簡介:THEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELANDCHAPTER1GEOGRAPHY,PEOPLEANDLANGUAGE全名THEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAIN(大不列顛聯(lián)合王國)ANDNORTHERNIRELAND(北愛爾蘭)由成千上萬的小島組成(THEBRITISHISLES)兩大島嶼GREATBRITAIN(大不列顛)ANDIRELAND(愛爾蘭)THERIVERTHAMESSECONDLONGESTANDMOSTIMPORTANT,ORIGINATES(起源于)INSOUTHWESTERNENGLANDNORTHSEASCOTLANDEDINBURGH愛丁堡IMPORTANTRIVERCLYDERIVERKILTS(蘇克蘭小短裙)WALESCARDIFF加迪夫,著名港口THESEVERNRIVERISTHELONGESTRIVEROFBRITAINFLOWTHROUGHWESTERNENGLANDNORTHERNIRELANDBELFAST貝爾法斯特,首府LOUGHNEAGHTHELARGESTLAKEINTHEBRITISHISLESCLIMATETEMPERATE,WITHWARMSUMMERS,COOLWINTERSANDPLENTIFULPRECIPITATION降雨量,冬暖夏涼,降雨充沛THREEMAJORFEATURESWINTERFOG,RAINYDAY,INSTABILITY冬天多霧,常年多雨,天氣不定LONDONBUCKINGHAMPALACE(白金漢宮),GUILDHALL市政廳,STPAUL’SCATHEDRAL(圣保羅大教堂),THETOWERBRIDGEOFLONDON(倫敦塔橋)THEMAJORITYOFTHEPOPULATIONISDESCENDANTSOFTHEANGLOSAXONS,AGERMANICPEOPLEFROMEUROPE大部分的人口是盎格魯撒克遜人的后裔,從歐洲來的日耳曼人MOSTPEOPLEINWALESANDSCOTLANDAREDESCENDANTSOFTHECELTICPEOPLE,INCLUDINGTHEIRISHPEOPLE威爾士和蘇格蘭的大多數(shù)人都是凱爾特人的后裔,包括愛爾蘭人ENGLISHBELONGSTOTHEINDOEUROPEANFAMILYOFLANGUAGESENGLISHISINTHEGERMANICGROUP英語屬于日耳曼語語系GERMANICGROUPEASTGERMANIC,NORTHGERMANIC,WESTGERMANICENGLISHEVOLVEDFROMTHEWESTGERMANICGROUP日耳曼語系東日耳曼語,北日耳曼語,西日耳曼語。英語從西日耳曼語中發(fā)展。1、OLDENGLISHWASINFLUENCEDBYOLDNORSESPOKENBYTHEVIKINGSANDWASRELATEDTOTHEGERMANANDDUTCHLANGUAGES受古代維京人所說的古斯坎德納威亞語影像并和德語法語密切相關(guān)WASENDEDWITHTHENORMANCONQUEST,WHENTHELANGUAGEWASINFLUENCEBYTHEFRENCHSPEAKINGNORMANS古英語時代結(jié)束于說法語的諾曼人的征服2、MIDDLEENGLISHWILLIAMTHECONQUERORINVADEDANDCONQUEREDANDTHEANGLOSAXONSNUMEROUSFRENCHWORDSCAMEINTOTHEENGLISHVOCABULARY征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格魯撒克遜人(大量的法語詞匯進(jìn)入英語詞匯)3、MODERNENGLISH15CENTURYWILLIAMCAXTONBROUGHTSTANDARDIZATIONTOENGLISH,ANDSPELLINGANDGRAMMARBECAMEFIXEDTHEFIRSTDICTIONARYPUBLISHEDIN1604SAMUELJOHNSONADICTIONARYOFTHEENGLISHLANGUAGEWASINFLUENTIALINASTANDARDFORMOFSPELLING卡克斯頓威廉帶來了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的英語,并成為固定的拼寫和語法。第一本字典發(fā)表于1604。約翰遜塞繆爾一本英文字典是有影響的一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)形式的拼寫。STANDARDENGLISHISBASEDONTHESPEECHOFTHEUPPERCLASSOFSOUTHEASTERNENGLANDITISALSO34THEHOUSEOFCOMMONS(下議院)三大職能①THEMOSTIMPORTANTISDRAFTINGNEWLAWS立法②TOSCRUTINIZE,CRITICIZEANDRESTRAINTHEACTIONSOFTHEGOVERNMENT約束政府③TOINFLUENCETHEFUTUREGOVERNMENTPOLICY影像未來政策6THEPARLIAMENTATWOPARTYSYSTEM兩黨制7THREEMAINPARTIESTHECONSERVATIVEPARTY保守黨,THELABORPARTY工黨,THELIBERALDEMOCRATS自由民主黨獲得下議院半數(shù)以上投票的黨派成為執(zhí)政黨8THEQUEENOFBRITAINISCONSIDEREDTHEHEADOFTHECOMMONWEALTHTHEHEADQUARTERSAREALLLOCATEDINLONDON英國女王被認(rèn)為是英聯(lián)邦的元首(然并卵,只是個代言人而已)。總部都設(shè)在倫敦。CHAPTER4ECONOMY1BYTHE19THCENTURY,THEBRITISHECONOMYHADPRODUCED1/3OFTHEWORLD’SMANUFACTUREDGOODS十九世紀(jì),英國獨攬世界三分之一成品2INORDERTOSEPARATEPOLITICSANDECONOMICPOLICY,TONYBLAIRMADETHEBANKOFENGLANDINDEPENDENTHISGOVERNMENTWASSUCCESSFULINLIMITINGGOVERNMENTSPENDING,KEEPINGINFLATIONUNDERCONTROLANDREDUCINGUNEMPLOYMENT為了獨立的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,布萊爾讓英國央行獨立。他的政府是成功的限制政府開支,控制通貨膨脹,減少失業(yè)率。3IMPORTANTCROPSAREWHEAT,BARLEY,SUGARBEETANDPOTATOESTHEMAJORFISHINGAREASARETHENORTHSEA,THEENGLISHCHANNEL,THEWATERSOFFTHEIRISHCOASTANDTHESEAAREABETWEENBRITAINANDICELAND重要的農(nóng)作物有小麥、大麥、甜菜和土豆。主要的捕魚區(qū)是北海,英吉利海峽,愛爾蘭海岸和英國和冰島之間的海域。4MAJORSOURCEOFENERGYCOALMINING,OILINDUSTRYRELATIVELYNEW,NUCLEARPOWER能源的主要來源煤炭開采,石油工業(yè)(相對較新),核電5THREEPRINCIPALFINANCIALCENTERS三大金融中心LONDON,TOKYO,NEWYORK6TOURISMSTONEHENGE,WINDSORCASTLEBRITAINISONEOFTHEWORLD’SLARGESTCENTERSFORINTERNATIONALCONFERENCE最大國際會議中心7EXPORT出口PARTNERSGERMANY,THEUNITEDSTATED,THENETHERLAND,FRANCEIMPORT進(jìn)口PARTNERGERMANY,THEUNITEDSTATED,THENETHERLAND,CHINACHAPTER5EDUCATION,MEDIAANDHOLIDAYS1BEFORE1870,EDUCATIONWASVOLUNTARYANDSCHOOLSWERESETBYTHECHURCH1870年之前教育是THEKINGORQUEEN’SROLEISCEREMONIAL,UNPOLITICALANDSYMBOLIC
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簡介:2012畢業(yè)班小學(xué)英語總復(fù)習(xí)資料一學(xué)生易錯詞匯1A,AN的選擇元音字母開頭的單詞用AN,輔音字母開頭的單詞用A2AM,IS,ARE的選擇單數(shù)用IS,復(fù)數(shù)用AREI用AM,YOU用ARE3HAVE,HAS的選擇表示某人有某物單數(shù)用HAS,復(fù)數(shù)用HAVEI,YOU用HAVE4THEREIS,THEREARE的選擇表示某地有某物,某人單數(shù)用THEREIS,復(fù)數(shù)用THEREARE5SOME,ANY的選擇肯定句用SOME,疑問句和否定句用ANY6疑問詞的選擇WHAT什么WHO誰WHERE哪里WHOSE誰的WHY為什么WHEN什么時候WHICH哪一個HOWOLD多大HOWMANY多少HOWMUCH多少錢二形容詞比較級詳解當(dāng)我們需要對事物作出比較時,需要用到比較級比較級的句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常是什么動詞BEAM,IS,ARE形容詞比較級THAN比什么,如IMTALLERANDHEAVIERTHANYOU我比你更高和更重ANELEPHANTISBIGGERTHANATIGER一只大象比一只老虎更大形容詞的比較級是在形容詞的基礎(chǔ)上變化而來的,它的變化規(guī)則是①一般的直接在詞尾加ER,如TALLTALLER,STRONGSTRONGER,②以E結(jié)尾的,直接加R,如FINE–FINER,③以輔音字母加Y結(jié)尾的,先改Y為I再加ER,如FUNNYFUNNIER④雙寫最后的字母再加ER,如BIG–BIGGER,THIN–THINNER,HOT–HOTTER注意比較的兩者應(yīng)該是互相對應(yīng)的可比較的東西典型錯誤MYHAIRISLONGERTHANYOU我的頭發(fā)比你更長比較的兩者是我的頭發(fā),你整個人,那么比較的對象就沒有可比性應(yīng)該改為MYHAIRISLONGERTHANYOURS或MYHAIRISLONGERTHANYOURHAIR比較級專項練習(xí)一,從方框中選出合適的單詞完成句子HEAVYTALLLONGBIG1HOWISTHEYELLOWRIVER2HOWISMRGREENHES175CM3HOWAREYOURFEETIWEARSIZE184HOWISTHEFISHITS2KG三動詞過去式詳解動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則有A,規(guī)則動詞①一般直接在動詞的后面加ED如WORKED,LEARNED,CLEANED,VISITED②以E結(jié)尾的動詞直接加D如LIVED,DANCED,USED③以輔音字母加Y結(jié)尾的動詞要改Y為I再加ED此類動詞較少如STUDY–STUDIEDCARRY–CARRIEDWORRY–WORRIED注意PLAY,STAY不是輔音字母加Y,所以不屬于此類④雙寫最后一個字母此類動詞較少如STOPPEDB,不規(guī)則動詞此類詞并無規(guī)則,須熟記小學(xué)階段要記住以下動詞的原形和過去式SING–SANG,EAT–ATE,SEE–SAW,HAVE–HAD,DO–DID,GOWENT,TAKETOOK,BUYBOUGHT,GETGOT,READREAD,FLYFLEW,AM/ISWAS,AREWERE,SAYSAID,LEAVELEFT,SWIMSWAM,TELLTOLD,DRAWDREW,COMECAME,“NOT“加在BE后面,可縮寫成“ISNT,ARENT“,但AMNOT一般都分開寫沒有動詞BE的句子則要先在主要動詞的前面加上一個助動詞DO,DOES,DID,然后在它后面加上“NOT“,你也可以把它們縮寫在一起如“DONT,DOESNT,DIDNT這三個助動詞要根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)來選擇,其中“DOES“只用于一般現(xiàn)在時主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的情況,而“DID“只用于一般過去時,不論主語是什么人稱和數(shù),都用“DID“3,一般疑問句是指詢問事實的句子,此類句子必須用“YES“,或“NO“來回答如AREYOUASTUDENTYES,IAM/NO,IMNOTISSHEADOCTORYES,SHEIS/NO,SHEISNTDOESHEWORKINAHOSPITALYES,HEDOES/NO,HEDOESNTARETHEREFOURFANSINOURCLASSROOMYES,THEREARE/NO,THEREARENTAREYOUGOINGTOBUYACOMICBOOKTONIGHTYES,IAM/NO,IAMNOTYES,WEARE/NO,WEARENTWILLHEEATLUNCHAT1200YES,IWILL/NO,IWILLNOTWONTARETHEYSWIMMINGYES,THEYARE/NO,THEYARENTDIDYOUWATCHTVYESTERDAYEVENINGYES,IDID/NO,IDIDNT注意小結(jié)一般疑問句是在肯定句的基礎(chǔ)上,①把動詞BE調(diào)到首位,其他照寫,末尾標(biāo)點符號變成問號即可②沒有動詞BE的句子則要在句首加上一個助動詞DO,DOES,DID再把緊跟在后面的動詞變回原形,末尾標(biāo)點符號變成問號即可這三個助動詞也要根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)來選擇,其中“DOES“只用于一般現(xiàn)在時主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的情況,而“DID“只用于一般過去時,不論主語是什么人稱和數(shù),都用“DID“一般疑問句有個重要的原則就是問和答要一致,即問句里的第一個單詞助動詞和簡略答句里的這個詞是一致的4,特殊疑問句以特殊疑問詞WHAT,WHERE,WHO,WHICH,WHEN,WHOSE,WHY,HOW等開頭引導(dǎo)的句子此類句子應(yīng)該問什么就答什么,不能用“YES,NO“來回答如WHATISTHISITSACOMPUTERWHATDOESHEDOHESADOCTORWHEREAREYOUGOINGIMGOINGTOBEIJINGWHOPLAYEDFOOTBALLWITHYOUYESTERDAYAFTERNOONMIKEWHICHSEASONDOYOULIKEBESTSUMMERWHENDOYOUUSUALLYGETUPIUSUALLYGETUPAT630WHOSESKIRTISTHISITSAMYSWHYDOYOULIKESPRINGBESTBECAUSEICANPLANTTREESHOWAREYOUIMFINE/IMHAPPYHOWDIDYOUGOTOXINJIANGIWENTTOXINJIANGBYTRAIN其中HOW又可以和其他一些形容詞連用組成特殊疑問詞組用來提問,如HOWMANY多少數(shù)量,HOWMUCH多少錢,HOWTALL多高,HOWLONG多長,HOWBIG多大,HOWHEAVY多重例句HOWMANYPENCILSDOYOUHAVEIHAVETHREEPENCILSHOWMANYGIRLSCANYOUSEEICANSEEFOURGIRLSHOWMANYDESKSARETHEREINYOURCLASSROOMTHEREARE51小結(jié)HOWMANY用來提問可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量,主要有以上三種句式搭配,HOWMANY名詞復(fù)數(shù)DOYOUHAVE你有多少HOWMANY名詞復(fù)數(shù)CANYOUSEE你能看見多少
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