道路與橋梁專業(yè)英語課后句子

1、特別感謝：付玉強(qiáng)、劉健、劉明金、劉鑫宇、寧維回、孫清龍第四課課文Thisfcepreventsthecracksfromdevelopingbyeliminatingconsiderablyreducingthetensilestressesatthecriticalsectionsatservicesloadtherebyraisingthebendingsheartsionalcapacitiesofthesections.這種力能

2、消除或大大減少使用荷載在跨中及支座等臨界截面處產(chǎn)生的拉應(yīng)力，阻止裂縫出現(xiàn)，從而提高截面的抗彎、抗剪和抗扭能力。AlthoughitmightappearthattheblockswillslipverticallysimulateshearslipfailureinfacttheywillnotbecauseofthelongitudinalfceP.雖然看起來好像塊體會滑移并發(fā)生垂直剪切滑動破壞，但事實(shí)上由于縱向力p的作用，這種情況不

3、會出現(xiàn)。Butagainbecauseofthecompressiveprestressimposedbythemetalbsasafmofcircularprestressingtheywillremaininplace.但又是由于金屬箍施加的壓應(yīng)力產(chǎn)生了環(huán)形預(yù)應(yīng)力，因而木桶仍保持原樣。Linearprestressinghadprogressedalongwayfromtheearlydays.線預(yù)應(yīng)力從出現(xiàn)以來，已經(jīng)有了很大的發(fā)展

4、。Thesuccessinthedevelopmentconstructionofallthesestructureshasbeendueinnosmallmeasuretotheadvancesinthetechnologyofmaterialsparticularlyprestressingsteeltheaccumulatedknowledgeinestimatingtheshtlongtermlossesintheprestre

5、ssingfces.所有這些結(jié)構(gòu)物的建造成功，在很大程度上應(yīng)歸功于材料技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，也應(yīng)歸功于預(yù)應(yīng)力損失計(jì)算方法的不斷完善。閱讀材料AccdingtotheAASHTOtechnologyimplementationgroupHPCwhichisconcretethathasbeendesignedtobemedurableifnecessarystrongerthanconventionalconcretecanhelphighwaya

6、genciestobuildbridgesthatarebetterabletoholdptotrafficenvironmentaldems.根據(jù)美國各州公路與運(yùn)輸工作者協(xié)會技術(shù)實(shí)施部的論述，高性能混凝土是一種經(jīng)過設(shè)計(jì)后耐久性更好，強(qiáng)度比常規(guī)混凝土更高的混凝土（必要時(shí)），公路部門可以用其修建承受更大車輛荷載和更高環(huán)境要求的橋梁。Thesectionofmixproptionsistheprocessofchoosingsuitable

7、ingredientsofconcretedeterminingtheirrelativequantitieswiththeobjectofproducingaseconomicallyaspossibleconcreteofcertainminimumpropertiesnotablystrengthdurabilityarequiredconsistency.混合料配合比設(shè)計(jì)是在最經(jīng)濟(jì)而滿足強(qiáng)度、耐久性與所需稠度最低性能要求的目標(biāo)下

8、？選擇適宜的混凝土組分并確定其相對數(shù)量的過程。Generallythesemethodsarebasedonfundamentalfunctions:watertocementratiotheconstancyofwaterdemtheyofoptimumaggregatesproptioningallofwhichdeterminemixtureswiththerequiredproperties.這些方法通常都是基于如下基本公式進(jìn)行

9、的：水灰比、恒定用水量與集料最佳配合比理論，他們確?；旌狭夏軡M足相應(yīng)的性能要求。SilicafumeisalsooftenusedinternarycombinationswithPtlcementwithflyashslag.硅粉通常與水泥中的粉煤灰和礦渣形成三組分結(jié)構(gòu)。Thestressstrainbehaviisdependedonanumberofparameterswhichincludematerialvariablessu

10、chasaggregatetypetestingvariablessuchasageattestingloadingratestraingradientothers.應(yīng)力應(yīng)變性能取決于各種參數(shù)的取值，包括集料類型等材料變量以及試驗(yàn)齡期、加載速率、應(yīng)變梯度與其他各種試驗(yàn)變量。Lesson5結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)原理①Thesuccessfuldesignerisatalltimesfullyconsciousofthevariousconsiderat

11、ionsthatwere成功的設(shè)計(jì)者在任何時(shí)候都能全面的考慮到結(jié)構(gòu)初步設(shè)計(jì)中包含的各種因素，同時(shí)還充分考慮到以后施工中可能遇到的各種問題。特別感謝：付玉強(qiáng)、劉健、劉明金、劉鑫宇、寧維回、孫清龍F(tuán)exampleifitisfoundthatasiteofhisticarcheologicalimptanceislocatedwithinanareabeingconsideredfpossibleroutelocationitmaybeim

12、mediatelydecidedthatanyroutethattraversesthatsitashouldbeexcludedfromfurtherconsideration例如，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)重要的歷史古跡和建筑位于路線可能通過的區(qū)域，則應(yīng)立即確定通過那個(gè)區(qū)域的任何路線下一步將不被考慮Theavailabilityofcomputerbasedtechniqueshassignificantlyanhancedthisprocess

13、sinceaproposedhighwaycanbedisplayedonamonitenablingthedesignertohaveadriverseyeviewofboththehizontalverticalalignmentsoftheroad計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)極大地提高了定線過程（的效率），因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)的公路可以顯示在屏幕上，從而使設(shè)計(jì)者有了駕駛者的實(shí)現(xiàn)效果，即可以看到平面線形，又可以看到縱面線性Mostarterialshave12f

14、ttravellanessincethextracostfconstructing12ftlanesover10ftlanesisusuallyoffsetbythelowermaintenancecostfshoulderspavementsurfaceresulinginthereductionofwheelconcentrationsatthepavementedges大多數(shù)干線車行道寬12英尺，因?yàn)樾藿?2英尺車行道比10英尺車

15、行道超出費(fèi)用通常被路肩和路面較少的養(yǎng)護(hù)費(fèi)抵消了，可以減輕路面邊緣的輪載集中現(xiàn)象Theusablewidthisthesameasthegradedwidthwhenthesideslopeisequaltoflatterthan41astheshoulderbreakisusuallyroundedtoawidthbetween4t6fttherebyincreasingtheusablewidth當(dāng)邊坡等于或環(huán)宇4:1（水平距離：豎直

16、距離）時(shí)，有效路肩寬度與整型路肩寬度相等，因?yàn)槁芳绲霓D(zhuǎn)折處通常被修成圓形，寬度達(dá)到46英尺，因此增加了有效寬度Theusablemedianshoulderwidthfdividedarterialswiththreemelanesineachdiectionshouldbeatleast8ftsincedriversindifficultyonthelanenexttothemedianoftenfinditdifficulttoma

17、neuovertotheoutsideshoulderwhenthereisneedtostop對于每一方向有三車道或者更多車道的分離式干線公路，中間帶的有效路肩寬度至少應(yīng)有8英尺，因?yàn)榫o靠中間帶車道上行駛的駕駛者出現(xiàn)問題需要停車時(shí)，很難行駛到外邊的路肩上。Somedisadvantagesassociatedwithraisedmediansincludepossiblelossofcontrolofthevehiclebythedr

18、iverifthemedianisaccidentallystrucktheycatashadowfromoncomingheadlightswhichresultsindriversfindingitdifficulttoseethecurb凸起式中間帶也有一些缺點(diǎn)，如若司機(jī)不幸撞上中間帶，車輛可能會失控，對想車前燈照射下中間帶的陰影會使駕駛者難以看到路緣石。第十一課1.thewearingsurfaceofarigidpavemen

19、tusuallyisconstructedofPtlcementconcretesuchthatitactslikeabeam....剛性路面的磨耗層通常用水泥混凝土鋪筑，其受力與梁類似，..Hightypepavementshavewearingsurfacesthatadequatelysuppttheexpectedtrafficloadwithoutvisibledistressduetofatiguearenotsuscept

20、ibletoweatherconditions.高級路面的磨耗層能有效的承擔(dān)預(yù)期的車輛荷載，而不會出現(xiàn)明顯的疲勞破壞，并且不易受氣候的影響。wellcompactedtoprescribedspecifications.充分壓實(shí)達(dá)到規(guī)范的要求Itshouldbecapableofwithstinghightirepressuresresistingtheabrasivefcesduetotrafficprovidingaskidresi

21、stantdrivingsurfacepreventingtheperationofsurfacewaterintotheunderlyinglayers.表面層應(yīng)該能夠承受高的輪胎壓力，能夠抵抗車輛的摩阻力，提供良好的抗滑表面，并能阻止表面水滲入下承層。Insomecasesthetransversejointsofplainconcretepavementsareskewedabout4~5ftinplansuchthatonlyo

22、newheelofavehiclepassesthroughthejointatatime.在有些情況下，素混凝土路面的橫向接縫做成傾斜45英尺（平面上），這樣，在某一時(shí)刻只有一個(gè)車輪通過接縫。1.Itisusuallyassumedthatthesubgradelayerisinfiniteinboththehizontalverticaldirections，whereastheotherlayersarefiniteintheve