gre作文備考資料

1、內(nèi)在驅(qū)動(dòng)和外在刺激Drivesdesirescanbedescribedasadeficiencyneedthatactivatesbehavithatisaimedatagoalanincentive.Thesearethoughttoiginatewithintheindividualmaynotrequireexternalstimulitoencouragethebehavi.Basicdrivescouldbesparkedb

2、ydeficienciessuchashungerwhichmotivatesapersontoseekfoodwhereasmesubtledrivesmightbethedesirefpraiseapprovalwhichmotivatesapersontobehaveinamannerpleasingtoothers.Bycontrasttheroleofextrinsicrewardsstimulicanbeseeninthee

3、xampleoftraininganimalsbygivingthemtreatswhentheyperfmatrickcrectly.Thetreatmotivatestheanimalstoperfmthetrickconsistentlyevenlaterwhenthetreatisremovedfromtheprocess.內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)與內(nèi)在驅(qū)動(dòng)學(xué)生的三大特征Intrinsicmotivationisthedrivefwhichpe

4、opleengageinanactivitywithoutobviousexternalincentivessuchasahobby.Intrinsicmotivationhasbeenstudiedbyeducationalpsychologistssincethe1970snumerousstudieshavefoundittobeassociatedwithhigheducationalachievementenjoymentby

5、students.Itisthoughtthatstudentsaremelikelytobeintrinsicallymotivatedifthey:1.Attributetheireducationalresultstointernalfactsthattheycancontrol(e.g.theamountofeffttheyputin).2.Believetheycanbeeffectiveagentsinreachingdes

6、iredgoals(i.e.theresultsarenotdeterminedbydumbluck).3.Areinterestedinmasteringatopicratherthanjustrotelearningtoachievegoodgrades.情感對行為的影響Humanemotionhasasignificantinfluenceoncanevenbesaidtocontrolhumanbehavithoughhisti

7、callymanyculturesphilosophershavefvariousreasonsdiscouragedallowingthisinfluencetogounchecked.Inmodernscientificthoughtcertainrefinedemotionsareconsideredtobeacomplexneuraltraitofmanydomesticatedafewnondomesticatedmammal

8、s.ThesewerecommonlydevelopedinreactiontosuperisurvivalmechanismsintelligentinteractionwitheachothertheenvironmentassuchrefinedemotionisnotinallcasesasdiscreteseparateDrivesdesirescanbedescribedasadeficiencyneedthatactiva

9、tesbehavithatisaimedatagoalanincentive.Thesearethoughttoiginatewithintheindividualmaynotrequireexternalstimulitoencouragethebehavi.Basicdrivescouldbesparkedbydeficienciessuchashungerwhichmotivatesapersontoseekfoodwhereas

10、mesubtledrivesmightbethedesirefpraiseapprovalwhichmotivatesapersontobehaveinamannerpleasingtoothers.Bycontrasttheroleofextrinsicrewardsstimulicanbeseenintheexampleoftraininganimalsbygivingthemtreatswhentheyperfmatrickcre

11、ctly.Thetreatmotivatestheanimalstoperfmthetrickconsistentlyevenlaterwhenthetreatisremovedfromtheprocess.內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)與內(nèi)在驅(qū)動(dòng)學(xué)生的三大特征Intrinsicmotivationisthedrivefwhichpeopleengageinanactivitywithoutobviousexternalincentivessuchasaho

12、bby.Intrinsicmotivationhasbeenstudiedbyeducationalpsychologistssincethe1970snumerousstudieshavefoundittobeassociatedwithhigheducationalachievementenjoymentbystudents.Itisthoughtthatstudentsaremelikelytobeintrinsicallymot

13、ivatedifthey:1.Attributetheireducationalresultstointernalfactsthattheycancontrol(e.g.theamountofeffttheyputin).2.Believetheycanbeeffectiveagentsinreachingdesiredgoals(i.e.theresultsarenotdeterminedbydumbluck).3.Areintere

14、stedinmasteringatopicratherthanjustrotelearningtoachievegoodgrades.情感對行為的影響Humanemotionhasasignificantinfluenceoncanevenbesaidtocontrolhumanbehavithoughhisticallymanyculturesphilosophershavefvariousreasonsdiscouragedallo

15、wingthisinfluencetogounchecked.Inmodernscientificthoughtcertainrefinedemotionsareconsideredtobeacomplexneuraltraitofmanydomesticatedafewnondomesticatedmammals.Thesewerecommonlydevelopedinreactiontosuperisurvivalmechanism