《新編語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程》練習(xí)參考答案

1、說(shuō)明應(yīng)許多教師和學(xué)生的要求，我們編寫(xiě)了本教科書(shū)每章后面的習(xí)題答案。但是，有兩點(diǎn)必須說(shuō)明一下。第一，對(duì)術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義或解釋，多是以本書(shū)相關(guān)章節(jié)為依據(jù)，所以會(huì)有些局限性。好在目前市場(chǎng)上有多種語(yǔ)言學(xué)詞典，大家可參考其他定義和解釋。第二，對(duì)開(kāi)放式問(wèn)答題的回答，多為提示性的，而且也是基于本書(shū)內(nèi)容做的基本回答，往往顯得過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)略。一方面，本書(shū)是入門(mén)性的教程，對(duì)諸多問(wèn)題的討論仍欠深入；另一方面，每章后面附的參考書(shū)，可以告訴讀者到哪里去查找相關(guān)信息，加深對(duì)某

2、個(gè)問(wèn)題的了解。總之，這里提供的答案是參考性的，絕不是唯一的，更不是窮盡一切的。充其量，它只能給教師和同學(xué)提供一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)方便而已。如發(fā)現(xiàn)不當(dāng)之處，敬請(qǐng)指教。Chapter1Introduction1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)linguistics:thescientificsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language:asystemofarbitraryvocalsym

3、bolsusedfhumancommunication.(3)arbitrariness:theabsenceofsimilaritybetweenthefmofalinguisticsignwhatitrelatestoinrealitye.g.thewddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.(4)duality:thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundslette

4、rs)combinetofmmeaningfulunits(wds)atanotherlevel.(5)competence:knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasafmalabstractiondistinctfromthebehaviofactuallanguageusei.e.perfmance.(6)perfmance:Chomsky’stermfactuallanguagebehaviasdist

5、inctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesitcompetence.(7)stylistics:thestudyofhowliteraryeffectscanberelatedtolinguisticfeatures.(8)phaticcommunion:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmospheremaintainsocialcontactbetweenthespeakerthehe

6、arer.(9)functionalism:thestudyofthefmsoflanguageinreferencetotheirsocialfunctionincommunication.(10)fmalism:thestudyoftheabstractfmsoflanguagetheirinternalrelations.(11)synchroniclinguistics:thestudyoflanguagespeechasthe

7、yareusedatagivenmomentnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.(12)diachroniclinguistics:thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.2.Nolanguageishumanspecific.Humanlanguagehass

8、evendesignfeaturesincludingarbitrarinessdualityproductivityinterchangeabilitydisplacementspecializationculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingindogs’pigs’noisesthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysyste

9、ms.mannerofarticulation.(4)elision:theleavingoutofasoundsoundsinspeech.(5)intonation:thevariationinpitchstresswhichgivesbeatrhythmtothetunethevoiceplaysindinaryspeech.(6)phoneme:theabstractelementofasoundidentifiedasbein

10、gdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.(7)phoics:thestudyoflinguisticspeechsoundshowtheyareproducedhowtheyareperceivedtheirphysicalproperties.(8)phonology:thestudyoftheabstractsystemsunderlyingthesoundsoflanguage.(9)stress:th

11、eprominencegiventocertainsoundsinspeech.(10)voicing:thevibrationinthelarynxcausedbyairfromthelungspassingthroughthevocalcdswhentheyarepartlyclosedspeechsoundsaresaidtobeeithervoicedvoiceless.(11)voiceless:Whenthevocalcds

12、arespreadaparttheairstreamfromthelungsisnotobstructedatthespacebetweenvocalcdspassesfreely.Thesoundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoicelesssounds.(12)vowel:aspeechsoundproducedwithoutsignificantconstrictionoftheairflowi

13、ngthroughthealcavity.2.Minimalpairtestsubstitutiontest.Minimalpairtestsubstitutiontestistoseewhethersubstitutingonesoundfanotherresultsinadifferentwd.Ifitdoesthetwosoundsrepresentdifferentphonemes.FexampleastotheEnglishw

14、dbearifwesubstitutepfbwegetthewdpearthetwoaredifferentwds.Thenbprepresentdifferentphonemes.Otherexamplesarechunkjunkbanbinbetbeatfinevinesidesiteetc.3.Takethewdbigfexampleinthewdbigbigbistheonsetiisthenucleusgisthecoda.T

15、hedifferencebetweenopensyllablesclosedsyllablesiswhetherthewdshavecodas.IftherearecodastheyareclosedsyllablessuchaspighatatifnottheyareopensyllablessuchasdoIteakey.4.(1)stopconsonant(2)backroundedvowel5.(1)voicelessvoice

16、d(2)bilabiallabiodental(3)closesemiopen(4)stopnasal(5)alveolarpalatal(6)alveolardental(1)kitgitbuckerbuggerbagback(2)marknarksmacksnacksumsun(3)bestvestoberoverliblive(4)bemeabateamatemobmom(5)patfataptaft(AmE)harp(BrE)h