曼昆《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理第三版》第1-12章(上)微觀分冊(cè)原版中英文雙語(yǔ)ppt課件(很經(jīng)典)

1、Principles of EconomicsThird EditionbyN. Gregory Mankiw經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理（第三版）,,,,1 INTRODUCTION 導(dǎo)言,Ten Principles of Economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理,Chapter 1,Economy. . .經(jīng)濟(jì)…,. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who

2、manages a household.” 經(jīng)濟(jì)一詞來(lái)源于希臘語(yǔ)，意思是“管理家庭的人”。,A household and an economy face many decisions:一個(gè)家庭和經(jīng)濟(jì)體面臨很多決策：,Who will work? 誰(shuí)去工作？What goods and how many of them should be produced? 應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么物品？應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)多少？,A hous

3、ehold and an economy face many decisions:一個(gè)家庭和經(jīng)濟(jì)體面臨很多決策：,What resources should be used in production? 應(yīng)該用什么資源生產(chǎn)？At what price should the goods be sold? 物品的銷售價(jià)格應(yīng)該是多少？,Society and Scarce Resources:社會(huì)和稀缺資源：,The ma

4、nagement of society’s resources is important because resources are scarce.因?yàn)橘Y源是稀缺的，所以社會(huì)資源的管理就很重要。,Scarcity . . . 稀缺…,. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and servi

5、ces people wish to have.…意思是說(shuō)，社會(huì)擁有有限的資源，不能生產(chǎn)出人們想要的所有物品與勞務(wù)。,Economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)——研究社會(huì)如何管理自己的稀缺資源的學(xué)科。,Economists study. . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究…,How people make dec

6、isions.人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策How people interact with each other.人們?nèi)绾闻c他人相互交易The forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole. 影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量和趨勢(shì),Ten Principles of Economics,People face tradeoffs.The cost of something is wha

7、t you give up to get it.Rational people think at the margin.People respond to incentives.,How People Make Decisions,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理,人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西理性人考慮邊際量人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng),人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策,Ten Principles of Economics,Trade can

8、 make everyone better off.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.,How People Interact with each other,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理,貿(mào)易可以使每個(gè)人狀況更好。市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法。政

9、府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。,人們?nèi)绾闻c他人相互交易,Ten Principles of Economics,The standard of living depends on a country’s production.Prices rise when the government prints too much money.Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation

10、and unemployment.,The forces and trends that affect how the economy as a whole works,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理,一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力。當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過(guò)多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升。社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。,影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行的力量和趨勢(shì),People face tradeoffs.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍,“There is no s

11、uch thing as a free lunch!”天下沒(méi)有免費(fèi)的午餐,1. People face tradeoffs.,To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity,Making decisio

12、ns requires trading off one goal against another.,1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍,為了得到我們喜愛(ài)的一件東西，我們通常不得不放棄另一件喜愛(ài)的東西。 ? 大炮 vs.黃油 ? 食物 vs. 衣服 ? 休閑 vs. 工作 ? 效率 vs. 平等,作決策時(shí)需要在兩個(gè)目標(biāo)之間權(quán)衡取舍,1. People face tradeoffs.,Efficiency means society g

13、ets the most that it can from its scarce resources.Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.,Efficiency v. Equity,1.人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍,效率—— 社會(huì)能從其稀缺資源中得到最多東西的特性。平等—— 社會(huì)資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)

14、成果在社會(huì)成員中公平分配的特性。,效率與平等,2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it.,Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives.Whether to go to college or to work?Whether to study or go out on a date?

15、Whether to go to class or sleep in?,2.某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西,作出決策時(shí)需要比較可供選擇的行動(dòng)方案的成本與收益上大學(xué)還是去工作?學(xué)習(xí)還是出去約會(huì)?去上課還是睡覺(jué)?,2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西,The opportunity cost of an item i

16、s what you give up to obtain that item.機(jī)會(huì)成本——為了得到某種東西所必需放棄的東西。,2. The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.,LA Laker basketball star Kobe Bryant chose to skip college and go straight from high school to the p

17、ros where he has earned millions of dollars.,當(dāng)預(yù)期在四年之內(nèi)賺得上千萬(wàn)美元時(shí)，高中籃球明星科比.布賴恩特（Kobe Bryant ）決定不讀大學(xué)而直接進(jìn)入職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)盟（ NBA ）。,2.某東西的成本就是為得到它所放棄的東西,3. Rational people think at the margin理性人考慮邊際量,Marginal changes are small, increme

18、ntal adjustments to an existing plan of action.邊際變動(dòng)——對(duì)當(dāng)前行動(dòng)計(jì)劃微小的增量調(diào)整。,People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.人們作決策時(shí)需要比較邊際成本和邊際利益。,4. People respond to incentives.,Marginal changes in costs o

19、r benefits motivate people to respond.The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!,4. 人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng),成本或收益的邊際改變會(huì)激勵(lì)人們作出反應(yīng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)方案的邊際收益大于邊際成本時(shí)，

20、人們選擇這個(gè)方案，而不去選擇別的。,5. Trade can make everyone better off.,People gain from their ability to trade with one another.Competition results in gains from trading.Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.,5. 貿(mào)易能

21、使每個(gè)人狀況變好,人們可以從與他人相互交易的能力中獲益。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)可以使人們從貿(mào)易中獲益。貿(mào)易可以讓人們從事他們最專長(zhǎng)的工作。,6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.,A market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions

22、 of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.households decide what to buy and who to work for.Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.,6. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法,市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)——當(dāng)許多企業(yè)和家庭在物品與勞務(wù)

23、市場(chǎng)上相互交易時(shí)通過(guò)他們的分散決策配置資源的經(jīng)濟(jì)。家庭決定購(gòu)買什么和為誰(shuí)工作。企業(yè)決定雇傭誰(shuí)和生產(chǎn)什么。,6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.,Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by

24、 an “invisible hand.”,6. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法,亞當(dāng).斯密提出了全部經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中最有名的觀察結(jié)果：家庭和企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上相互交易，他們仿佛被一只“看不見(jiàn)的手”所指引，導(dǎo)致了合意的市場(chǎng)結(jié)果。,6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.,Because households and firms look at prices w

25、hen deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions.As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole

26、.,6. 市場(chǎng)通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法,由于家庭和企業(yè)在決定購(gòu)買和出售什么時(shí)關(guān)注價(jià)格，所以他們就不知不覺(jué)地考慮到了他們的行為的社會(huì)收益與成本。結(jié)果是，價(jià)格指引這些個(gè)別決策者在大多數(shù)情況下實(shí)現(xiàn)了整個(gè)社會(huì)福利最大化的結(jié)果。,7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果,Market failure occurs when the market fai

27、ls to allocate resources efficiently.市場(chǎng)失靈——市場(chǎng)本身不能有效配置資源的情況。,7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果,When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity

28、.當(dāng)市場(chǎng)失靈時(shí)，政府可以對(duì)市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行干預(yù)以促進(jìn)效率和平等。,7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果,Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firm’s actions on the well-being of a by

29、stander.市場(chǎng)失靈的一個(gè)可能原因是外部性。外部性是一個(gè)人的行為對(duì)旁觀者福利的影響。,7. Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.,Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm to unduly influence m

30、arket prices.,7.政府有時(shí)能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果,市場(chǎng)失靈的另一個(gè)可能原因是市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力。 市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力是指一個(gè)人或一個(gè)企業(yè)不適當(dāng)?shù)赜绊懯袌?chǎng)價(jià)格的能力。,8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production.,Standard of living may be measured in different ways:By comparing personal incomes

31、.By comparing the total market value of a nation’s production.,8. 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力,生活水平 可以用不同的方式衡量:比較人均收入。比較一個(gè)國(guó)家產(chǎn)出的總的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。,8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production.,Almost all variations in liv

32、ing standards are explained by differences in countries’ productivities.,8. 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力,幾乎所有生活水平的差異都可以歸因于各國(guó)生產(chǎn)率的差別。,8. The standard of living depends on a country’s production.,Productivity is the amount of good

33、s and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time.,Higher productivity ð Higher standard of living,8. 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力,生產(chǎn)率 是指一個(gè)工人一小時(shí)所生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務(wù)量。,高生產(chǎn)率 ð 高生活水平,9. Prices rise when the government print

34、s too much money.,Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money.When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of

35、 the money falls.,9. 當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過(guò)多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升,通貨膨脹 是指經(jīng)濟(jì)中物價(jià)總水平的上升。通貨膨脹的一個(gè)原因是貨幣量的增長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)一個(gè)政府創(chuàng)造了大量本國(guó)貨幣時(shí)，貨幣的價(jià)值就下降。,10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.,The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff

36、 between inflation and unemployment:òInflation ð ñUnemploymentIt’s a short-run tradeoff!,10. 社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍,菲利普斯曲線 說(shuō)明了通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍 :ò 通貨膨脹 ð ñ失業(yè)這是短期權(quán)衡取舍。,Summary 內(nèi)容提要,When in

37、dividuals make decisions, they face tradeoffs among alternative goals. 當(dāng)個(gè)人決策時(shí)，在不同的目標(biāo)之間面臨權(quán)衡取舍。The cost of any action is measured in terms of foregone opportunities. 任何一種行為的成本用所放棄的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)衡量。,Summary 內(nèi)容提要,Rational p

38、eople make decisions by comparing marginal costs and marginal benefits. 理性人通過(guò)比較邊際成本與邊際收益作出決策 。 People change their behavior in response to the incentives they face. 人們對(duì)所面臨激勵(lì)的反映就是改變他們的行為。,Summary 內(nèi)容提要,People

39、can benefit by trading with each other. 貿(mào)易可以是互利的。Markets are usually a good way of coordinating trades. 市場(chǎng)通常是協(xié)調(diào)貿(mào)易的一種好方法。Government can potentially improve market outcomes if there is some market failure or if th

40、e market outcome is inequitable. 如果存在市場(chǎng)失靈或者市場(chǎng)結(jié)果不平等時(shí)，政府有可能改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果。,Summary,Productivity is the ultimate source of living standards.Money growth is the ultimate source of inflation.Society faces a short-run tradeoff be

41、tween inflation and unemployment.,內(nèi)容提要,生產(chǎn)率是生活水平高低的最終根源。貨幣增長(zhǎng)是通貨膨脹的最終根源。社會(huì)面臨著通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍。,,,,,Thinking Like an Economist像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考,Chapter 2,Every field of study has its own terminology,Mathematics,Psychology,Law,每

42、個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言,數(shù)學(xué),心理學(xué),法律,Every field of study has its own terminology,Economics,Supply,Demand,Elasticity,Consumer Surplus,Comparative advantage,Opportunity cost,Deadweight loss,每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語(yǔ)言,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),供給,需求,彈性,消費(fèi)者剩余,比較優(yōu)勢(shì),機(jī)會(huì)成本,無(wú)謂

43、損失,,,Economics trains you to. . . .,Think in terms of alternatives.Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.,,,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)訓(xùn)練你. . . .,從不同的角度思考問(wèn)題。評(píng)估個(gè)人和社

44、會(huì)選擇的成本。檢查和理解一些事件和問(wèn)題是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。,,,The Economist as a Scientist作為科學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,The economic way of thinking . . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法…Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 客觀地分析與思考。Makes use of the scientific method. 利

45、用科學(xué)的方法。,,The Scientific Method,Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.,Observation, Theory and More Observation!,,科學(xué)

46、方法,利用抽象的模型幫助解釋復(fù)雜的真實(shí)世界如何運(yùn)行。形成理論，收集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)驗(yàn)證理論。,觀察, 理論 ，更多的觀察,The Role of Assumptions,Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumpti

47、ons to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.,假設(shè)的作用,為了使這個(gè)世界更容易理解，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做一些假設(shè)。 科學(xué)思考的藝術(shù)就是決定作出什么樣的假設(shè)。 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用不同的假設(shè)來(lái)回答不同的問(wèn)題。,,,The Economic Way of Thinking,Includes developing abstract mode

48、ls from theories and the analysis of the models.Uses two approaches:,Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.)Analytical (abstract reasoning),,,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法,利用理論建立抽象的模型，然后進(jìn)一步分析模型。利用兩種方法:,描述性的方法 (報(bào)告實(shí)情等)分析性的方法 (抽象推理),Economic Mod

49、els,Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two of the most basic economic models include:,The Circular Flow Model,The Production Possibilities Frontier,經(jīng)濟(jì)模型,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用模型

50、來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化真實(shí)世界，使我們更好地理解這個(gè)世界。 兩個(gè)最基本的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型是：,循環(huán)流向圖,生產(chǎn)可能性邊界,,The Circular-Flow Model經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖,The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the econom

51、y.循環(huán)流向圖——一個(gè)直觀地說(shuō)明一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交易行為的簡(jiǎn)單方式。,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Firms,Households,Market for Factors of Production,Market for Goods and Services,經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖,企業(yè),家庭,生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng),物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng),Figure 1 The Circular Flow,Copyright

52、© 2004 South-Western,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Spending,Revenue,Income,,= Flow of inputs,,and outputs,,= Flow of dollars,,,,,,,,,,,,,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Households Buy and consume goods and services Own and sell fact

53、ors of production,Firms Produce and sell goods and services Hire and use factors of production,經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖,家庭 購(gòu)買并消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù) 擁有并出售所有生產(chǎn)要素,企業(yè) 生產(chǎn)并出售物品與勞務(wù) 雇傭并使用生產(chǎn)要素,The Circular-Flow Diagram,Markets for Factors of Production

54、Households sell Firms buy,Markets for Goods & Services Firms sell Households buy,經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖,生產(chǎn)要素市場(chǎng) 家庭出售 企業(yè)購(gòu)買,物品與勞務(wù)市場(chǎng) 企業(yè)出售 家庭購(gòu)買,The Circular-Flow Diagram經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖,Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素 Inputs used to produce goo

55、ds and services 用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入 Land, labor, and capital 土地、勞動(dòng)和資本,,,The Production Possibilities Frontier,The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the econom

56、y can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.,,,生產(chǎn)可能性邊界,生產(chǎn)可能性邊界—— 表示一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在可得到的生產(chǎn)要素與生產(chǎn)技術(shù)既定時(shí)所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。,,The Production Possibilities Frontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界,,,Quantity ofComputersProduced

57、,Quantity ofCars Produced,3,000,1,000,2,000,2,200,A,700,600,300,0,1,000,,,,,,,B,,,,,C,D,Production,possibilities,frontier,,電腦產(chǎn)量,汽車產(chǎn)量,生產(chǎn)可能性邊界,,,Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier,EfficiencyTr

58、adeoffsOpportunity CostEconomic Growth,,,生產(chǎn)可能性邊界闡明的概念,效率權(quán)衡取舍機(jī)會(huì)成本經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),The Production Possibilities Frontier,,,Quantity of ComputersProduced,Quantity ofCars Produced,3,000,2,000,A,700,0,1,000,,,,,An outward shift

59、in the production possibilities frontier,生產(chǎn)可能性邊界,,,計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)量,汽車產(chǎn)量,3,000,2,000,A,700,0,1,000,,,,,生產(chǎn)可能性邊界向外移動(dòng),,,Microeconomics and Macroeconomics,Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.How households a

60、nd firms make decisions and how they interact in specific marketsMacroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.,,,微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué),微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 的研究對(duì)象是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個(gè)體。家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策

61、，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ㄊ袌?chǎng)上相互交易。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 研究經(jīng)濟(jì)總體現(xiàn)象。從總體上看，各種市場(chǎng)在國(guó)家水平上如何相互影響。,,,Two Roles of Economists經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的兩個(gè)角色,When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. 當(dāng)他們努力去解釋世界時(shí)，他們是科學(xué)家。When they are trying to change the worl

62、d, they are policymakers. 當(dāng)他們想要改變世界時(shí)，他們是政策顧問(wèn)。,,,Positive versus Normative Analysis,Positive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.Called descriptive analysisNormative statements are statements

63、about how the world should be.Called prescriptive analysis,,,實(shí)證分析與規(guī)范分析,實(shí)證表述 是企圖描述世界是什么的觀點(diǎn)。被稱為描述性分析。規(guī)范表述 是企圖描述世界應(yīng)該如何運(yùn)行的觀點(diǎn)。被稱為命令性分析。,,,?,?,Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？,An increase in the minimum wage w

64、ill cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.提高最低工資水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致最低技能工人的就業(yè)減少。Positive 實(shí)證性,,,?,?,?,Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？,Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increa

65、se.較高的聯(lián)邦赤字水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致利率上升。Positive 實(shí)證性,,,?,?,?,?,Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？,The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.提高最低工資水平得到的利益比由此帶來(lái)的稍微的就業(yè)減少造

66、成的損失大Positive 規(guī)范性,,,?,?,?,Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？,State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.應(yīng)該允許州政府向煙草公

67、司收取費(fèi)用，用于治療窮人當(dāng)中與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病的費(fèi)用。Positive 規(guī)范性,,,Economists in Washington . . .,. . . serve as advisers in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:LegislativeExecutiveJudicial,,,華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家 . . .,. . .在以下三

68、個(gè)政府部門的政策制定過(guò)程中充當(dāng)顧問(wèn)：立法行政司法,,,Economists in Washington,Some government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy:Department of Commercehttp://www.commerce.govBureau of Labor Statisticshttp://www.bl