYSTEMSTHERUNNERSYSTEMPLAYSADUALROLEOFMASSANDHEATTRANSFER,ANDTHUSTHERHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOROFPLASTICMELTISTHECONCERNEDCOREBECAUSETHERUNNERSYSTEMSAREVARIOUSINFORMS,THESTRUCTURESARECOMPLEXANDTHEFLOWOFTHEPLASTICMELTINTHESYSTEMWASNONNEWTONIANFLUID,SOWEUSETHEPOLYMERMELTRHEOLOGYTHEORYTODETERMINETHESIZEOFTHERUNNERSYSTEMATHESPRUESECTIONSIZE2THESHEARRATEOFTHENONNEWTONIANFLUIDIS31NQNR?????????THE??ISTHESHEARRATEOFTHEPLASTICMELTFLOW,1S??QPLASTICMELTVOLUMEFLOWRATE,3/CMS,DETERMINEDBYTHEVOLUMEOFPLASTICPARTSANDINJECTIONTIME?NTHEMELTNONNEWTONIANINDEX,RELATEDWITHTHEMELTTEMPERATUREANDSHEARRATE?RTHERADIUSOFCIRCULARFLOWCHANNELTHEEXPERIMENTSHOWSTHATTHEMELTFLOWSHEARRATEINTHESPRUETAKESAS31510S?????,INSERTINGTHEVALUEINFORMULA1,WECANCALCULATETHEFORMULA21331008SNDQN???????SDTHEDIAMETEROFCIRCULARFLOWCHANNELAFTERCALCULATING,THEVOLUMEOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANELANDTHERUNNERSYSTEMIS12103CMINACCORDANCEWITHTHEPASTEXPERIENCEINSIMILARPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT,WETAKEINITIALLYTHEINJECTIONTIMEAS30SSOTHEPLASTICMELTVOLUMEFLOWRATEQISABOUT4043/CMS,WHENTHETEMPERATUREIS240,ACCORDINGTHEPOLYMERPOWERLAWTABLEWECANDETERMINETHEN026,INSERTINGTHENINTHEFORMULA2,CALCULATETHEFOLLOWING133026100840412026SDCM??????THESECTIONSHAPEOFTHESPRUEISCONICAL,SOTHEDIAMETEROFTHESMALLENDSECTIONIS8MMTHEDIAMETEROFTHEBIGENDSECTIONIS12MMBTHESUBCHANNELSECTIONSIZEACCORDINGTHEFUNCTIONOFTHESUNCHANNELANDTHEREQUIREMENTOFTHELITTLEPRESSUREDROPANDTHELITTLEHEATDISSIPATION,WETAKETHESHEARRATEAS21510S?????WHENTHEPLASTICMELTFLOWINTHESUBCHANNELINSERTINGTHEVALUEINTHEFORMULA1,WECANGETTHEFOLLOWINGFORMULA313310172RRNDQN???????RDTHEDIAMETEROFTHESUBCHANNEL?QRPLASTICMELTVOLUMEFLOWRATEINSUBCHANNELINTHEFORMULA,THEVALUEOFQRIS2023/CMS,TAKENAS03INSERTINGTHENUMBERSINTHEFORMULA3,WECANGETTHEFOLLOWING1330301017220211030RDCM??????SOWETAKETHEDIAMETEROFTHESUBCHANNELSECTIONAS10MMCTHEGATESECTIONSIZETHESHEARRATEOFTHEMELTFLOWINTHESMALLENDOFTHESPRUEGATEIS41510S?????,INSERTINGTHEVALUEINFORMULA1CANGETTHEFOLLOWING13310037GGNDQN????????GDTHEDIAMETEROFTHESMALLENDOFTHESPRUEGATE?GQPLASTICMELTVOLUMEFLOWRATETHROUGHTHEGATE305202/GQQCMS??13301310037202048013GDCM??????SOTHEDIAMETEROFTHESMALLENDSECTIONOFTHESPRUEGATEIS5MM,THEDIAMETEROFTHEBIGENDSECTIONOFTHESPRUEGATEIS8MMINTHEPINGATE,THESHEARRATEOFTHEMELTFLOWIS5110S????,INSERTINGTHEVALUEINTHEFORMULA1,WECANGETTHEFOLLOWING133100294PPNDQN?????305202/PQQCMS??133013100294202027013PDCM??????207

簡介：DESIGNANDSIMULATIONOFDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERBASEDONPROTEUSLIPINGMA?,WEIGUOZHANGDEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSANDINFORMATION,XI′ANPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY,XI′AN,CHINA,710048,CHINAKEYWORDSPROTEUSDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERFREQUENCYDIVIDERSJAL000OSCILLATORABSTRACTINORDERTODETERMINETHEPARAMETERSOFEACHMODULEINTHESYSTEMACCURATELYANDQUICKLY,CHOOSEPROTEUSASSIMULATIONPLATFORM,DESIGNEDTHECIRCUITPRINCIPLEINTHISENVIRONMENT,DESCRIBETHEDESIGNPROCESSOFOSCILLATOR,FREQUENCYDIVIDERS,SHAPINGCIRCUIT,COUNTINGDECODINGICCIRCUITINDETAILDETERMINEDTHEWORKINGPARAMETERSOFEVERYDEVICE,ANDTHESIMULATIONRESULTSAREANALYZED,RESULTSSHOWTHATDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERDESIGNEDHAVEHIGHPRECISION,BETTERRELIABILITY,ITMEETSTHEREQUIREMENTOFDESIGN1INTRODUCTIONFREQUENCYISONEOFTHEMOSTBASICPARAMETERSINELECTRONIC,ITHASVERYCLOSERELATIONSHIPWITHMANYMEASUREMENTSCHEMESOFELECTRICPARAMETERANDMEASUREMENTRESULTS,SOTHEFREQUENCYMEASUREMENTBECOMESMOREIMPORTANT,ITHASBEENWIDELYUSEDINAEROSPACE,ELECTRONICS,MEASUREMENTANDCONTROLFIELDETC14DESIGNEFFICIENCYCANBEIMPROVEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONWHENCIRCUITISDESIGNED,ANDTHECOSTOFPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTISREDUCEDGREATLYATPRESENT,SIMULATIONSOFTWAREMATLABANDMAXPLUSⅡHAVEPOWERFULSIMULATIONFUNCTION,BUTINELECTRONICTECHNOLOGYDESIGN,ESPECIALLYINDIGITALCIRCUITDESIGN,NOTONLYNEEDTOUNDERSTANDTHEIRREALTIMESIGNAL,BUTALSONEEDTOANALYZELOGICRELATIONSHIPOFMULTIPLEOUTPUTSIGNALS,SOCHOOSEPROTEUSASSIMULATIONPLATFORMTODESIGNFREQUENCYMETERITISAKINDOFEDASOFTWAREWHICHISPRODUCEDBYBRITISHLABCENTERELECTRONICCOMPANY,ITHASTHEFUNCTIONOFPRINCIPLEDIAGRAMEDITING,PCBWIRINGAUTOMATICALLYORARTIFICIALLYANDCIRCUITSIMULATIONWHICHOTHEREDATOOLSHAVE,ITALSOHASSOMEVIRTUALINSTRUMENTANDMETERWHICHISVERYSUITABLEFORANALYZINGELECTRONICCIRCUIT,SUCHASLOGICALANALYZER,COUNTINGTIMEKEEPINGINSTRUMENT,SIGNALGENERATORETC,THELOGICALANALYZERCANOBSERVE16WAVEFORMSIMULTANEOUSLY,ITSLOGICRELATIONSHIPISVERYCLEAR58INADDITION,PROTEUSPROVIDESAGRAPHICALDISPLAYFUNCTION,ITCOULDDISPLAYTHECHANGINGSIGNALINGRAPHICFORM,DESIGNERSCANOBSERVETHESIMULATIONRESULTDIRECTLYTHEPAPERTAKEPROTEUSSOFTWAREASSIMULATIONPLATFORMDESIGNEDADIGITALFREQUENCYMETER,ANDTHESIMULATIONRESULTSAREANALYZEDINDETAIL2PRINCIPLEOFDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERDIGITALFREQUENCYMETERCOMPOSEDBYOSCILLATOR,FREQUENCYDIVIDERS,SHAPINGCIRCUIT,COUNTINGDECODINGICCIRCUITOSCILLATIONCIRCUITGENERATESFREQUENCYSIGNAL,WECANGETA05HZSIGNALWHENTHEFREQUENCYSIGNALTHROUGHFREQUENCYDIVIDERAFTERLIMITING,AMPLIFICATION,PLASTIC,OUTPUTARECTANGULARPULSESIGNALWHICHHASTHESAMEFREQUENCYWITHTHEMEASUREDSIGNAL,ASIGNALWHICHUSEDTOCOUNTINGCANBEPRODUCEDWHENMEASUREDSIGNALANDTHECONTROLSIGNALTHROUGHANANDDOORTHESIGNAL,LOCKINGSIGNALANDRESETSIGNALCONTROLCOUNTING,LATCHANDRESETSTATESTOGETHER,THEN?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSESMLP0106YAHOOCOMCNLIPINGMA2012INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONELECTRICALANDCOMPUTERENGINEERINGADVANCESINBIOMEDICALENGINEERING,VOL119781612750293/10/2500?2012IERIICECE2012207FIG2OSCILLATORCIRCUIT2FREQUENCYDIVISIONCIRCUITOSCILLATORPRODUCEARECTANGLEWAVEIS500HZ,USINGFREQUENCYDIVIDERSTOGET05HZTIMERSIGNAL,74LS90ISA2510DECIMALADDITIONSCOUNTER,USEFREQUENCYDIVIDERSWHICHCOMPOSEDBYTHREE74LS90CANDIVIDED500HZRECTANGULARPULSEINTO05HZFIRSTLYCONNECTEDEVERY74LS90INTODECIMALCOUNTER,THENCONNECTTHREE74LS90TOGETHER,FORMAFREQUENCYDIVIDER，CIRCUITPRINCIPLEDIAGRAMANDTHESIMULATIONRESULTSASSHOWINFIG3INORDERTOIMPROVETHEACCURACY,A1MHZCRYSTALISUSEDTOGET05HZSIGNALTHROUGHFREQUENCYDIVIDERSINPRACTICALAPPLICATIONFIG3FREQUENCYDIVISIONCIRCUIT32COUNTINGDECODEANDDISPLAYCIRCUITTHECIRCUITCOMPOSEDBYCOUNTERANDDECODINGDISPLAYCIRCUIT,CONTROLCIRCUITANDLATCHCIRCUIT,COUNTERANDDECODINGDISPLAYCIRCUITCHOOSE74LS90ASCOUNTCHIPS,74LS90IS2510DECIMALADDITIONSCOUNTER,CONNECTEVERY74LS90INTODECIMALCOUNTERFIRSTLY,THENCONNECTFOUR74LS90TOGETHERFORMACOUNTEROF19999,USEITTORECORDPULSENUMBERINASECOND,DECODEDISPLAYCIRCUITCOMPOSEDBYSEVENSEGMENTDECODERS,ITFIRSTDECODELATCHDATA,THENDISPLAYTHEDATETHROUGHDIGITALPIPECONTROLCIRCUITANDLATCHCIRCUITCOMPOSEDBY74LS08,74LS04AND74LS273,ITBEUSEDTOCONTROLTHREESTATEOFCIRCUITCOUNTING,LATCHANDRESET,74LS273IS8DFLIPFLOP,ITHASTHELATCHFUNCTIONWHEN209

簡介：ENERGYANDPOWERENGINEERING,2012,4,107116HTTP//DXDOIORG/104236/EPE201243015PUBLISHEDONLINEMAY2012HTTP//WWWSCIRPORG/JOURNAL/EPE107MODELINGANDCURRENTPROGRAMMEDCONTROLOFABIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTERSHAHABHAMOGHADDAM,AHMADAYATOLLAHI,ABDOLREZARAHMATISCHOOLOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,IRANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,TEHRAN,IRANEMAILSHAHABHMOGHADDAMGMAILCOM,{AYATOLLAHI,RAHMATI}IUSTACIRRECEIVEDFEBRUARY7,2012REVISEDFEBRUARY28,2012ACCEPTEDMARCH16,2012ABSTRACTMODELLINGOFBIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTERASONEOFTHEMOSTAPPLICABLECONVERTERSHASRECEIVEDSIGNIFICANTATTENTIONMATHEMATICALMODELLINGREDUCESTHESIMULATIONTIMEINCOMPARISONWITHDETAILEDCIRCUITRESPONSEMOREOVERITISCONVENIENTFORCONTROLLERDESIGNPURPOSEDUETOSIMPLEANDEFFECTIVEMETHODOLOGY,AVERAGESTATESPACEISTHEMOSTCOMMONMETHODAMONGTHEMODELLINGMETHODSINTHISPAPERABIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGECONVERTERISMODELLEDBYAVERAGESTATESPACEANDFOREACHMODEOFOPERATIONSACONTROLLERISDESIGNEDATTAINEDMATHEMATICALMODELRESULTSAREINACLOSEAGREEMENTWITHDETAILEDCIRCUITSIMULATIONKEYWORDSAVERAGESTATESPACEBIDIRECTIONALDETAILEDCIRCUITSIMULATIONFULLBRIDGEDCDCCONVERTERMATHEMATICALMODELING1INTRODUCTIONMODELINGOFDCDCCONVERTERASONEOFTHEMOSTAPPLICABLEINDUSTRIALCONVERTERSHASAROUSEDALOTOFINTERESTSINCEMODELINGGIVESUSINFORMATIONABOUTSTATICANDDYNAMICOFTHESYSTEM,ITISACRUCIALFACTORINDESIGNANDCONTROLMOREOVER,ATTAINEDMATHEMATICALMODELCANREDUCETHESIMULATIONTIMEINCOMPARISONWITHTHESIMULATIONTIMEPROVIDEDBY“CYCLEBYCYCLE”SOLVINGTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSOFTHECIRCUIT,ASISTHECASEINMATLAB/SIMULINKWITHRESPECTTORENEWABLEENERGYSYSTEMSANDOPTIMUMUSEOFREGENERATEDENERGY,INTERFACECONVERTERSSHOULDBECAPABLEOFTRANSFERRINGPOWERINBOTHDIRECTIONSSOBIDIRECTIONALDCDCCONVERTERSBDCAREONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINTERFACESTHATHAVEAPPLICATIONSSUCHASHYBRIDORELECTRICALVEHICLES1,AEROSPACESYSTEMS2,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,SOLARCELLS,BATTERYCHARGERS3,DCMOTORDRIVECIRCUITS4,UNINTERRUPTABLEPOWERSUPPLIES57,ETCSOFARMANYBDCSTOPOLOGIESHAVEBEENINTRODUCEDANDSURVEYED8,9INAPPLICATIONSTHATTRANSFERREDPOWERISMORETHAN750WATTS,FULLBRIDGETOPOLOGYISAPROPERONE10BIDIRECTIONALFULLBRIDGEFBCONVERTERSHAVEBEENSTUDIEDINMANYPAPERSLIKE1113AGENERALMODELINGMETHODTHATDEVELOPSTHEDISCRETETIMEAVERAGEMODELISPROPOSEDIN12THEOPERATIONPERIODISDIVIDEDTO3INTERVALS,THEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITANDTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSFOREACHINTERVALAREWRITTENINMATRIXFORMAFTERSOLVINGEQUATIONSANDAPPLYINGAPPROXIMATIONOFTAYLOREXPANSION,THEAVERAGINGSTATEVECTORINHALFCYCLEGIVESUSTHEFINALANSWERSINCETIMEDOMAINMETHODEMPLOYSNUMERICALINTEGRATIONTOSOLVEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSTHEANALYSISISCOMPLICATEDANDCOMPUTATIONALLYINTENSIVEMOREOVERTHEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEDEPENDENCEOFTHECONVERTER’SOPERATINGCONDITIONSONTHECIRCUITPARAMETERSISNOTPROVIDED14REFERENCE13PROPOSESADISCRETESMALLSIGNALMODELWITHTHEAMOUNTOFCONSIDERABLECALCULATION,JUSTTOPREDICTTHEPEAKRESPONSEOFSTATEVECTORSTHEREAREALSOSOMEIDENTIFICATIONBASEDMETHODSLIKENARMAX15,16ANDHAMMERSTEIN17,18TOMODELTHEDCDCCONVERTERHAMMERSTEINMODELINVOLVESOFASTATICNONLINEARITYFOLLOWEDBYALINEARDISCRETETIMEANDTIMEINVARIANTMODEL,BUTIDENTIFICATIONBASEDMETHODSCONSIDERTHESYSTEMASABLACK/GRAYBOX,THEREFORETHEYDONOTPROVIDEANYINSIGHTINTOCIRCUITDETAILSSOMANYREFERENCESUSECIRCUITORIENTEDMETHODSTOMODELTHECONVERTERVORPERIANANDTYMERSKIETAL19,20PROVIDETHECIRCUITSWITCHMODELWITHREPLACINGTHEPWMSWITCHWITHITSEQUIVALENTCIRCUITINORDERTOMODELTHECONVERTERTHISMETHODMAYPOSESOMECOMPLEXITYESPECIALLYINNONBASICTOPOLOGIESANOTHERCIRCUITORIENTEDMETHODTHATISINTRODUCEDBYMIDDLEBROOKANDCUK2123IN1977ISTHEAVERAGESTATESPACEANADVANTAGEOFTHESTATESPACEAVERAGINGMETHODISITSEFFICIENCYCOMPAREDTOTHATOFTHESWITCHEDMODELBECAUSETHEREISNOTANYSWITCHINGFREQUENCYRIPPLEAND,CONSEQUENTLY,THESIMULATIONTIMEREQUIREDBYTHEAVERAGEDMODELISMUCHLOWERTHANREQUIREDBYTHESWITCHEDMODELAMONGALLMETHODSOFCOPYRIGHT?2012SCIRESEPESHAMOGHADDAMETAL109WITHTURNINGOFFTHESWITCHES,NEXTINTERVALSTARTSALTHOUGHTHEEXISTENCEOFLEAKAGEINDUCTANCEPREVENTSTHESWITCHESGOOFFIMMEDIATELYAFTERAPPLYINGGATETURNOFFPULSESANDCONDUCTIONOFSWITCHESWILLCONTINUETHROUGHPARASITICCAPACITORSANDDIODES,BUTITISASSUMEDTHATTHESESUBINTERVALSAREVERYSHORTANDCANBENEGLECTEDINOFFTIME,THESECONDARYSIDEISONLYFEDBYTHEINDUCTORSTOREDENERGY,SOTHEINDUCTORCURRENTDECREASESPROPORTIONALTOOUTPUTVOLTAGENEXTHALFSWITCHINGCYCLEISTHESAME,ANDONLYAPPLIEDVOLTAGEOFHVSIDEISNEGATIVETHATISRECTIFIEDINLVSIDE3SMALLSIGNALMODELINGUSINGAVERAGESTATESPACEEMPLOYINGAVERAGESTATESPACEMETHODISDIVIDEDINTOTHREEPHASES1WITHRESPECTTOSWITCHCONDITIONS,THECIRCUITISDIVIDEDINTODIFFERENTSUBINTERVALSANDSTATEEQUATIONSAREWRITTENINTHEMATRIXFORMINEACHINTERVALSTATEVECTORSAREDEFINEDASINDUCTORSCURRENTSANDCAPACITORSVOLTAGES2AVERAGEDEQUATIONSAREFORMEDBYTAKINGWEIGHTEDAVERAGEOFSTATEEQUATIONSOFEACHINTERVAL3AVERAGEDEQUATIONSAREWRITTENINDIFFERENTIALFORMTHENLINEARIZATIONISDONEBYPERTURBINGVARIABLESEMPLOYINGLAPLACETRANSFORMANDOMITTINGADDITIONALACANDDCTERMSONLYFIRSTORDERACTERMS,NEEDEDTRANSFERFUNCTIONSAREACHIEVEDFORSIMPLICITYOFMODELINGTHEFOLLOWINGASSUMPTIONSCANBEEMPLOYED?SWITCHESAREIDEAL,THEREISNOPARASITICEFFECTINSWITCHES?INDUCTORHASNORESISTANCE?TRANSFORMERISIDEALANDTHEREARENOLEAKAGEANDMAGNETIZINGINDUCTANCES?FILTERCAPACITORSHAVELOWESREQUIVALENTSERIESRESISTANCETHATCANBENEGLECTED?LOADISCONSTANTANDFORMODELINGOFTHELOADCHANGEANADDITIONALCURRENTSOURCEHASBEENADDEDATTHEOUTPUT?EACHMODEBUCKORBOOSTMODESSTARTSWITHZEROINITIALCONDITIONSTATEEQUATIONSWILLBEWRITTENINEACHMODESEPARATELYANDWITHSOMEMATHEMATICALOPERATIONSONECANDERIVENEEDEDTRANSFERFUNCTIONS31BOOSTMODESTATEEQUATIONSASWESAWINSECTION21INTHISMODETWOMAININTERVALSCANBEASSUMEDWHENALLFOURSWITCHESCONDUCTTHEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITWILLBETHESAMEASSHOWNINFIGURE4ANDTHEDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONSCANBEWRITTENASFOLLOWSDD1DDLLINVL??INIIVTTL?1DD11DDCCCZZCVVVCIIVRTTCRC?????2D1000D11D00DLLINCZCIIVTLVIVRCCT?????????????????????????????????????????????????3THISSTATELASTSFORD–05TSWHERE1SSISPERIODOFSWITCHING,TF?ONSDTT?ISTHEEFFECTIVEDUTYRATIOANDNISTURNRATIOOFSECONDARYTOPRIMARYWINDINGSINTHENEXTINTERVALWHENDIAGONALSWITCHESCONDUCT,THEEQUIVALENTCIRCUITCANBESKETCHEDASTHESAMEINFIGURE5ANDTHESTATEEQUATIONSCANBEWRITTENASBELOWDD110DDCLLININCVIIVLVVTNTLNL???????4DD111DDCCCLZLZCVVVIICIIVNRTTNCCRC???????5D1100D1D110DLLINCZCIIVTNLLVIVCNCRCT?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????0100LINCOCCZIVYVVYVI?????????????????67THISSTATELASTSFOR1–DTSTHEOUTPUTSTATEINBOTHINTERVALSISTHESAMEASEQUATION7NOWAVERAGINGTHESTATEEQUATIONSDURINGHALFSWITCHINGCYCLEWILLRESULTINTHEEQUATIONTHATHASTHECHARACTERISTICOFTWOINTERVALS2110012110TTDNLLABDCNCRC?????????????????????????????8FIGURE4EQUIVALENTCIRCUITOFBOOSTMODEOPERATIONWITHFOURLVSWITCHESONFIGURE5CIRCUITOFBOOSTMODEOPERATIONWITHTWOLVSWITCHESONCOPYRIGHT?2012SCIRESEPE

簡介：出處出處2009INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINTELLIGENTHUMANMACHINESYSTEMSANDCYBERNETICS中文中文2670字基于基于SIMULINK的雙閉環(huán)直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的參的雙閉環(huán)直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)優(yōu)化與仿真數(shù)優(yōu)化與仿真摘要摘要在控制系統(tǒng)中當(dāng)動態(tài)性能的要求很高，并且單回路控制系統(tǒng)不能滿足的要求時，我們實(shí)施了多環(huán)控制和在線對內(nèi)環(huán)和外環(huán)進(jìn)行參數(shù)優(yōu)化。本文以雙回路直流電動機(jī)調(diào)速控制系統(tǒng)為例，采用仿真優(yōu)化方法設(shè)計兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)，使系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)和穩(wěn)態(tài)指標(biāo)達(dá)到設(shè)計要求。關(guān)鍵字關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)優(yōu)化直流電動機(jī)雙閉環(huán)系統(tǒng)仿真正文正文I簡介簡介在經(jīng)典控制理論中，通常對控制電路中的每個物理量設(shè)立一個調(diào)節(jié)器，當(dāng)有多個物理參數(shù)要被控制時，就需要設(shè)置多個調(diào)節(jié)器來控制這些參數(shù)，這樣的系統(tǒng)被稱為多回路控制系統(tǒng)。雙閉環(huán)直流電動機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)是一個典型的多環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)1我們很清楚的了解到速負(fù)反饋控制的單閉環(huán)直流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)用PI調(diào)節(jié)器可以保證系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性。然而當(dāng)控制系統(tǒng)對動態(tài)性能要求很高，例如快速制動、突加負(fù)載時轉(zhuǎn)速降落小等要求，單閉環(huán)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)將難以滿足需求。經(jīng)典控制理論解決這個問題的唯一的方法是實(shí)現(xiàn)電流負(fù)反饋控制，在電流控制環(huán)中設(shè)置一個調(diào)節(jié)器，特別是用于調(diào)節(jié)電流量的調(diào)節(jié)器?？刂葡到y(tǒng)中就建立了轉(zhuǎn)速、電流兩個調(diào)節(jié)器。這樣的系統(tǒng)被稱為直流電動機(jī)的電流和轉(zhuǎn)速控制系統(tǒng)（這樣的系統(tǒng)也被稱為雙閉環(huán)直流電動機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)）。IIII系統(tǒng)模型系統(tǒng)模型里采用的是對轉(zhuǎn)速、電流兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器的工程設(shè)計以及仿真和參數(shù)優(yōu)化。IIIIII仿真和運(yùn)行仿真和運(yùn)行根據(jù)圖1得到的仿真模型如圖2所示。其中，帶限幅作用的PI調(diào)節(jié)器中的積分調(diào)節(jié)器與比例調(diào)節(jié)器并聯(lián)；帶限幅作用的PI調(diào)節(jié)器在實(shí)際仿真中應(yīng)用很廣泛。圖2轉(zhuǎn)速閉環(huán)控制的直流電機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的SIMULINK仿真模型如果對兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)同時進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，不能依賴控制系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)在僅使用優(yōu)化軟件對一個可變輸出的目標(biāo)函數(shù)進(jìn)行參數(shù)優(yōu)，調(diào)整參數(shù)的可變輸出的控制結(jié)果是使該系統(tǒng)更復(fù)雜而且很容易使一些模塊的輸出無限大，但可以使另個模塊得到優(yōu)化；假設(shè)把轉(zhuǎn)速環(huán)輸出的設(shè)定為目標(biāo)函數(shù)優(yōu)化的對象，優(yōu)化的結(jié)果可能是能夠更好地加速回路輸出，但電流環(huán)路輸出的可能就不能滿足設(shè)計要求；反之亦然5。如圖2所示，在SIMULINK仿真模型中對兩個PI調(diào)節(jié)器同一時間的參數(shù)進(jìn)行優(yōu)化。初始值為P11,I14,P21,I24；IAE的目標(biāo)函數(shù)為（1）0FTQETDT??通過目標(biāo)函數(shù)優(yōu)化參數(shù)的結(jié)果為P11104486,I114125,P287689,I272511。相應(yīng)的速度曲線和電流曲線如圖3所示的。顯然電流曲線是不符合實(shí)際情況和實(shí)際需要的。因此，根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的多回路控制器的設(shè)計方法，我們通常會第一個優(yōu)化內(nèi)環(huán)PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)，然后優(yōu)化外環(huán)PI調(diào)節(jié)器的參數(shù)。

簡介：EFFECTOFSERPENTINEANDNONUNIFORMWAVEGUIDEMODECONVERTERSONTM01ANDTE11ACOMPARATIVESTUDYBASEDONSIMULATIONS???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????9781457710995/11/2600?2011IEEE?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

簡介：SIMULATIONANDOPTIMIZATIONOFPARAMETERSONDCMOTORDOUBLECLOSEDLOOPCONTROLSYSTEMBASEDONSIMULINKXIAOKANWANG1ZHONGLIANGSUN1LEIWANG1SHOUPINGHUANG2DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALANDELECTRICALRATTHESAMETIMEINTHECURRENTCONTROLLOOPTOSETUPAREGULATOR,SPECIFICALLYFORREGULATINGTHEAMOUNTOFCURRENTTWOREGULATORSARESETUPFORTHEADJUSTMENTOFCURRENTANDSPEEDSUCHASYSTEMKNOWNASCURRENTANDSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMOFDCMOTOR?THESYSTEMWHICHWECALLEDASDOUBLELOOPSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMOFDCMOTOR?1,2IISYSTEMMODELINGINORDERTOEXERTSPEEDANDCURRENTNEGATIVEFEEDBACKRECEPTIVITYINTHESYSTEM,THEYWILLNOTMUTUALLYRESTRAINANDAFFECTTHEPROPERTYOFTHESYSTEM,ANDSETUPTWOREGULATORSINTHESYSTEM,ANDADJUSTSPEEDANDCURRENTRESPECTIVELY,IMPLEMENTCASCADECONNECTIONSBETWEENTHETWOTHATISTOSAY,WEREGARDTHEOUTPUTOFSPEEDREGULATORASTHEINPUTOFCURRENTREGULATORANDTHENTHEOUTPUTOFCURRENTREGULATORCONTROLTHEINITIATINGDEVICEOFSILICONCONTROLLEDRECTIFIERFROMTHEOUTERSTRUCTUREOFTHECLOSEDLOOPFEEDBACK,THECURRENTADJUSTMENTLOOPINTHEINSIDELOOP,KNOWNASTHEINNERLOOPSPEEDADJUSTMENTLOOPONTHEOUTSIDE,KNOWNASTHEOUTERLOOPTHISFORMEDADOUBLECLOSEDLOOPSPEEDSYSTEMOFDCMOTORINORDERTOOBTAINGOODSTATICANDDYNAMICPERFORMANCE,THETWOREGULATORSOFDOUBLECLOSEDLOOPSPEEDSYSTEMSOFDCMOTORADOPTGENERALLYPIREGULATOR3TAKINGFACTORSINTOACCOUNTSUCHASFILTERING,THEDYNAMICSTRUCTURECHARTOFTHEACTUALDOUBLELOOPSPEEDSYSTEMOFDCMOTORISSHOWNINFIGURE1INORDERTOENSURETHESTARTINGARMATURECURRENTVALUENOMORETHANTHEVALUEALLOWED,VOLTAGEAMPLITUDENEEDTOBELIMITEDONTHEBACKOFSPEEDREGULATORINTHISWAY,WHENSPEEDREGULATORTURNSINTOTHESATURATIONSTATE,THEOUTPUTVOLTAGEISASATURATEDAMPLITUDELIMIT,CORRESPONDINGTOTHEMAXIMUMSTARTINGCURRENTALLOWED,ANDCURRENTLOOPISUNSATURATED,DCCOMETRUECONSTANTCURRENTTOACCELERATEATTHEMAXIMUMCURRENTVALUEALLOWEDINORDERTOENSURESECURITYINDEBUG,THELIMITERISALSOADDEDONTHEBACKOFCURRENTREGULATORTON001,TOI002,TS00017,TL003,TM1/5456,R05,KP40,CE1/7576??0007,?0051THEINDICATORSOFSTEADYSTATENONSTATICERROR2THEINDICATORSOFDYNAMICCURRENT’SOVERSHOOTDOESNOTEXCEED3SPEED’SOVERSHOOTDOESNOTEXCEED5THEGENERALPRINCIPLESOFMULTILOOPCONTROLSYSTEMINENGINEERINGDESIGNARETHATSTARTFROMTHEINNERLOOPANDDESIGNOUTWARDLYONEBYONELOOPTOTHEDOUBLELOOPSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMOFDCMOTOR,WESHOULDFROMTHEINNERLOOPTHECURRENTCIRCUITFIRSTLY,INACCORDANCEWITHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFCURRENTCONTROL,DETERMINEWHATKINDOFTYPICALSYSTEMTHECURRENTLOOPCORRECTIONSHOULDSELECTTHEREGULATORANDITSPARAMETERSACCORDINGTOTHEOBJECTTHEN,PUTTHECURRENTLOOPEQUIVALENTTOASMALLASPECTOFINERTIAASAPARTOFTHESPEEDCONTROLLOOPCOMPLETETHEDESIGNOFTHEOUTERLOOPSPEEDLOOPWITHTHESAMEMETHODINTHECONCRETEDESIGNPROCESSREQUIRESTHECONTROLSYSTEMWHICHISSTATIC,THECURRENTOVERSHOOTNOMORETHAN3ANDTHESPEEDOVERSHOOTNOMORETHAN5THEN,THECURRENTEQUIVALENTOFALOOPSMALLSEGMENTSOFINERTIA,ROTATIONALSPEEDASANINTEGRALPARTOFTHELOOP,ANDTHENCOMPLETETHELOOPTHESAMEWAYSPEEDLOOPDESIGNINACCORDANCEWITHTHEABOVEMENTIONEDPRINCIPLESOFDESIGN,DESIGNERSHAVEASKEDACERTAINDEGREEOFEXPERIENCEINDESIGN,BASICALLYCONTROLTHECLASSIC“TEST“AND“UP“DESIGNHEREAREUSINGSIMULATIONOPTIMIZATIONAPPROACHESTOTHEDESIGNOFTHETWOPARAMETERSOFTHEPIREGULATOR2009INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONINTELLIGENTHUMANMACHINESYSTEMSANDCYBERNETICS9780769537528/092500?2009IEEEDOI101109/IHMSC200946153GIVENVOLTAGEAMPLITUDEIS10V,ANDTAKETHEINITIALVALUESWHICHIANDPPARAMETERSOFTHESPEEDLOOPAREP1,I1THENWESETOBJECTIVEFUNCTIONISIAEANDSIMULATIONOFTHETIMEIS05SWEMAYOBTAINTHEPARAMETERSOPTIMIZATIONRESULTSAREP118417,I1317FIGURE5STEPRESPONSECURVEOFCURRENTLOOPBASEDONOBJECTIVEFUNCTION1FIGURE6STEPRESPONSECURVEOFCURRENTLOOPBASEDONOBJECTIVEFUNCTION2BOTHTHEOPTIMIZEDPARAMETERSOFTHECURRENTLOOPANDTHESPEEDLOOPWILLSUBSTITUTIONINPIREGULATOROFTHEFIGURE2WEMAYOBTAINSTEPRESPONSECURVEOFCURRENTANDSPEEDASSHOWNINFIGURE7BYSIMULATINGSPEEDOVERSHOOTIS061ANDCURRENTOVERSHOOTIS054OBVIOUSLYBOTHOFTHEMCANMEETDESIGNREQUIREMENTSWELLWHENTHEOPTIMIZEDREGULATOROPERATINGSTABILITY,THESPEEDIS14286R/MINWHICHCONSISTENTWITHTHEEXPECTEDSPEED10/000714286R/MINSOWEACHIEVEAREGULATORWITHOUTERRORINTHESTEADYSTATEFROMTHEABOVEANALYSISWEKNOWTHATSIMULATIONCURVECHARACTERISTICSOFTHEDESIGNEDREGULATORINLINEWITHTHEACTUALSITUATIONOFDCMOTORDOUBLELOOPSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMFIGURE7SPEEDCURVEANDCURRENTCURVEOPTIMIZED?CONCLUSIONDCMOTORDOUBLELOOPSPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMISATYPICALMULTILOOPCONTROLSYSTEMFORTHISKINDOFCONTROLSYSTEM,THEDESIGNMETHODWHICHUSESISFROMTHEINNERTOTHEOUTERLOOP,TODESIGNTHECONTROLLERONELOOPBYLOOPHEREWEUSETHEPARAMETEROPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUESWECANQUICKLYOBTAINTHECONTROLLERPARAMETERWHICHSATISFIESTHEDESIGNREQUIREMENTSTHROUGHTHESIMULATIONOPTIMIZATION,WITHOUTANYEXPERIENCEINTHEOUTERLOOPCONTROLLERSPARAMETERCARRIESONTHEPROCESSWHICHGRADUALLYTHESIMULATIONOPTIMIZES,SIMILARLYISALSOSUITABLEFOROTHERKINDOFMULTILOOPCONTROLSYSTEMREFERENCES1BOSHICHENELECTRICDRIVECONTROLSYSTEMTHESECONDEDITIONBEIJINGMECHANICALINDUSTRYPRESS,20022MINJIANGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONOFCONTROLSYSTEMBEIJINGPUBLISHINGHOUSEOFELECTRONICSINDUSTRY,20023XIAOLILUO,GUILINFANDESIGNOFDCMOTORSPEEDADJUSTMENTSYSTEMMARINEELECTRICELECTRONICENGINEERING,200616616184SUPINGWU,FEILIUSIMULATIONOFTHESPEEDCONTROLSYSTEMFORDCMOTORBASEDONFUZZYLOGICJOURNALOFCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFELECTRICPOWERNATURALSCIENCE,200621434375WENHUOZENG,WANLIZHOU,PENGCHENGZHUTHEPARAMETERSOPTIMUMMETHODOFPSEUDODERIVATIVEFEEDBACKALGORITHMFORDCMOTORPOSITIONCONTROLELECTRICMACHINESANDCONTROL,2006106562566ADDRESSONTHE2ND?AGRICULTURALROADINZHENGZHOUCITYOFHENANPROVINCE,HENANMECHANICALANDELECTRICALVOCATIONALEDUCATIONGROPUPXIAOKANWANG450002EMAILWXKBBG163COMTEL13633806151155

簡介：中文中文5400漢字漢字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處NIAFE,PAASSENDV,SAIDIMHMODELINGANDSIMULATIONOFDESICCANTWHEELFORAIRCONDITIONINGJENERGYBUILDINGS,2006,381012301239空調(diào)除濕轉(zhuǎn)輪的建模與仿真空調(diào)除濕轉(zhuǎn)輪的建模與仿真FATEMEHESFANDIARINIA,DOLFVANPAASSEN,MOHAMADHASSANSAIDI,謝里夫工業(yè)大學(xué)機(jī)械工程系，德黑蘭，伊朗機(jī)械海事和材料工程，代爾夫特理工大學(xué)，代爾夫特，荷蘭2006年1月29日收到，3月3日收到修訂后的形式，3月4日接受摘要本文提出了一種用于除濕空調(diào)系統(tǒng)的通風(fēng)除濕輪的建模。用MATLAB的SIMULINK對固體除濕輪里的傳熱傳質(zhì)過程進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬。利用數(shù)值的方法，參數(shù)化研究絕熱除濕性能，并通過檢查出口吸附側(cè)的濕度廓線來獲取最佳轉(zhuǎn)速。根據(jù)此前發(fā)表的解決方案，用空氣除濕機(jī)在不同條件下進(jìn)行模擬仿真。通過比較模擬結(jié)果和已發(fā)表實(shí)驗(yàn)工作的實(shí)際值驗(yàn)證了模型的正確性。這個方法對固體干燥劑除濕冷卻系統(tǒng)建模有研究價值。該建模方法是用于開發(fā)對出口空氣狀態(tài)和濕度的簡單的相關(guān)性和通過輪的空氣溫度作為一個物理可測量的輸入變量函數(shù)。該建模方法是用來通過轉(zhuǎn)輪建立出口空氣溫度和濕度狀態(tài)與物理可測輸入變量之間的簡單關(guān)系式。這些關(guān)系式將可用于HVAC空調(diào)系統(tǒng)中模擬干燥冷卻循環(huán)從而確定全年效率。關(guān)鍵詞干燥劑；吸附；冷卻；建模；仿真；相關(guān)性2006愛思公司保留所有權(quán)利簡介在除濕冷卻過程中，新鮮空氣被除濕然后在被送到空調(diào)空間之前迅速蒸發(fā)冷卻。由于該技術(shù)無需傳統(tǒng)的制冷劑，如碳氟化合物，并且它允許利用低溫?zé)幔ǖ蜏毓I(yè)廢熱或太陽能）驅(qū)動制冷循環(huán)，它吸引了了越來越多的關(guān)注，尤其在美國，日本，歐洲和中國。干燥劑從周圍的空氣除去水分，直到達(dá)到平衡。這部分水可從干燥劑中去除，通過加熱到6090℃和暴露在再生氣流中。干燥劑冷卻除濕后，它可以再一次吸附水分。如果它們被用在潮濕地區(qū)，除濕冷卻循環(huán)系統(tǒng)是特別有用的。除濕冷卻的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是有巨大節(jié)約能源的潛力和降低化石燃料的消耗。與常規(guī)制冷系統(tǒng)相比，電能的要求很低。熱能的來源可以是多種多樣的（如太陽能，余熱，天然氣）。具有較低的性能系數(shù)（COP）可以作為除濕冷卻系統(tǒng)的主要缺點(diǎn)。081的COP值通常預(yù)測這個周期。性能系數(shù)COP定義為空間的冷負(fù)荷除以熱能需再生的干燥劑。一些研究者用熱過程中除去空氣流通過再生的干燥劑能量移除。KANG和MACLAIN交叉表明，除濕機(jī)的除濕冷卻系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵部件和冷卻COP（性能系數(shù)）可以通過提高該元件的性能顯著提高。由于該技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，有關(guān)固體干燥劑除濕機(jī)的許多研究已經(jīng)完成。麥克雷恩交叉和銀行用類比方法預(yù)測除濕輪傳熱和傳質(zhì)耦合過程。連2控制方程除濕機(jī)是由旋轉(zhuǎn)的圓柱形長輪，小通道與吸附劑如硅膠粘）組成。簡單起見，它是分成兩個相等的部分吸附部分和水蒸氣再生部分解吸。再生和吸附空氣流逆流布置，平衡回轉(zhuǎn)干燥器的示意圖見圖1以及分析是基于以下假設(shè)1軸向熱傳導(dǎo)和水蒸氣擴(kuò)散在空氣中可以忽略不計；2軸向內(nèi)的分子擴(kuò)散干燥劑可以忽略不計；3沒有徑向溫度或濕度梯度矩陣；4滯后的等溫吸附線干燥劑涂層被忽視和吸附熱是假定常數(shù)；5通道的車輪是相同的常數(shù)傳熱傳質(zhì)表面區(qū)域；6矩陣熱量和水分特性支持材料/干燥劑和吸附水是常數(shù)；7通道被認(rèn)為是絕熱和不透水；8質(zhì)量和傳熱系數(shù)是常數(shù)；9吸附水的吸附熱每公斤是常數(shù)；10兩個空氣流之間的延續(xù)忽略不計。基于上述假設(shè)，模型用于分析瞬態(tài)和一維。其中的一個頻道被分為許多離散元素或同等頻道，如圖2所示，為每個DISCRITIZED頻道，在仿真模型軟件框架識別能力與入口空氣儲存充實(shí)輸出的初始條件下，如圖2所示，能量和質(zhì)量守恒方程可以寫成如下，空氣流的傳質(zhì)方程

簡介：MODELINGANDSIMULATIONOFDESICCANTWHEELFORAIRCONDITIONINGFATEMEHESFANDIARINIAA,,DOLFVANPAASSENB,1,MOHAMADHASSANSAIDIA,2AMECHANICALENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,SHARIFUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,TEHRAN113658639,IRANBMECHANICALMARITIMEANDMATERIALSENGINEERING,DELFTUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,2628CDDELFT,THENETHERLANDSRECEIVED29JANUARY2006RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM3MARCH2006ACCEPTED4MARCH2006ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEMODELINGOFADESICCANTWHEELUSEDFORDEHUMIDIFYINGTHEVENTILATIONAIROFANAIRCONDITIONINGSYSTEMTHESIMULATIONOFTHECOMBINEDHEATANDMASSTRANSFERPROCESSESTHATOCCURINASOLIDDESICCANTWHEELISCARRIEDOUTWITHMATLABSIMULINKUSINGTHENUMERICALMETHOD,THEPERFORMANCEOFANADIABATICROTARYDEHUMIDIFIERISPARAMETRICALLYSTUDIED,ANDTHEOPTIMALROTATIONALSPEEDISDETERMINEDBYEXAMININGTHEOUTLETADSORPTIONSIDEHUMIDITYPROFILESTHESOLUTIONSOFTHESIMULATIONATDIFFERENTCONDITIONSUSEDINAIRDEHUMIDIFIERHAVEBEENINVESTIGATEDACCORDINGTOTHEPREVIOUSPUBLISHEDSTUDIESTHEMODELISVALIDATEDTHROUGHCOMPARISONTHESIMULATEDRESULTSWITHTHEPUBLISHEDACTUALVALUESOFANEXPERIMENTALWORKTHISMETHODISUSEFULTOSTUDYANDMODELLINGOFSOLIDDESICCANTDEHUMIDIFICATIONANDCOOLINGSYSTEMTHEMODELINGSOLUTIONSAREUSEDTODEVELOPSIMPLECORRELATIONSFORTHEOUTLETAIRCONDITIONSOFHUMIDITYANDTEMPERATUREOFAIRTHROUGHTHEWHEELASAFUNCTIONOFTHEPHYSICALLYMEASURABLEINPUTVARIABLESTHESECORRELATIONSWILLBEUSEDTOSIMULATETHEDESICCANTCOOLINGCYCLEINANHVACSYSTEMINORDERTODEFINETHEYEARROUNDEFFICIENCY2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSDESICCANTADSORPTIONCOOLINGMODELINGSIMULATIONCORRELATION1INTRODUCTIONINDESICCANTCOOLINGPROCESSES,FRESHAIRISDEHUMIDIFIEDANDTHENSENSIBLYANDEVAPORATIVELYCOOLEDBEFOREBEINGSENTTOTHECONDITIONEDSPACESINCETHISTECHNIQUEWORKSWITHOUTCONVENTIONALREFRIGERANTS,SUCHASFLUOROCARBONSANDALSOSINCEITALLOWSTHEUSEOFLOWTEMPERATUREHEATLOWTEMPERATUREINDUSTRIALWASTEHEATORSOLARENERGYTODRIVETHECOOLINGCYCLE,ITATTRACTEDINCREASEDATTENTIONESPECIALLYINAMERICA,JAPAN,EUROPEANDCHINA1DESICCANTSREMOVEMOISTUREFROMTHESURROUNDINGAIRUNTILTHEYREACHEQUILIBRIUMWITHITTHISMOISTURECANBEREMOVEDFROMTHEDESICCANTBYHEATINGITTOTEMPERATURESAROUND60–908CANDEXPOSINGITTOAREGENERATIVEAIRSTREAMTHEDESICCANTISTHENCOOLEDSOTHATITCANADSORBMOISTUREAGAINDESICCANTCOOLINGCYCLESAREPARTICULARLYUSEFULIFTHEYAREUSEDINHUMIDREGIONSTHEMAJORADVANTAGEOFDESICCANTCOOLINGISSIGNIFICANTPOTENTIALFORENERGYSAVINGSANDREDUCEDCONSUMPTIONOFFOSSILFUELSTHEELECTRICALENERGYREQUIREMENTCANBEVERYLOWCOMPARINGWITHCONVENTIONALREFRIGERATIONSYSTEMSTHESOURCEOFTHERMALENERGYCANBEDIVERSEIE,SOLAR,WASTEHEAT,NATURALGAS2HAVINGLOWCOEFFICIENTOFPERFORMANCECOPCANBECONSIDEREDASTHEMAINDISADVANTAGEFORDESICCANTCOOLINGSYSTEMSCOPVALUESOF08–1ARECOMMONLYPREDICTEDFORTHISCYCLECOPORCOEFFICIENTOFPERFORMANCEISDEFINEDASTHESPACECOOLINGLOADDIVIDEDBYTHERMALENERGYREQUIREDTOREGENERATETHEDESICCANTSOMEINVESTIGATORSUSETHEHEATREMOVEDFROMTHEPROCESSESAIRSTREAMDIVIDEDBYTHETHERMALENERGYREQUIREDTOREGENERATETHEDESICCANTKANGANDMACLAINCROSS3SHOWEDTHATTHEDEHUMIDIFIERISTHEKEYCOMPONENTOFADESICCANTCOOLINGSYSTEMANDTHECOOLINGCOPCOEFFICIENTOFPERFORMANCECANBESIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEDBYIMPROVINGTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHISCOMPONENTSINCETHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHISTECHNOLOGY,MUCHRESEARCHONTHESOLIDDESICCANTDEHUMIDIFIERSHASBEENACCOMPLISHEDMACLAINECROSSANDBANKS4DEVELOPEDANANALOGYMETHODFORPREDICTINGTHECOUPLEDHEATANDMASSTRANSFERPROCESSINDESICCANTDEHUMIDIFIERWHEELCONSECUTIVELY,BANKS5–7ANALYZEDTHECOUPLEDHEATANDMASSTRANSFERPROCESSESINAPOROUSMEDIUMUSINGANONLINEARANALOGYMETHODANDPREDICTEDTHEPERFORMANCEOFASILICAGELAIRDRYERNETIANDWOLFHAVEREPORTED8THATTHEANALOGYMETHODAPPEARSTOBEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENBUILDENERGYANDBUILDINGS3820061230–1239CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL31152783115FAX31152782460EMAILADDRESSFESFANDIARI3METUDELFTNLFENIA1TEL31152786675FAX311527824602TEL98216165522FAX9821610000203787788/–SEEFRONTMATTER2006ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JENBUILD2006030209THEADSORPTIONHEATPERKILOGRAMOFADSORBEDWATERISCONSTANT10THECARRYOVERBETWEENTWOAIRFLOWSISNEGLECTEDBASEDONTHEABOVEASSUMPTIONS,THEMODELUSEDINTHISANALYSISISTRANSIENTANDONEDIMENSIONALONEOFTHECHANNELSISDIVIDEDINTOTOANUMBEROFEQUALSTEPDISCRETEELEMENTSORCHANNELSASSHOWNINFIG2FOREACHDISCRITIZEDCHANNELTHATIDENTIFIEDINSIMULINKMODELASAFRAMEWORKWITHINLETCONDITIONSFORAIRANDSTORINGOUTPUTSANDINITIALCONDITIONFORSOLID,ASSHOWNINFIG2,THEENERGYANDMASSCONSERVATIONEQUATIONSCANBEWRITTENASFOLLOWSMASSTRANSFEREQUATIONFORTHEAIRSTREAMD?RGRVRGAGL?DT?UGAGRGDVI?VOTTHMACDVS?VT1DVDT?UGLDVI?VOTTHMACRGAGLDVS?VT?C1DVI?VOTTC2DVS?VT2WHEREV?RVRG3ACAG?2LDH24C1?UGL5C2?HMACRGLAG6HEATTRANSFEREQUATIONFORTHEAIRSTREAMDDRGAGLCGTGTDT?RGUGAGCGDTGI?TGOTTHACDTS?TGT7DTGDT?C1DTGI?TGOTTC3DTS?TGT8C3?HACRGLAGCGC3?LEC29MASSTRANSFEREQUATIONFORSOLIDDESICCANTLAYERDDRDWADLTDT?HMACDV?VST10WHEREWISTHEWATERCONTENTOFDESICCANTMATERIAL,RVDRD?W11SODWDT?HMACRDADLDV?VST12FORHAVINGTHEEQUATIONSACCORDINGTOTHEVARIABLESVS,TSV,T,ITCANBEWRITTENASDW?W’’VSDVST?W’’VTWTS?DTS13ORDW?S1DVSTSTDVSTS2DVSTSTDTS14S1DVSTST?W’’VSS2DVSTST??W’’TSTWTS?15SOMASSTRANSFEREQUATIONFORDESICCANTLAYERWILLBECOMEDVSDT??S2DVSTSTS1DVSTSTDTSDTTHMACRDADLS1DVSTSTDV?VST??S2DVSTSTS1DVSTSTDTSDTTC4S1DVSTSTDV?VST16WHEREC4?HMACRDLAD17ACAD?4DHLDDHTDTT2?D2H18HM?HCGLE19ANDLEISLEWISNUMBERTHATHEREISASSUMEDEQUAL1FORAIRSTREAMFENIAETAL/ENERGYANDBUILDINGS3820061230–12391232FIG1DESICCANTWHEELFIG2SCHEMATICOFDESCRITIZATIONOFONEOFTHECHANNELS

簡介：共12頁第1頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊中文中文5200字文獻(xiàn)出處文獻(xiàn)出處KUOKLSIMULATIONANDANALYSISOFTHESHIFTPROCESSFORANAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONJWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,2011,52341347自動變速器換擋過程的仿真與分析自動變速器換擋過程的仿真與分析KEILINKUO摘要自動變速器AT是大多數(shù)汽車的傳輸系統(tǒng)中重要組成部分。換擋質(zhì)量對車輛的乘坐舒適度有顯著影響。在AT換擋的過程中，連接元件如離合器和帯的接合或分離都會對換擋造成影響，因此可以用連接套齒輪來創(chuàng)建一個固定的傳動比。由于這些比率中的固定齒輪之間存在不同的比變速器，車輛在換擋過程中的速度可能突然改變，如果連接元件被接合或脫離的不恰當(dāng)，會影響整個傳輸系統(tǒng)并且增加連接元件的溫度。本文的目的是通過MATLAB/SIMULINK建立系統(tǒng)模型為AT提供動力。還分析了不同液壓、不同時期的元件溫度和接頭元件的脫離對換擋質(zhì)量的影響，證明了換擋質(zhì)量的改善可以用適當(dāng)?shù)囊簤嚎刂苼韺?shí)現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞自動變速器；仿真和分析；換擋質(zhì)量1引言引言1111發(fā)明原因和背景發(fā)明原因和背景為了改善換擋質(zhì)量，為乘客提供更舒適的乘坐，AT的控制方法不斷加以改善。換擋質(zhì)量主要取決于在換擋過程中的平滑度，換言之，要求平滑變速裝置在變速期間沒有瞬間過高的加速或減速。由于汽車動力包含多旋轉(zhuǎn)的慣性系統(tǒng)，因此換擋過程中總是需要一定的時間。具有固定傳動比的AT在震動和沖擊的期間可能會發(fā)生移位，這會導(dǎo)致乘客產(chǎn)生不適感。因此，為了改善換擋質(zhì)量，應(yīng)該從理論上分析AT的變速性能，選擇合適的控制方法以及優(yōu)化的液壓應(yīng)用是很重要的。1212文獻(xiàn)綜述文獻(xiàn)綜述由于AT汽車行業(yè)的出現(xiàn)，換擋質(zhì)量一直為研究的主要焦點(diǎn)，有不同的傳輸評測。近年來，得益于電子控制技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，研究AT的領(lǐng)域也得到了增強(qiáng)，許多世界各地的主要制造商進(jìn)行了深入的研究。然而，傳統(tǒng)的4速AT并不能滿足現(xiàn)代客戶的需求，促使汽車生產(chǎn)商為AT開發(fā)了更多的齒輪組。共12頁第3頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊如圖1所示，換擋過程中，在關(guān)閉持續(xù)離合器時所施加的壓力開始下降，但可以保持離合器無滑動的接合。當(dāng)離合器的正面施加壓力開始增大時，離合器受到摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩開始打滑。在這個階段，存在發(fā)動機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速沒有急劇變化的情況，在這個階段，唯一的區(qū)別是扭矩產(chǎn)生變化，因而得名扭矩階段。（2）慣性階段在換擋過程中的第二個階段，關(guān)閉持續(xù)離合器保持滑動直到離合器完全接合，如圖1所示，由于兩個摩擦部件是在滑動的，隨著發(fā)動機(jī)速度和比率輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩急劇變化，因此，這一階段被定義為慣性階段。（3）轉(zhuǎn)矩孔和扭矩過沖從圖1看出輸出扭矩經(jīng)歷了波谷周期（低于原來的齒輪扭矩）和波峰周期（高于原來的齒輪扭矩）。波谷周期被稱作扭矩孔，而波峰周期被稱為扭矩過沖。扭矩孔有深度和寬度，其中，深度是所定義的最小扭矩和之間的差值。扭矩在前面的齒輪和所述寬度是轉(zhuǎn)矩孔的最大寬度的一半。轉(zhuǎn)矩過沖有高度，這是最大的扭矩和升檔前的原始值之間的距離測量，如圖2所示。圖2在升檔過程中轉(zhuǎn)矩曲線轉(zhuǎn)矩孔越大，扭矩階段差值越大，這導(dǎo)致了加速度的減小更顯著。由于加速度的減小導(dǎo)致駕駛員和乘客的舒適度降低。轉(zhuǎn)矩孔的預(yù)期值應(yīng)該盡可能的淺和窄。轉(zhuǎn)矩過沖表示輸出扭矩，這反映了換擋的沖擊和振動的振幅。以前的研究表明，離合器和輸出扭矩的應(yīng)用壓力最重要的控制參數(shù)就是來防止這一點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)生。在慣性階段，施加的壓力可以直接控制輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩，增加施加壓力可以降低轉(zhuǎn)矩。另一方面，在慣性階段，轉(zhuǎn)矩過沖可以保持一個可以接受、相對較低的液壓壓力水平，實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的換擋質(zhì)量。22該應(yīng)用在換擋過程中的壓力變化該應(yīng)用在換擋過程中的壓力變化在換擋過程中，較大的液力壓力導(dǎo)致所施加的壓力產(chǎn)生更大的波動，從而提高輸出扭矩的震動。相反，較慢的充電液壓系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生更長一段離合器的摩

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