rfidintroduction-南京大學(xué)軟件學(xué)院

1、Wireless e-BusinessRFID Introduction,LING Zong, Ph. D. IBM Software GroupSan Jose, California, U.S.A.,2,About Speaker,Routine Work:(60%) Research and DevelopmentOn E-Business Data Storage Management(25%) Critical

2、 Customer ServiceFor Special Weapon Attack Team (SWAT)(10%) Global TrainingAs Technical Sessions or Academic Lectures(5%) ConsultationFor Venture Capital Investment in the Silicon Valley,http://software.nju.edu.cn/l

3、ingzong,LING Zong (凌棕), Ph. D. Senior Engineer/ScientistAlmaden Research Center/IBM Software GroupSan Jose, California, U.S.A.,3,Outline,General DescriptionMarket OverviewIndustry OverviewThe ITThe Future,4,Genera

4、l Description,5,What is RFID?,Radio Frequency Identification, a means of identifying a unique object or person using a radio frequency transmissionRFID tags are affixed to objects and stored information may be written a

5、nd rewritten to an embedded chip in the tagTags can be read remotely when they detect a radio frequency signal from a reader over a range of distances Readers then either send tag information over the enterprise networ

6、k to back-end systems for processing or display it to the end user,6,RFID Tag technologies,Components of a tag:ChipAntennaPackagingDifferent types of RFID tagsPower sourcePassive tagsActive tagsSemi-active tagsR

7、ead/write capabilityRead OnlyWrite Once/Read Many (WORM) Read/Write,,7,RFID Reader technologies,There are three basic choices for reader technology – based on the job or type of work to be performed,8,What are the adv

8、antages of RFID?,9,What are the challenges?,Relatively high costLack of standardsOccasional no-reads and mis-readsSoftware integration hurdlesRequisite physical infrastructure,10,Where are we at?,RFID is small enough

9、, fast enough, and cheap enough to do real work with today.A great deal of innovation has brought us to the point where the silicon core of an radio tag is now 0.4mm.The antenna can be printed onto a product’s packagin

10、g at time of manufacture.Currently radio tags can be purchased for less that $0.25 in quantity.,11,Examples of RFID tag products,Intellitag 915 Mhz tags from Intermec Technologies,Family of low-f

11、requency tags from Texas Instruments,2450 Mhz Backscatter tag from Alien Technologies,Spider 2450 Mhz tag from RFCode,Smallest 13.56 Mhz EPC tags from TagSys,13.56 Mhz tag with largest storage capacity (4KBytes) from

12、 Hitachi Maxell,12,Examples of RFID reader products?,1555 Handheld serial readers from Intermec Technologies,303.8 Mhz Mantis wireless LAN reader from RFCode,S6410 Serial reader from Texas Instruments,902-928 Mhz serial

13、 stationary reader from Matrics,915 Mhz Network stationary reader (with antenna) from Alien Technologies,13,The Electronic Product Code (EPC),What is ePCA product numbering schemeAssign a number to each itemEPC resid

14、es in an RFID tag Real-time information related to each object is stored and accessed via the internetIt is an open, standards-based system that facilitates collaboration among partners in the value chainAdopted acr

15、oss industries (Coca-Cola, Wal-Mart, Philip, UPS…),14,The Electronic Product Code (EPC),How does it work?,15,Market Overview,16,Source: RFID Journal.,Market trigger: Wal-Mart expands RFID mandate to include all supplier

16、s by 2006,In June, Wal-Mart required its top 100 suppliers to have products on pallets employing RFID chips and in cases with RFID chips beginning in January 2005Pilot ramp-up in 2004 – starting with ~20 suppliers in Ja

17、n. ’04. Regional implementation roll-out – start with Texas region ( 3 DCs, ~150 stores)By January ’05 - ALL products flowing through Texas region for Top 100+DSD and DC, all impacted formats, including SAMS ClubWal

18、-Mart has indicated it would start deploying Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology in the United States and then quickly move to implement it in Europe, then the rest of the world.In August, Wal-Mart announced it wo

19、uld require all suppliers to implement RFID systems by 2006,RFID Journal: Wal-Mart Draws a Line in the Sand,17,Source: RFID Journal.,Market trigger: U.S. DoD will require suppliers to use active and passive RFID technol

20、ogy by 2005,DOD memo: “The DOD will be an early adopter of innovative RFID technology that leverages the Electronic Product Code (EPC) and compatible tags. Our policy will require suppliers to put passive RFID tags on l

21、owest possible service part/case/pallet packing by January 2005. We also plan to require RFID tags on key high-value items”The new policy expands active RFID tracking of all:sustainment cargo unit movement cargoammu

22、nition shipmentspre-positioned materials and supplies.,Military Usages!,18,What is RFID global market volume?,Source: IBM estimates using inputs from Venture Development Corp., ABIYankee Group, AMR,Based on estimates f

23、rom Venture Development Corp., ABI, Yankee Group, and AMR, IBM estimates the RFID market compound annual growth rate at approximately 34%IBM estimates total market to grow from $2.2 billion in global revenue in 2005 to

24、more than $5.3 billion by 2008Recent market triggers such as Wal-Mart, Tesco, U.S. Dept. of Defence, Target decisions to implement RFID systems are expected to accelerate market adoption,19,RFID global demand in 2002,20

25、,Market drivers,21,Market Inhibitors,22,Industry Overview,23,Some players in the global industry,24,Standardization efforts,ISO 14443 – Proximity cards (smart wallet security)ISO 15693 – Vicinity cards (ID-only cards)

26、http://www.14443.orgGlobal TAG (GTAG) ? AutoID Inc.Auto-ID Center ? AutoID Inc.http://www.uc-council.org/autoidUbiquitous ID Center (Japan)http://uidcenter.comSee the AutoID Inc. FAQ!!!,25,Which frequency should I

27、 use?,High frequency (13.56 MHz)Most governments have set aside this range for high frequency RFIDSuffers from short read rangesTI Laundry Tag12 inch read range50 tags per second,26,Which frequency should I use?,“[

28、UHF is] the only frequency band that provides the extended read range needed to track goods in a supply chain setting”. RFID Journal, June 30, 2003Concentrate on UHF for supply chain applications in the futureUSA and

29、 Canada915 MHzEurope868 MHz (with a special license)Japan950-956 MHz (perhaps 902-928 MHz) Just announced!!!Much work is being done to achieve globally compatible frequencies in the UHF band.Active lobbying is

30、in progress to encourage the EU to allow more power, longer duty cycles, etc. (EAN is leading this effort)Lobbying of Chinese and Japanese government, etc.Future frequency agile tags and readers should operate on glob

31、al basis in UHF band.,27,Which frequency should I use?,2.4 to 2.483 GHz (Ethernet/BlueTooth range)No license requiredLot’s of existing traffic in this rangeBatteries requiredTypical Read Range, Indoors ..........100

32、m (350 ft)Typical Read Range, Outdoors........300 m (1000 ft)Typical Battery Life ..........................7 yearsIf the blink rate is set to once every 6 minutes WhereNet is a big proponent of this technology,28,W

33、hich frequency should I use?,An RF site survey should be considered to determine which frequencies would operate best for the product, operating environment and legal environment.Multiple readers may be required until

34、all trading partners harmonize their RFID products!!!Metals and di-electric fluids pose problems and will require physics expertise.,29,What different tag technologies exist?,Read Onlye.g. Auto-ID Class 0 tagImpracti

35、cal for large manufacturingWrite Once/Read Many (WORM)e.g. Auto-ID Class 1 tagGood balance of price/performance w/ data securityRead/Writee.g. Auto-ID Class 2 tagPowerful, flexiblePotential security issues,30,Wh

36、at different tag technologies exist?,PassiveNo onboard power supply (battery)Uses the power emitted by the reader – limited read range (6 meters)Long lifetime (no moving parts, etc.)ActiveUses an onboard batteryBa

37、ttery limits the tag’s lifetimeDid product disappear or did its battery die?Semi-Active (Semi-Passive)Like an Active tag but battery inactive until in presence of a readerSleep mode helps the battery last much longe

38、r,31,Right now, the market is more attractive for customers than suppliers.RFID is a technology solution in search of a problem, and there is also an industry problem in search of a solution.The general industry is cha

39、sing volume, hoping that with greater volume comes much lower costs … and prices.The market growth rate depends most on the price decline rate.The industry and market suffer from too few standards.Integration issues,

40、from culture to software, are evident… and often painful.Distribution channel problems are impeding growth.As of today, there is no killer application… but the killer app may ultimately reside in the homeland security

41、market.Profitable niches do exist for suppliers.Customers will continue to benefit from the intelligent application of RFID technology.,What are the top 10 facts about the RFID market and industry?,32,The industry is f

42、ragmented but showing some signs of consolidationThe barriers to entry are gradually increasing, but they are still low.Competitor rivalry is high in some segments.In general, customers have significant bargaining pow

43、er over suppliers. RFID is a technology solution in search of a problem.There is also an industry problem in search of a solution.Price pressure is severe… and increasing.Over the past three years, segments of the in

44、dustry have suffered from occasional overcapacity and oversupply.Too-few distribution channels continue as a major impediment to growth.There is growing interest in RFID for homeland security applications.,What are the

45、 key trends in the RFID industry?,33,The IT,34,Linking Two Worlds,Tags on Product,Antennas,Reader,Edge Server,,Information Technology,Middleware Server,Physics,RFID links the world of Physics tothe world of Information

46、Technologyin order to allow computers to sensethe real world.The Physics challenges andIT challenges of building RFIDSystems are about equal.We should focus on the IT challengesand partner with others to overcom

47、ethe physics challenges,35,Sample RFID Network,Multiple Productsper Antenna,Item EPC,Multiple Antennasper Reader,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Multiple Readersper Edge Server,Multiple Edge Serversper Middleware Server,,,,,An

48、tenna Network,Reader Network,Edge Server Network,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Coax cable,Serial, Dedicated Ethernet, 802.11,Dedicated Ethernet, 802.11,Significant ProductMovement Events,Middleware Server,

49、36,RFID vs. Auto-ID,Auto-ID focused on cheap, interoperable tags and readersVery small read only tags with printed antennasVery inexpensive (dumb) readersThe tag should only contain a unique identifier which when use

50、d with a global system for fast database lookup, provides secure data on the object.Interoperable multi-frequency tags and multi frequency readersFocus on IT issuesData capture at a massive scaleLeaving raw data cl

51、ose to readersQuickly turning data into actionable informationDistributed decision makingEnterprise integration,37,Definition of the IBM solution,“Monitor, Decide, Take Action”Monitor (focus: cheap)Massive data acq

52、uisition at the edge of the network (think Wal-Mart)Low cost (Linux, OSGi) servers just upstream of the readersDecide (focus: distributed)Use rules engines and mobile agents to analyzeObject characteristicsObject l

53、ocationObject historyInformation from other enterprise systemsTake Action (focus: flexible integration)Notify users via actuators (warning lights, security gates, etc.)Send events to Enterprise Applications via Int

54、egration ServerSend transactions to trading partners (EDI, ebXML, etc),38,ONS Server,Data CaptureData SmoothingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,,,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, T

55、imestamp,Middleware Server Layer,,,,,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,,Existing Enterprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,,,UCCnet(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions,ebXMLtransactions

56、,,,Trading Partners(Advanced Ship Notices),,Product Catalog,39,ONS Server,Data CaptureData SmoothingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,,,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Mi

57、ddleware Server Layer,,,,,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,,Existing Enterprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,,,UCCnet(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions,ebXMLtransactions,,,Trading

58、Partners(Advanced Ship Notices),,Product Catalog,,Monitor,40,ONS Server,Data CaptureData SmoothingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,,,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Midd

59、leware Server Layer,,,,,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,,Existing Enterprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,,,UCCnet(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions,ebXMLtransactions,,,Trading Pa

60、rtners(Advanced Ship Notices),,Product Catalog,,Decide,41,ONS Server,Data CaptureData SmoothingData LoggingImmediate Response Tasks,,,RFID Physics,Edge Server Layer,Item EPC, Antenna ID,Reader EPC, Timestamp,Middlew

61、are Server Layer,,,,,PML Service,Auto-ID Services,SAP,Retek,,Existing Enterprise Applications,Integration Server,etc.,IBM Data Synch,,,UCCnet(item synchronization),AS1 EDItransactions,ebXMLtransactions,,,Trading Partn

62、ers(Advanced Ship Notices),,Product Catalog,,Take Action,42,Edge Servers monitor Readers,,Edge Server Layer,Middleware Server Layer,,Directory Service,Console for monitoringhealth of all Servers,Readers, and Antennas,

63、Application Integration Service,Management Service,Directory of allEdge Servers andAssigned Tasks,Connections toEnterprise Applicationand Trading Partners,,RFID Physics,43,IBM RFID High-Level Architecture,44,IT: Big

64、rules for success,It is essential that:Always architect for massive scale (Wal-Mart store)Devices must bePlug and workAuthenticatedRemotely manageableRemotely upgradeableUsers must beAuthenticated around the glob

65、eAuthenticated across trading partners,45,The Future,46,What is the market opportunities for IBM across brands?,HardwareInexpensive Linux platforms for initial edge serversMassive redundant storage required for track

66、and traceLarge server opportunities for Auto-ID MiddlewareEnterprise Application IntegrationAutomatic transactionsSoftwareMessage Queue (message routing between edge and data center)DB2 (massive data archiving for

67、track and trace, data management)WebSphere (Enterprise Application Integration and automatic B2B)Tivoli (remote monitoring, configuration, update of readers)ServicesBusiness CasesITS Deployment ConsultingEnterprise

68、 and B2B Integration ServicesDevice and User Security Services,47,,,Field truck,Command center trailer,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,30mph,Firefighting field team,User,Trailer,Firefighters,Graphic overlayof fire line,IR satellit