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1、<p> 2700英文單詞,1.5萬英文字符,中文4400字</p><p> 文獻(xiàn)出處:Oluyombo D. The Role of Co-operative Loans in Rural Finance: Evidence from Ogun State, Nigeria[J]. Journal of Co-operative Studies, 2013,46(1):5-15.</p&g
2、t;<p> The Role of Co-operative Loans in Rural Finance: Evidence from Ogun State, Nigeria</p><p> Oluyombo D</p><p> This paper examines how loans made by co-operative societies in rur
3、al areas meet the financial needs of their members and, by extension, the role of the co-operative lending in rural finance. The study makes use of primary data from nine focus group discussions comprising seventy two me
4、mbers selected randomly from twelve co-operatives in six local government areas. Data was analysed using tables of numbers and percentages, content analysis and quotations from participants. The study found that t</p&
5、gt;<p> Introduction</p><p> The delivery of banking services in developing nations reaches less than 20% of the population (Rosenberg, 1994; Robinson, 2001; Ndiaye, 2005). The rest of the populatio
6、n may not have any access to a formal financial service provider and “the majority of low income households, in all parts of the world, historically have not had access to formal financial services” (Chiumya, 2006:29) be
7、cause most formal financial service providers regard low income earners and households in rural areas as too po</p><p> The inability of commercial banks to provide financial services to the rural areas in
8、Nigeria led to the introduction of different poverty alleviation institutions and programmes such as the People’s Bank of Nigeria, Community Banks, the National Directorate of Employment, the Directorate of Food, Road an
9、d Rural Infrastructure, the Family Economic Advancement Programme and the Family Support Programme over the years by the government at federal, state and local levels. Most of these intervention</p><p> Dev
10、eltere and Pollet (2008) note that the impact of co-operative societies on poverty reduction has not been studied in any systematic way. In order to be able to answer this question correctly, the impact of co-operatives
11、should be measured and analysed at different levels of the economy, especially among rural dwellers in developing countries where there is a paucity of accurate secondary data such as Nigeria. The increase in numbers and
12、 types of microfinance programmes and institutions in the</p><p> Literature Review</p><p> Concept of co-operative</p><p> Co-operatives are financial organisations that are own
13、ed and controlled by the members and they provide savings and credit services to their members in the community (Sharma et al, 2005). They can be viewed as a form of microfinance institutions owned by their members which
14、 provide small scale financial services — typically mainly savings and loans. They differ from the formal microfinance institutions such as the microfinance banks (MFBs) in Nigeria which are meant to serve the general pu
15、blic i</p><p> Co-operative societies, also known as credit co-operatives, credit unions, financial co-operatives, and savings and credit co-operatives can be government sponsored, member sponsored or progr
16、amme sponsored (Ghosh and Maharjan, 2001; Simkhada, 2004; Oluyombo, 2012). The government sponsored co-operatives are co-operatives established, owned and funded by the government to accomplish its economic objectives. C
17、o-operatives that are established and owned by the individual members of the co-operative</p><p> Co-operatives and interest on loan</p><p> One of the key determinants of access to financial
18、institutions credit is the pricing, which is the interest payable on a loan. This is also applicable to co-operative societies. The rate of interest on the loan and the way it is calculated determine how co-operative mem
19、bers patronise the programme loan. Higher interest rates are likely to serve as a constraint for members, depending on their socio-economic condition. The effect of interest rate charges on co-operative loan on the membe
20、rs is inv</p><p> used social capital theory to explore the potential role of co-operatives in rural areas and found that interest on loans compared favourably with those charged by other financial provider
21、s because the co-operatives charge 28% per annum while the banks charge between 27% and 32% per annum interest on loans. This result is similar to the outcome of a study by Calkins and Ngo (2005) that banks in Ghana char
22、ge interest on loans of about 40% per annum. The lower interest on a co-operative loan is to</p><p> Co-operatives loan processing and duration</p><p> There are varieties of options on how lo
23、an applications can be processed and the time an application takes between the application stage to loan approval and the disbursement. For example, bank loans in Ghana take longer to disburse with more administrative de
24、tails when compared with co-operative societies (Calkins and Ngo, 2005). In a longitudinal study among an employee and a community based co-operative in Malawi, Eisenhauer (1995) reported on mixed views among the members
25、hip about the proces</p><p> Use of co-operative loans</p><p> The choice of the use of co-operative loans varies from one member to another at a particular time. This may also be determined b
26、y the focus, location and the funding of the co-operative. For example, a co-operative that enjoys regular external funding may provide loans for a longer period than a self financed and member promoted co-operative. A s
27、tudy of two self promoted and two programme promoted co-operatives by Sharma et al (2005) found that programme promoted co-operatives enjoyed support i</p><p> Co-operative loan amount and repayment</p&g
28、t;<p> Adedayo and Yusuf (2004) examined the structure and poverty reduction activities of co-operative societies in Nigeria. The study reported that the amount of the loans given to the members was significant.
29、A study on the impact of co-operatives on rural development and poverty reduction by Adebayo et al (2010) reported that 93% of the members asserted that the loan provision amount may not be adequate to transform the econ
30、omic condition of the borrowers positively within a short period of time. A</p><p> Collateral for co-operative loans</p><p> The challenge in rural finance in developing nations is the abilit
31、y of the rural dwellers to provide adequate collateral to access loans from financial institutions especially the banks. Eisenhauer (1995) study argues that co-operatives do not require as much collateral as banks do. It
32、 implies that co-operatives take collateral but it may not be in the same form and magnitude as a bank. Hence, the acceptance of personal guarantees of other members that are easy to provide for loans and satisfact</p
33、><p> Gap in the literature</p><p> Previous studies in Nigeria by Enete (2008) and Akingunola and Onayemi (2010) consider female co-operative programmes and sample selection in these studies is
34、restricted to members in the urban centres. For example, Enete (2010) used co-operative members at the University of Nigeria. More important is the lack of any detailed research on the impact of unregistered co-operative
35、 societies’ loan products in Nigeria. Recent studies in Nigeria (Enete, 2008; Oluyombo, 2010) focused on educated co-oper</p><p> Research Proposition</p><p> This study investigates the relat
36、ionship that exists between the loan service of unregistered co-operative societies and the participants, and the effect of the loans on rural finance by examining the following research proposition: that the loan servic
37、e provided by co-operative societies meets the financial needs of their members and makes a contribution to improvement in rural finance.</p><p> Methodology</p><p> The research focused on th
38、e operation of co-operative societies in Nigeria and examines the impact of co-operative societies that are fully funded by the members without any form of assistance from donors and government on the participants in the
39、 rural areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. A rural area is defined by the researcher as any community and/or village located within the State without government provided drinkable water supply, electricity supply and tarred ro
40、ads. These criteria form the basis</p><p> Co-operative membership</p><p> The membership of the co-operatives studied is open to all members of the community, provided they are recommended by
41、 existing members as being honest, hardworking and reliable. Members are expected to participate in the co-operative and save for at least six months before they can access a loan. Their savings are not accessible to the
42、 members under any condition except on withdrawal of membership or death, and this forms the corporate assets of the society. This is the pool from which loans are</p><p> Members are also expected to obtai
43、n guarantors within the co-operative who will guarantee the repayment of the loan. Such guarantors are called upon to redeem their obligations in case of default. All loans are expected to be repaid within six to twelve
44、months depending on the capacity of the borrower. However, those who wish to repay the loan within a shorter duration are allowed to do so, thus reducing the amount of interest payable.</p><p> 合作社貸款在農(nóng)村金融中的
45、作用:以尼日利亞奧貢州為例</p><p> 本文研究了農(nóng)村合作社貸款如何滿足其成員的財務(wù)需求,并進一步說明了合作社貸款在農(nóng)村金融中的作用。該研究的主要數(shù)據(jù)來源于九個小組討論,包括六個地區(qū)十二個合作社隨機選出的七十二名成員。數(shù)據(jù)使用數(shù)字和百分比表,內(nèi)容分析和參與者的引用進行分析。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),農(nóng)村合作社是通過降低利率的貸款來實現(xiàn)的,而沒有將固定和金融資產(chǎn)質(zhì)押為抵押品。貸款低利率讓成員接受放債人,同時降低了可能的貸款
46、違約的可能性。</p><p> 個人擔(dān)保人的設(shè)置大大加強了成員之間的人際關(guān)系,使他們能夠為陷入困境的成員提供支持,減小個人貧困水平。一些貸款可以在選擇較長時間內(nèi)償還,這樣可以緩解會員的經(jīng)濟負(fù)擔(dān),同時增加社會金融資本。</p><p><b> 引言</b></p><p> 發(fā)展中國家提供的銀行服務(wù)滿足不到20%的人口(羅森博格,199
47、4;魯賓遜,2001;ndiaye,2005),其余的人口可能沒有任何機會進入正規(guī)的金融服務(wù),而且“世界各地的大部分低收入家庭歷史上都無法獲得正式的金融服務(wù)”(Chiumya,2006:29),因為大多數(shù)正規(guī)金融服務(wù)提供者認(rèn)為農(nóng)村地區(qū)的低收入者-無法獲得過剩的貨幣資金-要么儲蓄,要么從他們的機構(gòu)借款。發(fā)展中國家的正規(guī)金融機構(gòu)(阿杰伊和阿倫,2009)沒有為農(nóng)村居民、窮人和未受過教育的人等幾類人提供服務(wù)(AdjeiandArun,2009
48、)。</p><p> 由于商業(yè)銀行無法向尼日利亞農(nóng)村地區(qū)提供金融服務(wù)。這些年來,政府在聯(lián)邦、州和地方各級引進不同的扶貧機構(gòu)和方案,如尼日利亞人民銀行、社區(qū)銀行、國家就業(yè)局、糧食、公路和農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施局、家庭經(jīng)濟發(fā)展方案和家庭支助方案。大多數(shù)這些干預(yù)措施失敗了,而那些仍然存在的干預(yù)措施位于農(nóng)村居民以外的城市(Oluyombo,2010)。除了政府在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的反貧困計劃的失敗之外,農(nóng)村地區(qū)不存在正規(guī)金融機構(gòu),導(dǎo)致了
49、不同類型的非正式金融機構(gòu)的高漲(Okeetal,2007;AkingunolaandOnayemi,2010),例如轉(zhuǎn)換儲蓄計劃,放債人和合作社。農(nóng)村貧困人口也受到正規(guī)小額信貸機構(gòu)(MFIs)的忽視,因為農(nóng)村地區(qū)由于抵押要求,復(fù)雜程序,溝通不暢和銀行網(wǎng)絡(luò)不夠而無法獲得機構(gòu)貸款(HaqueandYamao,2008)。Nathan等人(2004年)認(rèn)為,為了盡量減少交易成本,小額信貸機構(gòu)往往以城市為基礎(chǔ),使得農(nóng)村地區(qū)的窮人得不到應(yīng)有的照顧
50、。</p><p> Develtere和Pollet(2008)指出,合作社對減貧的影響尚未得到系統(tǒng)的研究。為了能夠正確回答這個問題,應(yīng)該在不同的經(jīng)濟層面,尤其是那些缺乏準(zhǔn)確的次要資料的發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)村居民,如尼日利亞,對合作社的影響進行衡量和分析。世界小額信貸計劃和機構(gòu)的數(shù)量和類型的增加,是研究合作社社會貸款服務(wù)在農(nóng)村金融中的作用的重要原因。這項研究的目的是確定農(nóng)村合作社貸款是否符合計劃成員的財務(wù)需求,以及
51、貸款在農(nóng)村金融中的作用。</p><p><b> 文獻(xiàn)綜述</b></p><p><b> 合作社概念</b></p><p> 合作社是由成員擁有和控制的金融組織,它們?yōu)樯鐓^(qū)成員提供儲蓄和信貸服務(wù)(Sharma等,2005)。它們可以被視為其成員所擁有的一種小額信貸機構(gòu),它們提供小規(guī)模的金融服務(wù)-通常主要是儲蓄
52、和貸款。它們與正式的小額融資機構(gòu)不同,例如尼日利亞的小額信貸銀行(MFBs),旨在為廣大公眾服務(wù),因為它們是在特定地區(qū)成員擁有,自我管理和民主控制的自愿協(xié)會(Adedayo和Yusuf,2004)。其他正式的小額融資機構(gòu),如尼日利亞的MFBs也與微額貸款政策定位于其業(yè)務(wù)地點(尼日利亞中央銀行,2005年),作為MFB或全州MFB單位。合作社使低收入者能夠獲得金融和非金融服務(wù),這些服務(wù)的包裝方式使得無法獲得正規(guī)金融服務(wù)的人能夠獲得相對較小
53、的貸款,成為流動資金用于其他服務(wù)(Nathanetal,2004)?!八麄兯坪跏亲顦?biāo)準(zhǔn)化的非正規(guī)金融機構(gòu),在非正式市場組織起來的有組織的儲蓄動員戰(zhàn)略”(Oloyede,2008:47)。</p><p> 合作社,也稱為信用合作社。信用合作社,金融合作社和儲蓄和信貸合作社可以由政府贊助,成員贊助或計劃贊助(GhoshandMaharjan,2001;Simkhada,2004;Oluyombo,2012)政府資
54、助的合作社是由政府成立并擁有,以實現(xiàn)其經(jīng)濟目標(biāo)。由合作社個人成立和擁有的合作社被視為本研究重點的會員合作社。計劃發(fā)起的合作社由一個現(xiàn)有的組織(非政府組織,銀行,捐助者等)建立并擁有,具體目的在于消除貧窮,針對特定地區(qū)的特定群體。這項研究將合作社定義為一個自愿的開放協(xié)會,他們組成一個沒有政府或計劃經(jīng)費的組織,稱為合作社。他們以成員的儲蓄形式動員資金,然后保證成員進入貸款機構(gòu),只要滿足最低存儲金額。作為非政府組織,不受政府管制,成員可以根據(jù)
55、合作社的規(guī)則,隨意加入或離開。</p><p><b> 合作社和貸款利息</b></p><p> 獲得金融機構(gòu)信貸的關(guān)鍵決定因素之一是定價,即貸款應(yīng)付的利息。這也適用于合作社。貸款的利率和計算方式?jīng)Q定合作社成員如何計劃貸款。更高的利率可能成為會員的制約因素,這取決于其社會經(jīng)濟狀況。一些研究調(diào)查了利率收費對成員合作貸款的影響。Lohlein和Wehrheim(2
56、003)利用社會資本理論探討合作社在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的潛在作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)貸款利息與其他金融機構(gòu)的利息相比是有利的,因為合作社每年收取28%的利息,銀行的收費在27%到32%之間的年利率為貸款利息。這個結(jié)果類似于Calkins和Ngo(2005)研究的結(jié)果,加納銀行每年貸款利息約40%,合作貸款的較低利息是鼓勵成員參與計劃貸款,并通過明智地使用貸款來改善其經(jīng)濟狀況。Oke等人(2007)報道說,合作貸款的利息少于正式的融資提供者收取的利息。Wanya
57、ma等人(2008)發(fā)現(xiàn)貸款利息在減少平衡方面每年為12%至18%。這與Simkhada(2004)發(fā)現(xiàn)每年減少平均利率15%至20%的利率有部分差異。其他研究發(fā)現(xiàn),合作社貸款利息的利息要比成員國其他信貸來源便宜(Edgcomb和Garber,1998;Sharma等,2005)。以前在洪都拉斯</p><p> 合作社貸款處理和期限</p><p> 有多種選擇,可以如何處理貸款申請
58、。與合作社相比,加納的銀行貸款則需要更長的時間來處理(Calkins和Ngo,2005年)。Eisenhauer(1995)在馬拉維的員工和社區(qū)合作社的縱向研究中報告了成員之間關(guān)于貸款審批和付款流程的混合觀點。Wanyama發(fā)現(xiàn),緊急貸款的還本付息期較短,生病相關(guān)貸款的利率較高(Wanyama等,2008),而在另一項研究中,貸款還款期被認(rèn)為足夠長,允許成員支付貸款(Eisenhauer,1995年)。</p><p
59、><b> 使用合作貸款</b></p><p> 在特定時間,選擇使用合作貸款在不同成員之間有所不同。這也可以由合作社的重點,位置和資金來確定。例如,例如,一個享有經(jīng)常外部資金的合作社可以提供比自籌資金的時間更長的貸款。Sharma等人(2005年)對兩項自我推動和兩項計劃促進合作社的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),方案促進合作社以捐贈者的贈款形式獲得支持,大多數(shù)成員使用農(nóng)業(yè)貸款用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)(23.6
60、%),畜牧業(yè)(22.3%)和商業(yè)投資(20.8%)。Adedayo和Yusuf(2004)的貸款利用結(jié)果顯示,64.17%用于貿(mào)易和投資,4.62%的兒童教育,8.46%的購買商業(yè)投入,6.03%被用于購買資產(chǎn)。但是,如果非成員被納入樣本,研究結(jié)果將進一步加強。這樣可以更好地了解合作社對比較的影響。Adebayo等人(2010年)貸款的使用顯示建筑房屋46%,兒童教育31%和家庭使用23%。恩泰(2008)發(fā)現(xiàn)合作社對就業(yè)市場的影響是積
61、極的,其中援引合作社成功建立小型工業(yè),保健中心,家禽養(yǎng)殖場和食品加工廠的情況。此外,合作貸款的受益人使用小額交易等企業(yè)的資金,還可以支付子女的學(xué)費。Akingunola和Onayemi(2010)在女企業(yè)家中的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),非正</p><p><b> 合作貸款金額和還款</b></p><p> Adedayo和Yusuf(2004)審查了尼日利亞合作社結(jié)構(gòu)和
62、減貧活動。研究報告指出,向成員提供的貸款數(shù)額很大。關(guān)于合作社對農(nóng)村發(fā)展和減貧的影響的一項研究,Adebayo等人(2010年)報告說,93%的成員認(rèn)為貸款準(zhǔn)備金額可能不足以在一定程度上改變借款人的經(jīng)濟狀況很短的時間。Adebayo等人(2010)指出,92%的成員在到期時償還貸款,8%的人發(fā)現(xiàn)難以償還,但結(jié)果與以前的研究沒有比較。</p><p><b> 合作貸款抵押品</b></
63、p><p> 發(fā)展中國家農(nóng)村金融的挑戰(zhàn)是農(nóng)村居民提供足夠的抵押品,從金融機構(gòu),特別是銀行獲得貸款的能力。Eisenhauer(1995)的研究認(rèn)為,合作社不需要像銀行一樣多的抵押品。這意味著合作社采取抵押品,但可能與銀行的形式和幅度不一樣。因此,接受容易提供貸款和成員滿意的其他成員的個人擔(dān)保(Edgcomb和Garber,1998)。這可以改善獲得合作貸款的機會。例如,F(xiàn)alaiye(2002)的研究確定了非政府組
64、織小額信貸計劃儲蓄和貸款服務(wù)對尼日利亞受益人帶來的變化。</p><p><b> 文獻(xiàn)的不足</b></p><p> Enete (2008) 和 Akingunola 和 Onayemi (2010) 以前在尼日利亞進行的研究認(rèn)為,這些研究中的婦女合作方案和抽樣選擇僅限于城市中心的成員。例如,Enete (2010) 在尼日利亞大學(xué)使用合作成員。更重要的是,
65、對尼日利亞未登記的合作社貸款產(chǎn)品的影響缺乏詳細(xì)研究。最近在尼日利亞的研究 (Enete,2008;Oluyombo,2010) 側(cè)重于教育機構(gòu)內(nèi)的教育合作成員,而 Enete (2008) 和 Akingunola 和 Onayemi (2010) 則側(cè)重于位于城市中心的女企業(yè)家。因此,這項研究著眼于奧貢州農(nóng)村地區(qū)的非注冊合作社,尼日利亞在沒有政府提供飲用水供應(yīng)、供電和柏油公路的地區(qū)。這些地區(qū)既不批準(zhǔn)也不受政府監(jiān)管。他們的成員從事不同類
66、型的商業(yè)和貿(mào)易。然而,這些未登記的合作社的運作方式與注冊合作社相同。未登記的合作社的選擇是基于這樣一個事實,即它們更像農(nóng)村居民的金融機構(gòu)。此外,撒哈拉以南非洲的非正式小額供資提供者數(shù)量相對較多,作為儲蓄合作社 (Chiumya,2006)。</p><p><b> 研究主張</b></p><p> 本研究調(diào)查了未注冊合作社貸款服務(wù)與參與者之間存在的關(guān)系,以及貸
67、款對農(nóng)村金融的影響,考察了以下研究方向:合作社提供的貸款服務(wù)滿足其成員的經(jīng)濟需求,為改善農(nóng)村金融做出了貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p><b> 方法</b></p><p> 這項研究的重點是尼日利亞合作社的運作,并審查了各合作社的影響,這些合作社會的資金完全由成員提供,沒有捐助者和政府對尼日利亞奧貢州農(nóng)村地區(qū)的參與者提供任何形式的援助。農(nóng)村地區(qū)是由研究員定義為任何社區(qū)和
68、/或村莊在國家之內(nèi)沒有政府提供飲用水供應(yīng),供電和柏油道路。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)構(gòu)成了選擇這項研究所用的社區(qū)和村莊的基礎(chǔ),也使研究員有機會接觸到真正的農(nóng)村居民,這可以被稱為農(nóng)村窮人,因為 "85% 的人沒有居住在撒哈拉以南非洲發(fā)展中國家的農(nóng)村地區(qū)" (HenryandSchimmel,2011:1)。</p><p><b> 合作成員</b></p><p>
69、; 研究的合作社成員對所有社區(qū)成員開放,只要現(xiàn)有成員是誠實,勤奮,可靠的。會員可以申請參加合作社,至少保留六個月的時間才能獲得貸款。他們的儲蓄在任何情況下都不能向成員提供,除非是成員退出或死亡,這構(gòu)成了社會的公司資產(chǎn)。這是向有需要的會員發(fā)放貸款的池子。這背后的動機是,這些儲蓄將作為貸款的抵押品,以備違約之用。</p><p> 會員也希望在合作社內(nèi)獲得保證償還貸款的擔(dān)保人。這種擔(dān)保人被要求在違約時贖回其義務(wù)。
70、所有貸款預(yù)計將在六至十二月內(nèi)償還,視借款人的能力而定。但是,那些希望在較短時間內(nèi)償還貸款的人可以這樣做,從而減少了應(yīng)付利息的數(shù)額。</p><p><b> 結(jié)果與討論</b></p><p><b> 人口特征</b></p><p> 研究人員決定不從焦點小組參加者收集有關(guān)教育資格的人口信息,使有限教育的人受到恥
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