簡介:SIMULATIONSTUDIESOFTRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESFORALONGTUNNELTSAIYUNLIAOA,TAYINHUB,?,WEIMINGHOBAGRADUATEINSTITUTEOFMARKETINGANDLOGISTICS/TRANSPORTATION,NATIONALCHIAYIUNIV,NO580,SINMINRD,CHIAYICITY60054,TAIWAN,ROCBDEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONMANAGEMENTSCIENCE,NATIONALCHENGKUNGUNIVERSITY,NO1,TAHSUEHROAD,TAINAN701,TAIWAN,ROCARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED10MARCH2009RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM18MAY2011ACCEPTED23AUGUST2011AVAILABLEONLINE23SEPTEMBER2011KEYWORDSTHEHSUEHSHANTUNNELADVANCEDTRAFFICMANAGEMENTDYNATAIWANABSTRACTTHEHSUEHSHANTUNNEL,THEFIFTHLONGTUNNELINTHEWORLD,HASATOTALDISTANCEOF129KMAFTERTHEOPENINGOFTHETUNNEL,TRAFFICDEMANDBETWEENTAIPEIANDILANINCREASEDDRAMATICALLYHOWEVER,EFFICIENTTRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESFORTHEHSUEHSHANTUNNELNEEDTOBEDEVELOPEDANDEVALUATEDACCORDINGLYINORDERTOALLEVIATETRAFFICCONGESTIONDUETOHIGHDEMANDAND/ORPOSSIBLEINCIDENTSTHERESEARCHAIMSTOEVALUATEPOSSIBLETRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESBASEDONAVAILABLECONTROLDEVICESTHROUGHSIMULATIONASSIGNMENTTECHNIQUESPOSSIBLETRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES,INCLUDINGACCESSCONTROLRAMPMETERING,LANECONTROLANDROUTEGUIDANCE,AREPROPOSEDANDEXAMINEDTHROUGHNUMERICALEXPERIMENTSINORDERTOANALYZETRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESBASEDONSIMULATION,DYNATAIWAN,ASIMULATIONASSIGNMENTMODEL,ISDEVELOPEDTOSIMULATETRAFFICCONTROLSTRATEGIESANDREFLECTDRIVER’SRESPONSETOROUTEGUIDANCESEVERALINDEXES,INCLUDINGVEHICLEQUEUELENGTH,AVERAGEDENSITYANDAVERAGESPEED,AREUSEDINTHECOMPARISONSTHERESULTSSHOWTHATRAMPCONTROLPROVIDESTHEBESTBENEFITSCOMPAREDTOOTHERSTRATEGIESANDCANREDUCETHEAVERAGEQUEUELENGTHBYABOUT18?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTAIWANISAMOUNTAINOUSISLAND,ANDTUNNELSPLAYANIMPORTANTROLEINDEVELOPINGNEWFREEWAYSTHELENGTHOFTHEFREEWAYCONNECTINGTAIPEIANDILANINTHENORTHERNPARTOFTAIWANISABOUT55KM,AND25OFTHEFREEWAYISTUNNELTHEHSUEHSHANTUNNEL,THEFIFTHLONGESTTUNNELINTHEWORLD,HASATOTALDISTANCEOF129KMTHEDESIGNSPEEDIS80KM/H,ANDTHEREARETWOLANESFOREACHDIRECTIONTHETUNNELOPENEDONJUNE16,2006AFTERTHEOPENINGOFTHETUNNEL,TRAFFICDEMANDBETWEENTAIPEIANDILANINCREASEDDRAMATICALLYANDAVERAGEDAILYDEMANDHASREACHED50,000–60,000PASSENGERCARUNITSPCUTANFB,HTTP//WWWFREEWAYGOVTW/SEVERALMETHODSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTOENSURESAFETYINROADTUNNELS,ANDTHESEMETHODSARECLASSIFIEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESMASHIMO,2002,NAMELY,REDUCTIONOFTHEPROBABILITYOFANINCIDENTANDREDUCTIONOFTHECONSEQUENCEOFEVENTSSUCHASACCIDENTSANDFIRESTHELATTERISACHIEVEDTHOUGHAHIGHLYAUTOMATEDSURVEILLANCEANDCONTROLSYSTEMHOWEVER,HOWTOUTILIZENEWTRAFFICCONTROLDEVICESFORTRAFFICMANAGEMENTISACRITICALISSUETRAFFICACCIDENTSINTUNNELSHAVEBEENEXTENSIVELYSTUDIEDMAETALINPRESSCONDUCTEDASTUDYOFTRAFFICACCIDENTSBASEDONPOLICEREPORTSFROMFOURTUNNELSANDSUMMARIZEDTEMPORALANDSPATIALDISTRIBUTIONCHARACTERISTICSOFTRAFFICACCIDENTSTHEANALYSISSHOWEDTHATMOSTOFTHEPROBLEMSARESPEEDINGANDTHEFAILURETOMAINTAINASAFEDISTANCETOTHEVEHICLEINFRONTBARIANDNASER2005PRESENTEDSIMULATIONSTUDIESOFSMOKEFROMABURNINGVEHICLEINATUNNELANDTHETIMEAVERAGEDEQUATIONSFORVELOCITY,PRESSURE,TEMPERATURE,ANDMASSFRACTIONOFEMISSIONARESOLVEDTHEIRSIMULATIONRESULTSSHOWEDTHATTHEEMISSIONSRELEASEDFROMTHEVEHICLESINTHEJAMPOSEDATHREATTOHUMANHEALTHANDQUICKEVACUATIONOFTHEPASSENGERSISESSENTIALINTHEEVENTOFAFIREINTHETUNNELUNDERINTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSITS,TRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESCANBEDEVELOPEDBASEDONNEWDETECTIONTECHNOLOGIESANDTRAFFICCONTROLDEVICESREALTIMETRAFFICCONDITIONSCOULDBEOBSERVEDTHROUGHTRAFFICDATA,SUCHASFLOW,SPEED,ANDOCCUPANCY,FROMMONITORINGANDSURVEILLANCESYSTEMSTHUS,REALTIMETRAFFICOPERATIONSORTRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESCOULDRESPONDTOREALTIMETRAFFICCONDITIONSTOAVOIDAND/ORRELIEVETRAFFICCONGESTIONSINORDERTOAVOIDPOSSIBLELOSSANDDELAYDUETOSPECIALCHARACTERISTICS,TUNNELOPERATIONANDMANAGEMENTNEEDSTOBECAREFULLYDEVELOPEDANDPLANNEDINADVANCEINCASEOFANYPOSSIBLEINCIDENTSSINCETHEREISNOPRIOREXPERIENCEINMANAGINGLONGTUNNELSINTAIWAN,ESPECIALLYUNDERVERYHIGHDEMAND,ADVANCEDTRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESFORLONGTUNNELSNEEDTOBEEVALUATEDACCORDINGLYINORDERTOALLEVIATETRAFFICCONGESTIONDUETOHIGHDEMANDAND/ORPOSSIBLEINCIDENTSJHAETAL,1999BENAKIVAETAL,2001,2003MAINTRAFFICMANAGEMENTDEVICESINTHEHSUEHSHANTUNNELINCLUDEVARIABLEMESSAGESIGNSVMS,LANECONTROLSIGNALLCS,AND08867798/SEEFRONTMATTER?2011ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JTUST201108004?CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSESTYLIAOMAILNCYUEDUTWTYLIAO,TYHUMAILNCKUEDUTWTYHUTUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY272012123–132CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTTUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/TUSTCANBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONRESULTS,INCLUDINGSYSTEMWIDEPERFORMANCEANDTRAFFICCHARACTERISTICSFORSPECIFICLINKS32DYNATAIWANDYNATAIWANWASDEVELOPEDTOSIMULATEANDPREDICTTRAFFICFLOWPATTERNSINORDERTODEVELOPAPPROPRIATEATMS/ATISSTRATEGIESFORTRAVELERINFORMATIONASWELLASREALTIMETRAFFICCONTROLHUETAL,2007THEOVERALLFRAMEWORKOFDYNATAIWANISSHOWNINFIG3ITISCOMPOSEDOFTWOLAYERS,NAMELYSIMULATIONLAYERANDREALTIMECONTROLLAYERTHESIMULATIONLAYERCONSISTSOFTWOMAJORCOMPONENTS,DEMANDANDSUPPLYTHEDEMANDCOMPONENTPROCESSESTRIPMAKER’SDECISIONSONMODE,DEPARTURETIME,ANDROUTE,THUSTIMEDEPENDENTODTRIPTABLESAREFORMEDTHESUPPLYCOMPONENTINCLUDESROADWAYGEOMETRICDATA,TRAFFICNETWORKCONFIGURATION,ANDTRAFFICCONTROLMEASURESTHUS,VEHICLESANDASSOCIATEDPATHSAREGENERATEDANDSIMULATEDINAREALISTICTRAFFICENVIRONMENTVEHICLESANDASSOCIATEDATTRIBUTESAREGENERATEDTHROUGHTHEDEMANDDATA,ANDARELOADEDINTOTHENETWORKACCORDINGTOTHESELECTEDDEPARTURETIMEANDROUTESVEHICLESAREMOVEDINDIVIDUALLYACCORDINGTOPREVAILINGLOCALSPEEDS,CONSISTENTWITHMESOSCOPICFLOWRELATIONSACROSSNETWORKWHILETHEVEHICLESAREMOVINGINTHENETWORK,TRAVELINFORMATIONISPROVIDEDTHROUGHVARIABLEMESSAGESIGNSVMSASWELLASINVEHICLEINFORMATIONSYSTEMSSUCHASRADIOINTHEREALTIMELAYER,ITISASSUMEDTHATREALTIMEDATAFROMTRAFFICSURVEILLANCESYSTEMSISOBTAINEDINTERMSOFFLOWANDSPEED,THENTHEREALTIMEDATACANBEUSEDTOESTIMATEANDPREDICTSHORTTERMORIGIN–DESTINATIONO–DPATTERNS,RESULTINGINO–DTRIPTABLESTHETIMEDEPENDENTO–DTRIPTABLESARELOADEDINTOTHESIMULATIONLAYERTHEPREDICTEDFLOWSAREOBTAINEDTHROUGHSIMULATIONACCORDINGTOTHEUPDATEDO–DTABLESANDTHERESULTINGFLOWDISTRIBUTIONSCOULDBEUTILIZEDFORADVANCEDTRAVELERINFORMATIONSYSTEMSASWELLASREALTIMETRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMSINCASESWHERETHEREALTIMEFLOWDATAISNOTAVAILABLEBECAUSEITDOESNOTCOVERTHEWHOLENETWORK,FLOWDATAFROMTHESIMULATIONLAYERCOULDBEUSEDINITSABSENCEVEHICULARMOVEMENTSINTHETRAFFICNETWORKARESIMULATEDTHROUGHTWOPROCESSESLINKMOVEMENTANDINTERSECTIONTRANSFERPROCESSESINTHELINKMOVEMENTPROCESS,THEGREENSHIELDSMODEL,ALINEARSPEEDDENSITYRELATIONSHIP,ISASSUMEDTHETRANSFERPROCESSPERFORMSTHELINKTOLINKTRANSFEROFVEHICLESATNODESTHETRANSFERPROCESSISCONTROLLEDBYSEVERALFACTORSLINKSATURATIONFLOWRATE,POSSIBLECAPACITY,ANDPOSSIBLEGREENTIMEFORINTERRUPTEDLINKFLOW,THETRANSFERPROCESSAPPROPRIATELYALLOCATESTHERIGHTOFWAYACCORDINGTOTHEPREVAILINGCONTROLSTRATEGYATINTERSECTIONSDYNATAIWANPROVIDESTHEABILITYTOEXPLICITLYMODELANARRAYOFCONTROLELEMENTSFORBOTHSURFACESTREETSANDFREEWAYSINURBANAREAS,INCLUDINGRAMPCONTROL,MAINLINESPEEDCONTROL,VMS,ANDSIGNALCONTROLVALIDATIONSOFDYNATAIWANHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDINDIFFERENTRESEARCHPROJECTSHUETAL,2007,2008,2009ANDTHEMAINFOCUSISTOCOMPAREACTUALFLOWDISTRIBUTIONSWITHSIMULATEDFLOWDISTRIBUTIONSFROMDYNATAIWANINGENERAL,THEFLOWCOUNTSFROMVDSFOREVERY5MINARECOMPAREDWITHTHESIMULATEDFLOWCOUNTSFROMDYNATAIWANONEOFTHESTUDIESSHOWSTHATTHEAVERAGEERRORSBETWEENTHESIMULATEDFLOWSANDTHEOBSERVEDFLOWAREWITHINTHERANGEOF±40ANDLARGEERRORSAREOBSERVEDNEARTHEBOUNDARYOFSTUDYAREAS33TRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESBASEDONAVAILABLECONTROLDEVICESINTHEHSUEHSHANTUNNEL,TRAFFICMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESCONSIDEREDFORTHETUNNELINCLUDEACCESSCONTROL,ROUTEGUIDANCE,LANECONTROL,ANDMIXEDSTRATEGIESTHEMIXEDSTRATEGIESREFERTOMULTIPLECONTROLSTRATEGIES,INCLUDINGACCESSCONTROL,ROUTEGUIDANCEANDLANECONTROL,WHICHAREAPPLIEDATTHESAMETIMETHESECONTROLSTRATEGIESASWELLASTHEMODELSDEVELOPEDINDYNATAIWANAREDISCUSSEDHEREAFTER1ACCESSCONTROLRAMPCONTROLISACLASSICEXAMPLEOFACCESSCONTROLANDALARGENUMBEROFRAMPCONTROLALGORITHMSRANGINGFROMLOCALCONTROLTOAREACONTROLHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDTWOMAJORSTRATEGIESAPPLIEDINTHISSTUDYARERAMPCLOSUREANDONRAMPMETERINGALINEAPAPAGEORGIOUETAL,1991,AFEEDBACKLOCALCONTROLALGORITHMFORONRAMPMETERING,ISAPPLIEDINTHISSTUDYTHEFEEDBACKALGORITHMISDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSFIG1TRAFFICCONTROLDEVICESFORTHEHSUEHSHANTUNNELTYLIAOETAL/TUNNELLINGANDUNDERGROUNDSPACETECHNOLOGY272012123–132125
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