實驗動物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全

1、實驗動物使用者職業(yè)健康與安全Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use Laboratory Animals,黃彥智國家實驗動物中心Email: evannlac.org.tw,演講目的,1. 讓學(xué)員瞭解人員使用實驗動物之職業(yè)健康與安全的風(fēng)險評估 2. 職業(yè)健康與安全應(yīng)注意事項及適當(dāng)?shù)姆雷o(hù)方法,職業(yè)健康與安全之定義(Occupational Health and Sa

2、fety),Institutional employees, fellows, students and visitors who in the course of their work with research animals might be exposed to hazards that could adversely affect their health and safety.All individuals have di

3、rect contact with animals, living tissues, body fluids, wastes……,從事動物實驗者可能遭遇到的工作傷害,1. Allergens2. Biological hazards--Zoonotic diseases3. Physical and chemical hazards4. Protocol related hazards,職業(yè)健康與安全(Occupation

4、al Health and Safety),計畫設(shè)計及管理 (Program design and management)計畫 (Programs):1. Knowing the hazard 2. Avoiding and controlling exposures3. Training and education4. Rules and guidelines5. Consistency 6. Record keepin

5、g and monitoring7. Commitment and coordination,職業(yè)健康與安全(Occupational Health and Safety),管理 (Management):1. Animal care and use2. Research3. Environmental health and safety4. Occupational health5. Administration and

6、 management6. IACUC provide links among the five above institutional functions.,動物房過敏原(Allergens in the Animal Facility),動物房過敏原(Allergens in the Animal Facility),主要過敏原Rats and Mice: urine protein, rat n 1A (pr

7、e-albumin), rat n 1B (a2-euglobulin), Mus m 1 (produced in liver and saliva and secreted in urine, 100 times in serum, male 4 times >female) Rabbits: Ag-1, fur (glycoprotein, major) ； Ag-2, saliva、u

8、rine (minor)Cats: Fel d 1, produced in sebaceous glands of the skin and coats of the hair shafts,,,,,動物房過敏原(Allergens in the Animal Facility),預(yù)防 (Prevention):1. Facility design: HEPA filter, filter top, air changes an

9、d HVAC etc., (RH: 54~77%)2. Work practices (Workers should be made aware of the risks and avoid exposure as much as possible)3. Personal protective equipment (Once a person develops allergic symptoms, surgical disposab

10、le masks are usually not effective)4. Evaluation of the allergic workers (medicines or avoid exposure completely),減少暴露於動物性過敏原的方法,Ventilated hood, biosafety cabinet, dust/ surgical maskAnimal rooms should deliver at lea

11、st 10 air changes per hourDon’t wear your street clothes when working with animals. Wear protective clothing. Reduce your skin contact with animals by wearing gloves and long-sleeved lab coatsWash your hands frequently

12、. Wash hands, face and neck before leaving the work areaAvoid touching your hands to your face while working with animals and animal equipmentKeep cages and your work area clean,人畜共通疾病的防治(Control of zoonotic diseases

13、in the animal facility),1. Engineering control (facility design)2. Animal quarantine and stabilization3. Work practices and procedures4. Personal protective equipment5. Training and education6. Role of the facility

14、director and IACUC7. Institutional policies and rules,實驗動物病原分類,A: 人畜共通傳染病B: 實驗動物致死病原C: 非致死但可引起實驗動物發(fā)生疾病或生理功能改變D: 實驗動物機(jī)緣性病原E: 非病原但可為實驗動 物微生物條件的指標(biāo),各種動物實驗可能風(fēng)險(Risks by animal species),人畜共通傳染疾病—囓齒類,Hantavirus (漢他病毒),

15、如何在實驗室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(I),Hantaviruses are a genus in the family Bunyaviridae, which are lipid- enveloped viruses with a negative-stranded RNA genome.They are susceptible to most disinfectants (e.g., dilute hypochlorite solutio

16、ns, 70% alcohol, or most general-purpose household disinfectants). Limited studies with Hantaan virus have shown sensitivity to a pH of less than or equal to 5. Infectivity has been reported to persist in neutral soluti

17、ons for several hours at 37 C and for several days at lower temperatures, as well as in dried cell-culture medium for up to 2 daysThat is why one of the most important ways to prevent transmitting HPS is to carefully we

18、t down dead rodents and areas where rodents have been with disinfectant and/or bleach.,如何在實驗室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(II),Laboratory transmission of hantaviruses from rodents to humans via the aerosol route is well documented. Exposures

19、 to rodent excreta, fresh necropsy material, and animal bedding are presumed to be associated with risk. Other potential routes of laboratory infection include ingestion, contact of infectious materials with mucous membr

20、anes or broken skin, and, in particular, animal bites. Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) facilities and BSL-2 practices are recommended for laboratory handling of sera from persons potentially infected with the agents of HPS.,如

21、何在實驗室預(yù)防漢他病毒感染(III),Potentially infected tissue samples should be handled in BSL-2 facilities Cell-culture virus propagation should be carried out in BSL-3 containment facilities Large-scale growth of the virus, includi

22、ng preparing and handling viral concentrates, should be performed in BSL-4 containment facilities,LCMV(淋巴球性腦膜脈絡(luò)膜炎病毒),Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a member of the family Arenaviridae. It is another RNA vir

23、us.Wild mice, laboratory mice and Syrian hamsters serve as important natural transmitters to several species, including humans. The virus is shed in urine, saliva, and milk during chronic, asymptomatic infections. In i

24、nfected mice, vertical transmission, the direct transmission of the virus from parent to offspring, is considered 100% efficient.Two forms of natural LCM infection in mice- 1. asymptomatic, viremia with viral shedding.

25、-2. animals appear normal until 7-10 months of age when an immune complex glomerulonephritis develops. Then the mice become emaciated, with rough hair coat and hunched posture, and die.,如何在實驗室預(yù)防LCMV病毒感染,The IFA and ELISA

26、 are the serologic tests most practical for routine screening. Because of the possibility of viremia and inadvertent human exposure to LCMV, an often used safety measure is to heat the serum sample to 56C for 30 minutes

27、prior to testing. After this heat inactivation procedure, an ELISA can be done safely in a routine manner.If LCMV infection is detected in a colony, the colony should be destroyed immediately for public health considera

28、tions. Cesarean rederivation is not an option because of the potential for in utero transmission.,人員醫(yī)療評估及預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)What immunizations or screening programs should be included?,Tetanus (NLAC)Rabies?Hepatitis B? (Anti-HBs)Ot

29、her immunizations?TB testing?Serum banking?,動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範(fàn),Animal biosafety level 1~4一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作程序工作人員設(shè)限並遵守生物安全性手冊洗手禁食個人防護(hù)設(shè)備並且不要穿戴到別的區(qū)域去污及高壓滅菌動物房舍門需往內(nèi)開且能自動關(guān)閉蟲害防制,動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範(fàn),二級以上需求人員接受處理病原訓(xùn)練進(jìn)出實驗室需管制受污尖銳物品需特別處理操作過程需有防

30、護(hù)櫃動物房外張貼警告標(biāo)誌人員接種疫苗及收集血清樣品任何程序或政策改變時之額外訓(xùn)練空氣循環(huán)不能至其他動物房動物房須有去污滅菌鍋,動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範(fàn),三級以上需求所有操作程序都必須在生物安全櫃或其它防護(hù)裝置下執(zhí)行動物籠在清洗前須滅菌處理所有廢棄物丟棄前必須高壓滅菌處理背扣式實驗衣鞋套或消毒池動物籠具有過濾網(wǎng)雙門走道或氣室自動式洗手臺或腳控制動物房門自動關(guān)閉且密封非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng),動物感染實驗使用規(guī)範(fàn),四級以上

31、需求完全隔離之建築物滅菌後拋棄式動物籠門上鎖須主管或授權(quán)人員管制進(jìn)出工作人員只能由更衣室及淋浴室進(jìn)出該設(shè)施並穿著類似太空裝之安全防護(hù)所有實驗衣物須高壓滅菌處理雙門滅菌鍋煙薰室或氣室門窗防碎且密封專用的非再循環(huán)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，廢氣需經(jīng)HEPA過濾及去污或燒燬處理,物理性、化學(xué)性及研發(fā)時相關(guān)危害(Physical, Chemical and Protocol – related hazards),物理性危害 (Physical

32、 hazards):1. Animal bites, scratches, kicks and related hazards2. Sharp objects: needles, broken glass etc.,3. Flammable materials4. Pressure vessels5. Lighting,6. Electricity7. UV radiation8. Lasers9. Ionizing

33、radiation10. Noise11. Machinery,放射性動物試驗-依原委會規(guī)範(fàn),動物房設(shè)計及使用(獨(dú)立、不滲透材質(zhì)、鉛版…)動物飼養(yǎng)管理(SOP、器具清洗、廢棄物、動物組織或?qū)企w、工作人員保護(hù))建立可接受之污染程度範(fàn)圍(實驗室、動物房、相關(guān)器材…)並例行監(jiān)測實驗區(qū)域及器材(< 2millirem/hr)使用隔絕板以減少放射線物質(zhì)暴露、監(jiān)測工作人員暴露劑量正確處置放射線廢棄物安全訓(xùn)練及再教育,物理性、化學(xué)

34、性及研發(fā)時相關(guān)危害(Physical, Chemical and Protocol – related hazards),化學(xué)性危害 (Chemical hazards):1. Disinfectants, Pesticides, detergents2. Anesthetic gas and chemicals3. Chemical for preserving tissues, formaldehyde4. Pharma

35、ceuticsMaterial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS),物理性、化學(xué)性及研發(fā)時相關(guān)危害(Physical, Chemical and Protocol – related hazards),研發(fā)時相關(guān)危害 (Protocol – related hazards):1. Involving chemicals of unknown hazards2. Involving chemicals: carc

36、inogens, mutagens and potential hazards3. Involving infectious agents: Levels 1, 2, 3, and 44. Procedures and manipulation,危害物質(zhì)使用申請程序,,PI 送繳使用申請表給 IACUC,申請使用危害物質(zhì)於動物實驗之程序,申請使用危害物質(zhì)於動物實驗之程序,,,,,,,IACUC 審核通過,,,,,實驗動物中心,安

37、全計劃書,安委會,,,動物飼養(yǎng)管理注意事項,員工安全訓(xùn)練,PI 動物實驗,實驗動物中心,,,,實驗動物相關(guān)之環(huán)保管理,臭氣：氨氣、體臭。隔離動物室、壓差、換氣次數(shù)、飼養(yǎng)密度、更換墊料噪音：機(jī)器、大型動物。工作分區(qū)、隔音建材、減少發(fā)音裝置、防撞片污水：糞尿、清潔消毒劑。截流設(shè)備、廢水處理墊料：最大量廢棄物。每日清運(yùn)、堆肥、掩埋、焚化動物屍體：無害性、冷凍；感染性、滅菌後冷凍。掩埋、焚化微生物病原：封閉式房舍、空氣過濾、滅菌處理

38、,結(jié)論—職業(yè)健康與人員安全之要件,危險物品標(biāo)示及危險性評估人員訓(xùn)練個人衛(wèi)生及個人防護(hù)設(shè)施及操作程序之監(jiān)控(permissible exposure limits)牽涉危險性物品之動物實驗人員醫(yī)療評估及預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué)動物廢棄物之處理危機(jī)處理(意外、天災(zāi)、人為) 、緊急通知系統(tǒng),參考資料,洪昭竹，實驗動物中心職業(yè)健康與安全，92年度實驗動物飼養(yǎng)管理專題講座暨訓(xùn)練課程講義，臺北，2019。實驗動物管理與使用指南，中華實驗動物學(xué)會，2

39、019。Animal Hazard Program Risk Assessment Questionnaire. Campus Health Service. The University of Arizona, 2019.Johns Hopkins Animal Care and Use Training： Occupational Health and Safety. The Johns Hopkins University,

40、Baltimore, MD, 2019.Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals. National Research Council, National Academic Press, Washington, DC 2019.Occupational Health and Safety Programs: AAALAC Nation