外文翻譯---欺負(fù)行為在學(xué)生中的盛行以及由此引發(fā)的常見(jiàn)癥狀

1、<p><b>　　附錄三</b></p><p>　　Bullying Among School Children:Prevalence and Association with Common Symptoms in Childhood</p><p><b>　　Objective</b></p><p>　

2、　To estimate the prevalence of bullying among girls and boys in school and examine its association with psychological and psychosomatic symptoms.</p><p>　　Bullying is defined as the intentional and unprovoke

3、d abuse of power by one or more children to inflict pain or cause distress to another child on repeated occasions. Being a common and neglected form of child abuse, it not only has adverse effects on the victims’ aca

4、demic performance but also on their physical and psychological health, the various forms of bullying being calling names,physical abuse, teasing, spreading rumors, provoking, social exclusion and threatening. Minimal s

5、tudies h</p><p>　　This study has shown that bullying is highly prevalent in schools in this part of the country and the prevalence of bullying noted in the present study(60.4%)could be one of the highest amo

6、ngst studies carried out worldwide. This estimate is higher than that reported by Kshirsagar et al. who found the bullying in Maharashtra to be 31.4%.Similarly,in a study done in Newham,London,the rate was found to be on

7、ly 22.4%.Glen M Glew et al. in his study found the prevalence to be 19.1%. Also,the prevale</p><p>　　It was seen that the most common forms of bullying were non-physical,like calling names(57.9%),followed by

8、 making fun of one’s looks(15.5%)and degrading(15.2%)where as physical forms of bullying like hitting formed only 12.5%.A similar finding was made by Kshirsagar et wherein the commonest forms were calling names,followed

9、by making fun and lastly causing physical hurt. But it must always be remembered that even non physical forms of bullying can lead to harmful effects. A pattern was noted in </p><p>　　A very characteristic f

10、inding was noted regarding the person the victim confided in.The victims’confidence in heir friends increased with age whereas that in their teachers decreased with age.A large fraction of students chose not to confide i

11、n anyone.This shows that many students do not take any action about getting bullied either due to fear or ignorance.</p><p>　　Bullying is not a harmless phenomenon,but is associated with physical and psychol

12、ogical problems.Majority of the students reported feeling sad and depresses(39.7%)about being bullied.Of all the victims 47.3%complained of health problems while only 20.2%of students who were not bullied complained of a

13、ny problems.According to the study done by Kshirsagar et al. all the bullied children reported at least one symptom,while only 52.5%of the children who were not bullied complained of any health probl</p><p>

14、　　It was alarming to note that only a meager amount of 20 teachers participated in the interview and a significant number of them refused to even admit that bullying was prevalent in their school.This probably is because

15、 of the fear of bad reputation in the minds of the teachers leading to denial of the social evil.A majority of the teachers chose to punish(58.6%)instead of counsel(5%)which highlights the inadequate training the teacher

16、s have concerning the methods of preventing bullying.The knowl</p><p>　　It was seen that the victims of bullying do not actively participate in class,had an evident decrease in general performance,developed

17、inferiority complex and found it difficult to get along with other students.Teachers play a key role in preventing and intervening with bullying at school,but they have very little training on how to effectively deal wit

18、h such problems.Hence,teachers must be educated about ways in which they can control bullying and they should also work together with clinicians </p><p>　　Keeping in mind that bullying is a serious problem,i

19、t is essential to conduct extensive research to highlight the high prevalence of bullying on our country and to deduce methods of dealing with it.Teachers,parents and pediatricians must take this issue seriously and enco

20、urage and give moral support to the victims to be bold,counsel students tenderly and should inculcate in the childrens minds the spirit of working in harmony.</p><p>　　Conclusions</p><p>　　Bulli

21、ng is a major problem among school children and must be taken seriously.In the present study,the prevalence of bullying was found to be 60.4%which is alarmingly high and could be much higher in the bigger picture.</p&

22、gt;<p>　　The hazards include psychosomatic symptoms which are potentially harmful for the normal development of the child.</p><p>　　Teachers must be trained to deal effectively with both the bullies a

23、nd the bullied.They should be able to take appropriate measures like giving moral education, counseling and surround the child with positive and sportive thoughts.</p><p>　　Pediatricians treating children wi

24、th unexplained healthrelated symptoms should always consider bullying as causative agent and work in harmony with the teachers and parents to help the child. </p><p>　　A better future can be carved out for t

25、he younger generation by eradicating this problem and for this a lot more research needs to be done in our country.</p><p>　　Correlates of Body Satisfaction and Self-Concept in Third-and Sixth-Graders</p&

26、gt;<p>　　The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between body satisfaction and self-concept in elementary school children. Participants were twenty-three boys and twenty-eight girls

27、 from the third and sixth grades of a rural public school.Demographic information,body satisfaction scores,self-concept scores,and measures of parental attitudes were obtained from the participants through a questionnair

28、e. It was hypothesized that body satisfaction and self-concept would be rela</p><p>　　Eating problems are a growing concern for health professionals. Each year,millions of people in the United States are aff

29、ected by serious and sometimes life-threatening eating disorders. Although most eating disorders are found in teen and young adult women,other segments of the population are experiencing a rise in these disorders. There

30、is presently an increasing prevalence of eating disorders among men(Blackman, 1996). Perhaps more alarming,is the expanding body of research demonstrating the </p><p>　　Rodin(1992)suggests that extreme body

31、concern may be a major source of the widespread eating problems. The size and appearance of one's body has become so important to some individuals that they judge their self-worth solely in terms of their body. Sever

32、al research efforts have supported Rodin's theory. A study by Nassar,Hodges,and Ollendick(1992)found a relationship between the self-concept and eating attitudes of young adolescent girls. Fisher,Schneider,Pegler,and

33、 Napolitano(1991)discovered th</p><p>　　The relationship between body satisfaction and self-concept may not be the same for all children. For instance,societal standards that place great importance on body s

34、ize as a determinant of female beauty encourage all females to be extremely attentive to the appearance of their bodies(Adams et al.,1993),while the standards for males are less stringent. The effects of this societal do

35、uble-standard can be seen in the body concerns of females as compared to males. Murray,Touyz,and Beumont(1995)fou</p><p>　　Parents have been implicated in the body attitudes and eating behaviors of their chi

36、ldren. Evans and le Grange(1995)looked at body satisfaction in a small sample of eating disordered mothers and their children,and normal mothers and their children. The results showed a strong relationship between the ch

37、ildren's body satisfaction and their mothers'satisfaction with their own weight and shape. In the present study,children's reports of their parents'appearance-related behaviors were used as an ind</p&g

38、t;<p>　　Other research suggests that parents influence their children's body attitudes through explicit messages. Thelen and Cormier(1995)contend that parents directly communicate the type of attitude they hol

39、d about their child's body to the child. hese researchers found daughters'body weight,desire to be thinner,and dieting patterns were positively associated with their parents'reported encouragement of the daug

40、hters to control weight. Levine,Smolak,and Hayden(1994)found that weight/shape-related teas</p><p>　　Body criticism from parents may also influence a child's total self-concept. Killeen(1993)reported tha

41、t children's self-esteem reflects their own view of how their parents evaluate them in specific and general areas. If a child perceives that his/her parent is critical of his/her body,then this perception may influen

42、ce the total self-concept of the child. It may be expected that body criticism from parents would be associated with a child's own body satisfaction and,in turn,total self-concept.</p><p>　　Peers may als

43、o influence children's body satisfaction and self-concept,especially as the children enter adolescence. Time spent with parents,emotional closeness,and yielding to parents in decision making all decrease during the p

44、ubertal period(Paikoff and Brooks-Gunn,1991). At the same time,adolescents seek acceptance from and intimacy with their peers. As a result,adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parenta

45、l influence,especially on matters of personal taste</p><p>　　DISCUSSION</p><p>　　The three main hypotheses of the study were all,at least partially,confirmed.The central hypothesis of the study

46、was that the body satisfaction of elementary-school-aged children would be significantly correlated with their total self-concept,particularly for girls.This hypothesis was supported.Girls with high body satisfaction sco

47、res tended to have high self-concept scores.In fact,for girls,49 percent of the variance in self-concept is explained by variance in body satisfaction.For boys,however</p><p>　　The second hypothesis was that

48、 the frequency of body criticism a child receives from others would be negatively correlated with his/her body satisfaction.In general,the results of the study provided mixed support for this hypothesis.As predicted,crit

49、icism from peers is significantly correlated with a child's body satisfaction.These results coincide with research by Levine et al.(1994)which looked at body criticism and body satisfaction in an older population of

50、females.Levine et al.found that th</p><p>　　Unexpectedly,the present study did not find significant relationships between parental criticism and body satisfaction.This is in conflict with the findings of Lev

51、ine et al.(1994),who found that weight/shape-related teasing and criticism by family were related to body concerns in middle school girls and Killeen(1993),who found that children's self-esteem reflects their own vie

52、w of how their parents evaluate them in specific and general areas.The reason for the failure of the present study to fin</p><p>　　The third hypothesis held that a child's perception of a parent's bo

53、dy satisfaction would be positively associated with the child's body satisfaction.It was found that,overall,parents who were perceived to have high body satisfaction tended to have children with high body satisfactio

54、n.However,the present study revealed an interesting pattern where mothers'body satisfaction predicts body satisfaction in their sons,while fathers'body satisfaction predicts body satisfaction in their daughters.T

55、hese</p><p>　　Furthermore,while most researchers have argued that the mother/daughter relation ship is the most important familial relationship for eating disordered girls(Sights and Richards 1984;Pole et al

56、.,1988),new findings suggest otherwise.Phares(1997)found that the father/daughter relationship appeared to be problematic in families with an eating-disordered daughter.Maine(1991)also concluded that fathers contribute t

57、o their daughters'eating problems.The cross-sex effect found in the present study adds </p><p>　　The findings of this study may have implications for the treatment of children and adolescents who have lo

58、w self-concepts,and possibly even for the prevention and treatment of eating problems.It is evident that body attitudes and overall self-evaluations are associated in elementary school children,especially girls.Since thi

59、s relationship has been implicated in eating problems,prevention programs focusing on health and body acceptance should be implemented at an early age.The findings of this st</p><p>　　欺負(fù)行為在學(xué)生中的盛行以及由此引發(fā)的常見(jiàn)癥狀&

60、lt;/p><p><b>　　目的</b></p><p>　　檢驗(yàn)欺負(fù)行為在校園男女生中的盛行率以及由此引發(fā)的生理和心理的癥狀。</p><p>　　欺負(fù)被定義為一個(gè)或多個(gè)孩子多次的、有意的、無(wú)緣無(wú)故的對(duì)另一個(gè)孩子重復(fù)進(jìn)行傷害造成窘迫。欺負(fù)行為是普遍存在卻被忽略了的，它不僅會(huì)影響受害者的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)，而且對(duì)他們的身體和心理健康也有不利影響。欺負(fù)行為

61、的形式多種多樣，包括罵人、身體虐待、取笑、散布謠言、惹動(dòng)、社會(huì)排斥。最早關(guān)于這一領(lǐng)域的研究是在印度開(kāi)展的。欺負(fù)行為在印度廣泛存在，但是還沒(méi)有相關(guān)的措施可以來(lái)對(duì)付這種具有潛在危險(xiǎn)的社會(huì)危害。因此，本研究旨在評(píng)估校園欺負(fù)行為的發(fā)生率以及與之相關(guān)聯(lián)的常見(jiàn)的兒童癥狀，從而引起人們對(duì)這一問(wèn)題的高度關(guān)注。</p><p>　　這項(xiàng)研究顯示，欺負(fù)行為在這一國(guó)家的這一區(qū)域的學(xué)校中高度盛行，同時(shí)，在這一研究中的欺負(fù)行為的盛行率為6

62、0.4%，這可能是世界研究中最高之一。這估計(jì)比Kshirsagar報(bào)告的還要高，Kshirsagar報(bào)告的欺負(fù)率是31.4%。相似的，在Newham,London的研究報(bào)告只有22.4%。在Glen M Glew的研究中，這種流行率為19.1%。同時(shí)，這種流行率在男孩中高于在女孩中，在男子學(xué)校中高于女子學(xué)校。年齡因素也直接關(guān)系到欺負(fù)行為，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在8-13歲的孩子中呈增長(zhǎng)的趨勢(shì)，在年紀(jì)大一點(diǎn)的孩子中則呈減少的趨勢(shì)。，這可能是由于年紀(jì)大

63、一點(diǎn)的孩子會(huì)受他們周圍世界的影響。這正也完全符合Roberto的研究。欺負(fù)行為的發(fā)生率在六歲到八歲之間由31.1%增長(zhǎng)到35.8%，然后到十歲以后就下降到32.4%。</p><p>　　可以看出，最常見(jiàn)的欺負(fù)方式不是身體方面的，例如罵人（57.9%）、嘲笑他人的外形(15.5%)、貶低他人(15.2%)，而身體上的欺負(fù)，如同打卻只有12.5%。一個(gè)類似的發(fā)現(xiàn)是由Kshirsagar得出，他發(fā)現(xiàn)最常見(jiàn)的欺負(fù)方式是

64、罵人，其次是開(kāi)玩笑，最后是身體的傷害。但必須時(shí)刻記住，即使沒(méi)有身體上的傷害，也仍然會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的后果。在欺負(fù)的形式方面，男孩更傾向于采用身體的虐待和嘲笑他人的外貌，而女孩更普遍的采用疏遠(yuǎn)或向老師抱怨的方式。這可能是由于男孩具有的外向和侵略本性，而女孩則比較溫和，所以女生喜歡安靜的抱怨，而不是通過(guò)動(dòng)手來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　一個(gè)特色的發(fā)現(xiàn)是受害者的信任感。受害者對(duì)朋友的信任會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而增加，而對(duì)老師的

65、信任會(huì)隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)而降低。大部分的學(xué)生都選擇不去信任任何人。這表明，許多學(xué)生不對(duì)欺負(fù)采取任何行動(dòng)，可能是因?yàn)榭謶忠部赡苁且驗(yàn)闊o(wú)知。</p><p>　　欺負(fù)行為不僅是一種不良現(xiàn)象，而且也會(huì)產(chǎn)生生理和心理問(wèn)題。大部分的學(xué)生都報(bào)告受到欺負(fù)會(huì)感到悲傷和沮喪，47.3%的受害者抱怨健康問(wèn)題，而只有20.2%的學(xué)生不抱怨任何問(wèn)題。根據(jù)Kshirsagar的研究報(bào)道：所有受欺負(fù)的孩子至少經(jīng)歷過(guò)一次的癥狀,而只有52.5%欺

66、負(fù)的孩子不抱怨任何健康問(wèn)題。在目前的研究中，最常見(jiàn)的身體反應(yīng)時(shí)頭痛和肚子痛，緊隨其后的是大小便失禁和發(fā)燒。Kshirsaga指出，頭痛和經(jīng)常生病被認(rèn)為是最常見(jiàn)的癥狀。因此，醫(yī)生在診斷小孩原因不明的癥狀時(shí)應(yīng)該考慮到欺負(fù)這種可能性的因素，并給出適當(dāng)?shù)男睦碇С帧?lt;/p><p>　　令人擔(dān)憂的是，只有很少的20名老師參加了訪談，并且有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的人拒絕承認(rèn)欺負(fù)行為流行于他們的學(xué)校。這可能是因?yàn)楹ε聦?duì)教師產(chǎn)生不好的名聲，從

67、而導(dǎo)致他們否認(rèn)這種社會(huì)弊端。大多數(shù)的老師選擇懲罰而不是勸告來(lái)組織欺負(fù)行為，從而可以看出教師在阻止欺負(fù)發(fā)生時(shí)采用了不適當(dāng)?shù)姆椒?。父母發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子被欺負(fù)的數(shù)量也是很少的，其中只有38.9%的父母表示他們的孩子正被人欺負(fù)，而在采訪中有60.4%的學(xué)生表示被欺負(fù)。根據(jù)Kshirsagar的研究報(bào)道，只有24%的父母報(bào)告說(shuō)他們意識(shí)到自己的孩子正在受欺負(fù)，這表明大多數(shù)受欺負(fù)的孩子沒(méi)有告訴自己的父母，從而失去了父母這個(gè)重要的支持源。還有一項(xiàng)令人震驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)

68、是，在相當(dāng)數(shù)量的案例中父母要求他們的孩子妥協(xié)，這表明他們沒(méi)有考慮到欺負(fù)也是首要的問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　可以知道欺負(fù)行為中的受害者在課堂上會(huì)表現(xiàn)出不積極，在學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)上會(huì)有明顯的退步，產(chǎn)生了自卑的情緒，難以與同學(xué)相處。在學(xué)校欺負(fù)行為中，教師扮演著一個(gè)預(yù)防和干預(yù)的角色，但在處理這方面的問(wèn)題上他們沒(méi)有得到很好的訓(xùn)練。因此，教師必須好好學(xué)習(xí)如何控制欺負(fù)的發(fā)生，同時(shí)也要和專家們一起學(xué)習(xí)受害者的一些癥狀。</p&g

69、t;<p>　　記住欺負(fù)行為是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，很有必要進(jìn)行廣泛的研究，以突出欺負(fù)行為在我們國(guó)家的盛行，以及想出解決的對(duì)策。老師、家長(zhǎng)和兒科醫(yī)師必須認(rèn)真對(duì)待這個(gè)問(wèn)題，對(duì)受欺負(fù)者給予鼓勵(lì)和一定得心理支持，對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行耐心的勸告，教誨他們合作的重要性。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　欺負(fù)行為存在于學(xué)齡兒童中的嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題，必須認(rèn)真的對(duì)

70、待。在目前的研究中，欺負(fù)行為的發(fā)生率是60.4%，令人吃驚的是以后的發(fā)生率可能會(huì)更高。</p><p>　　這種危害包括身心方面的危害，而這種身心危害可能會(huì)持久的對(duì)正在發(fā)育的孩子造成影響。</p><p>　　老師們必須掌握能有效解決欺負(fù)行為的技能。他們應(yīng)該采取有效的措施，例如給與道德教育，勸導(dǎo)以及灌輸積極健康的思想。</p><p>　　兒科醫(yī)師在治療過(guò)程中查明不

71、了癥狀，應(yīng)該考慮到欺負(fù)這一可能性因素，并且與家長(zhǎng)和教師合作來(lái)幫助孩子。</p><p>　　如果能有效的處理好欺負(fù)行為這個(gè)問(wèn)題，那么將會(huì)為我們的年輕一代創(chuàng)造一個(gè)美好的未來(lái)，因此我們必須做出更多的努力來(lái)研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　三---六年級(jí)學(xué)生的身體滿意度與自我概念的相關(guān)研究</p><p>　　本文的目的是為了驗(yàn)證小學(xué)生的身體滿意度與自我概念之間的相關(guān)關(guān)

72、系。被試為一所農(nóng)村公共服務(wù)學(xué)校的三至六年級(jí)的23名男生和28名女生。通過(guò)讓被試填寫(xiě)問(wèn)卷來(lái)獲得人口統(tǒng)計(jì)資料、身體滿意度分?jǐn)?shù)、自我概念分?jǐn)?shù)和父母的教養(yǎng)方式。假設(shè)小學(xué)生的身體滿意度與自我概念之間存在著相關(guān)關(guān)系。通過(guò)驗(yàn)證發(fā)現(xiàn)年級(jí)、性別和父母的態(tài)度會(huì)影響這兩者之間的關(guān)系。女生對(duì)身體的滿意度與自我概念之間存在著顯著相關(guān)，而男生沒(méi)有顯著相關(guān)。年級(jí)差異對(duì)兩者的相關(guān)沒(méi)有影響。小學(xué)六年級(jí)學(xué)生對(duì)身的體滿意度與對(duì)身體的批評(píng)相關(guān)聯(lián)。父母對(duì)身體的滿意度似乎明顯預(yù)測(cè)

73、著他/她在上小學(xué)三---六年級(jí)的異性孩子對(duì)身體的滿意度。</p><p>　　飲食問(wèn)題正引起健康專業(yè)人員的廣泛關(guān)注。每年，數(shù)以萬(wàn)計(jì)的美國(guó)人都會(huì)受到嚴(yán)重的、有時(shí)甚至是可以引起致命的飲食失調(diào)的威脅。雖然大多數(shù)飲食失調(diào)是發(fā)現(xiàn)在十幾歲的青少年和年輕成年人女性，但是，其他群體患飲食失調(diào)的比例也正在上升。特別是男性患有進(jìn)食障礙疾病的人數(shù)有明顯的增加（Blackman,1996）?；蛟S更令人震驚的是，新增的研究顯示了進(jìn)食障礙問(wèn)

74、題也存在于小學(xué)生之間。研究表明，一種對(duì)肥胖的恐懼、對(duì)減肥的意愿、節(jié)食和其他對(duì)身體比例的擔(dān)憂和行為存在于這種年輕的年齡群（Smolak and Levine,1994）。這種由飲食失調(diào)引起的短期的和長(zhǎng)期的，生理的和心理的嚴(yán)重后果要求我們阻止這種趨勢(shì)在學(xué)生之中的繼續(xù)發(fā)展。研究人員正在審查卷入進(jìn)食障礙的相關(guān)因素。</p><p>　　Rodin（1992）表明，廣泛的進(jìn)食障礙可能主要來(lái)源于對(duì)身體的極端關(guān)注。一個(gè)人身體的

75、體型和外觀已經(jīng)成為一些重要的個(gè)人自我價(jià)值感，以至于他們單純的從其身體來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷。已經(jīng)有很多研究可以證明Rodin的理論。Nassar,Hodges,and Ollendick（1992）的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，年輕少女們的自我概念與對(duì)吃的態(tài)度存在著相關(guān)關(guān)系。Fisher,Schneider,Pegler,Napolitano（1991）發(fā)現(xiàn)青少年女性越是報(bào)告對(duì)體重的不滿意，她們的自我概念也越低。Koff,Rierdan,Stubbs（1990）

76、的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，在青少年男性和女性中，對(duì)身體的滿意度與自我概念聯(lián)系在一起。在這一領(lǐng)域的研究主要著眼于青少年和年輕成年人對(duì)身體的態(tài)度和自我概念之間的關(guān)系。很少有人在孩子之中研究這些變量，然而就孩子對(duì)體重的態(tài)度的研究表明，身體的滿意度對(duì)自我概念的影響也存在于這個(gè)年輕的年齡群。孩子們對(duì)渾圓的身體表達(dá)出了消極的態(tài)度（Kirkpatrick and Sanders,1978）。如果一個(gè)孩子對(duì)他人的態(tài)度基于他人的身體形狀，那么他們自己的身體形狀也很

77、有可能關(guān)系到他們對(duì)自己的看法。然而</p><p>　　對(duì)身體的滿意度與自我概念的相關(guān)可能并不是存在于每一個(gè)孩子之中。例如，社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將身體的大小作為評(píng)判女性美麗的決定因素，因此會(huì)鼓勵(lì)所有的女性非常關(guān)心他們的身體外觀（Adams et al.,1993），然而這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)男性則沒(méi)有那么苛刻。這種社會(huì)的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以看出男性和女性對(duì)待身體關(guān)注的不同。Murray,Touyz, Beumont（1995）發(fā)現(xiàn)作為一個(gè)整體，

78、女性比男性更有可能報(bào)告他人對(duì)于她們對(duì)身體的形狀與體重的態(tài)度和行為的影響。Thelen,Powell,Lawrence,Kuhnert（1992）發(fā)現(xiàn)在四---六年級(jí)中，與男生相比，女生表示更加關(guān)注體重過(guò)重，節(jié)食習(xí)慣，節(jié)制飲食行為和變得更加苗條的意愿。由此看來(lái)，相比男生來(lái)說(shuō)，年輕的女孩子在自我態(tài)度的形成中會(huì)更加注重她們的身體。</p><p>　　父母對(duì)身體的態(tài)度和飲食習(xí)慣會(huì)影響到他們的孩子。Evans, le G

79、range（1995）選取一些患有進(jìn)食障礙的母親們與她們的孩子和正常的母親們與她們的孩子作為小樣本來(lái)研究對(duì)身體的滿意度。研究結(jié)果表明孩子對(duì)身體的滿意度與母親對(duì)自己體重與體型的滿意度之間存在著顯著的相關(guān)關(guān)系。在目前的研究中，孩子們報(bào)告他們父母的外形通常作為父母對(duì)身體滿意度的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。早期的研究表明，孩子對(duì)他人行為習(xí)慣的報(bào)告很準(zhǔn)確（(Aloise,1993)。</p><p>　　其他研究顯示，父母的態(tài)度通過(guò)明確的信

80、息會(huì)影響孩子的身體的態(tài)度。Thelen, Cormier（1995）聲稱，父母會(huì)直接對(duì)孩子表達(dá)出他們對(duì)身體的態(tài)度。這些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，女兒的體重，對(duì)減肥的意愿，節(jié)食模式正與她們的父母鼓勵(lì)女兒去控制體重有關(guān)。Levine,Smolak, Hayden（1994）發(fā)現(xiàn)，中學(xué)女生的體重/體型觀與家庭的嘲笑/批評(píng)有關(guān)，也與減肥的意愿和打亂了的飲食模式有關(guān)。</p><p>　　家長(zhǎng)對(duì)身體的批評(píng)也會(huì)影響孩子的自我概念。Kille

81、en（1993）報(bào)道，孩子的自尊反映了他們?nèi)绾慰创改冈诰唧w和一般領(lǐng)域是怎樣對(duì)他們進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的。如果一個(gè)孩子覺(jué)察到他/她的父母在批評(píng)他/她的身體，那么這種想法可能會(huì)影響到孩子總體的自我概念。可以預(yù)計(jì)，來(lái)自父母對(duì)身體的批評(píng)伴隨著孩子自己對(duì)身體的滿意度，同時(shí)也就影響到了總體的自我概念。</p><p>　　同齡人也會(huì)影響孩子對(duì)身體的滿意度與自我概念，特別是當(dāng)孩子進(jìn)入青春期。當(dāng)孩子進(jìn)入到青春期，他們與父母相處的時(shí)間，情感

82、的密切關(guān)系，在決策過(guò)程中對(duì)父母的服從程度都會(huì)減少（Paikoff ,Brooks-Gunn,1991）。與此同時(shí)，青少年開(kāi)始尋求與同年人的親密交往。因此，青春期是一個(gè)同伴影響日益增長(zhǎng)，父母影響日益減少的典型時(shí)期，尤其是在個(gè)人的興趣和生活方式上（(Myers,1992)。越來(lái)越深刻的同齡人對(duì)身體滿意度的影響也反映在較年長(zhǎng)的小學(xué)生中：孩子受到同年人對(duì)身體的批評(píng)越多，他們對(duì)身體的滿意度和自我概念也就越低。</p><p&g

83、t;<b>　　討論</b></p><p>　　這三個(gè)主要假設(shè)是完全，至少是大部分可信的。此研究的主要假設(shè)是小學(xué)生對(duì)身體的滿意度與他們的自我概念呈顯著相關(guān)，特別對(duì)于女孩來(lái)說(shuō)。這個(gè)假設(shè)是得到支持的。女孩對(duì)身體的滿意度越高，她們自我概念的得分也就越高。事實(shí)上，對(duì)于女孩來(lái)說(shuō)，在自我概念方面49%的變動(dòng)是 由于對(duì)身體滿意度的變動(dòng)。然而對(duì)于男孩來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)還沒(méi)有達(dá)到統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的意義。這些研究結(jié)果支持這

84、樣的設(shè)想，即，在自我態(tài)度的形成過(guò)程中，她們比男孩更注重自己的身體。這種傾向可能來(lái)源于西方社會(huì)的信念，那就是：女性比男性更注重身體的吸引力(White,1992)。同樣，在Thelen的報(bào)告中說(shuō)到，在四到六年級(jí)中，女孩比男性在身體滿意度與自我概念之間表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的相關(guān)。有次看來(lái)，在這個(gè)年輕群體中，身體滿意度對(duì)自我概念扮演了不一樣的角色。從這些研究中可以看到一個(gè)很明顯的結(jié)論，那就是對(duì)身體的滿意度直接影響了年幼的孩子如何看待自己。這種關(guān)系也從深

85、一層次解釋了為什么這么多小學(xué)生對(duì)體重和飲食習(xí)慣表現(xiàn)出關(guān)心。</p><p>　　第二個(gè)假設(shè)是，他人對(duì)孩子身體的頻繁批評(píng)與孩子對(duì)自己身體的滿意度呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果給這個(gè)假設(shè)提供了混合的支持。正如所預(yù)測(cè)的那樣，同班的批評(píng)與身體的滿意度呈顯著性相關(guān)。這些研究結(jié)果符合Levine關(guān)于年級(jí)稍大的女性如何看到批評(píng)與身體滿意度的研究。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，相當(dāng)一部分的中學(xué)女生對(duì)自己的身體感到不滿意是又由于受到了同伴對(duì)自己體

86、重和外形的嘲笑。也正如人們所預(yù)料的那樣，在目前的研究中，年齡稍大的孩子比年齡稍小的孩子更在意同伴對(duì)自己的批評(píng)?？赡苓@正反應(yīng)了同伴對(duì)青少年兒童日益增長(zhǎng)的影響。他還發(fā)現(xiàn)，相比男生來(lái)說(shuō)，女生對(duì)身體的滿意度與同齡人的批評(píng)的聯(lián)系更為緊密。雖然這個(gè)結(jié)果并沒(méi)有被預(yù)測(cè)到，但這似乎并不是特別令人意外，在我們的文化中存在著雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，女性比男性更為注重身體外觀。</p><p>　　出乎意料的是，在目前的研究中還沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)父母的批評(píng)與身

87、體的滿意度之間存在顯著的關(guān)系。這與Levine的研究存在沖突，他發(fā)現(xiàn)在中學(xué)女生中，來(lái)自家庭對(duì)體重和外形的嘲笑和批評(píng)會(huì)形象到她們對(duì)身體的滿意度。Killeen也發(fā)現(xiàn)，孩子的自尊，反映了他們?nèi)绾螌?duì)待父母在一般和具體領(lǐng)域?qū)λ麄兊脑u(píng)價(jià)。由于目前研究的缺陷，所以對(duì)于身體滿意度與父母批評(píng)之間的關(guān)系還是不明確的。參照之前關(guān)于同伴批評(píng)的研究，所以很可能是這次研究所用的身體批評(píng)量表并不適用于對(duì)這一類型和數(shù)量的父母批評(píng)進(jìn)行測(cè)量，還需要經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步的研究來(lái)檢測(cè)

88、這個(gè)量表的效度。</p><p>　　第三個(gè)假設(shè)認(rèn)為，一個(gè)孩子理解到到父母對(duì)身體的滿意度與孩子自己對(duì)身體的滿意度呈正相關(guān)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，總的來(lái)說(shuō)，父母對(duì)身體又較高的滿意度，那么孩子的對(duì)身體的滿意度也就越高。然而，目前的研究顯示了一項(xiàng)很有趣的形態(tài)，那就是母親對(duì)身體的滿意度預(yù)測(cè)了她們的兒子對(duì)身體的滿意度，父親對(duì)身體的滿意度預(yù)測(cè)了女兒對(duì)身體的滿意度。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)，關(guān)乎了兩者的整體關(guān)系和異性母子模式，似乎都符合Evans的研究，

89、他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，孩子對(duì)身體的滿意度與母親對(duì)她們的體重和體型的滿意度之間存在著一種聯(lián)系。他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)這種關(guān)系在進(jìn)食障礙者的母親與孩子之間的關(guān)系變現(xiàn)的最為強(qiáng)烈，而且超過(guò)四分之三的都是男孩。</p><p>　　此外，雖然大多數(shù)研究人員認(rèn)為，對(duì)進(jìn)食障礙者女孩來(lái)說(shuō)，家庭中最重要的關(guān)系式母女之間的關(guān)系，但是新的研究表明并不是這樣。Phares發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)于進(jìn)食障礙者女孩來(lái)說(shuō)，父女關(guān)系似乎還未解。Maine得出結(jié)論：父親導(dǎo)致她們的女兒患

90、有進(jìn)食障礙。異性效應(yīng)的發(fā)現(xiàn)為目前的研究補(bǔ)充道：這一新的關(guān)于身體的研究可能為父女關(guān)系的進(jìn)一步研究提供了支持。未來(lái)的研究應(yīng)該探討異性父母/子女的關(guān)系從而來(lái)驗(yàn)證這些結(jié)果，并由此推斷其他年齡段這種關(guān)系存在的可能性。</p><p>　　這次調(diào)查的結(jié)果對(duì)于治療兒童和未成年人的低自我概念具有指導(dǎo)意義，甚至可能預(yù)防和治愈飲食的問(wèn)題。顯然，小學(xué)生對(duì)身體的滿意度和總體的自我概念存在著相關(guān)，尤其對(duì)于女生來(lái)說(shuō)。因?yàn)檫@種關(guān)系已經(jīng)卷入到了

91、飲食問(wèn)題，所以應(yīng)該較早的實(shí)施預(yù)防計(jì)劃，關(guān)注健康問(wèn)題。這次調(diào)查的研究結(jié)果建議治療計(jì)劃應(yīng)該集中在異性父母對(duì)身體的滿意度，因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)直接影響到孩子，父母對(duì)身體表達(dá)了不滿，那么他們的孩子對(duì)身體的滿意度也會(huì)降低。反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)，處于低自我概念的兒童，他們患有飲食失調(diào)的可能性也會(huì)增加。這個(gè)順序（父母對(duì)身體的不滿意導(dǎo)致兒童對(duì)身體的不滿意，從而導(dǎo)致低自我概念，進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生飲食失調(diào)問(wèn)題）應(yīng)該在將來(lái)的研究中擴(kuò)大樣本數(shù)來(lái)檢驗(yàn)，或許采用路徑分析。</p>