能運用漢譯英的理論以及技巧

1、翻譯,,,Strategies of Reading & Translation for Chinese Students,I. Reading & translation – indispensable skills for students of English1. an important course for a student 2. an important requisite for

2、an employee,,Syllabus for TEM 8:,能運用漢譯英的理論和技巧，翻譯我國報刊雜志上的文章和一般文學(xué)作品。速度為每小時250 -- 300個漢字。譯文必須忠實原意，語言通順。流暢。能運用英譯漢的理論和技巧，翻譯英美報刊雜志上的文章和文學(xué)原著。速度為每小時250 -- 300個英文單詞。譯文必須忠實原意，語言通順。流暢。測試形式： 主觀試題，考試時間60分鐘。 From Chinese to Engli

3、sh: 150個漢字的段落 From English to Chinese: 150個英文單詞的段落,,Challenges for students of English in reading & translation 1. Tom was not late for class because of his illness. 因為生病,湯姆上課沒有遲到。 2. My only capital i

4、s diligence. 我唯一的資本是勤奮。 Diligence – my only means to success.,,II. Difficulties for Chinese students in reading & translation 嚴(yán)復(fù)：“一名之立，旬月踟躇?！?理查茲：“翻譯很可能是整個宇宙進(jìn)化過程中迄今 為止最復(fù)雜的一種活動?！?

5、 -- 許淵沖：《英漢、漢英翻譯教程序言 》, 1990,1. 兩種不同的文字系統(tǒng)：,中文：　 parataxis,意合法 英文： hypotaxis,形合法,她彈鋼琴，他吹笛子…。,1) She plays the piano and he plays the flute. Both of them are musicians.2) She plays the piano but

6、he plays the flute. They play different musical instruments.3) While she was playing the piano, he played the flute. They produced beautiful tunes.4) After she played the piano, he played the flute. Their perf

7、ormances were a great treat to the guests.,Examples:1) 瓜熟蒂落，水到渠成。 When a melon is ripe, it falls off its stem. When water flows, a channel is formed.2) Everything is good when new, but friends when old. 物

8、莫如新，友莫如故。3) A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle. 沒有男人的女人好似沒有自行車的魚。 女人用不著男人，就象魚用不著自行車。,,Examples:4）Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a po

9、ol and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch! 當(dāng)你跟可愛的孩子們站在池子里，又有個年輕 的狄安娜在池邊好奇地接受你捉上來的任何東 西時，如果你懂得什么叫美的話，時間是過得 很快的?。?52）,Zeugma 共軛,1. The senator picked up his hat and co

10、urage. 參議員撿起了帽子，同時鼓起了勇氣。2. While the Vietnam vet was fighting, and losing limb and mind, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. 越戰(zhàn)老兵在浴血奮戰(zhàn)時，即使不缺胳膊少腿也回淪為瘋 子，而其他人這會兒卻躲在他們后面求學(xué)深造，一展宏 圖呢。,,3.

11、 Friction can be considerably reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by careful lubrication. 對機器仔細(xì)加以潤滑，能大大減少摩擦，從而延長機器 的壽命。4. A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories,

12、and his conclusions 科學(xué)家會經(jīng)常設(shè)法去否定自己的假設(shè)，推翻自己的理 論，放棄自己的結(jié)論。,,5. The availability of venture capital financing to young, high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth

13、enjoyed by, and the increased competitiveness of, America’s high technology industry. 新興高科技公司所獲取的風(fēng)險資本融資，對于美國高 科技產(chǎn)業(yè)收益率的大幅提高和競爭力的不斷提升起到 了重大的作用。,,6. The start-up program for the reactor must not be comme

14、nced before completion and formal acceptance of fire precautions and associated installations by the competent authorities in question and by the insurers or their representatives. 在消防措施和相關(guān)設(shè)施完成并由有

15、關(guān)當(dāng)局及保險公司 或其代理人正式驗收之前，不得開始反應(yīng)堆程序。,,2. 植根于不同文化土壤中的兩種語言 1）Every dog has his day 2）月貌花容 with a face like the moon and a visage like a flower 3）His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar.

16、 他用非常不快的口氣作了反駁。 4）Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. (Shakespeare),Examples:,5) “The chancellor has been sentenced to death.” “Giv

17、e a dog a bad name.” “首相被判死刑?！?“欲加之罪，何患無詞?！?) 這個女人真是紅眼病，連朋友長得好看都要嫉妒。 She is a green-eyed woman, even jealous of her friend’s good looks.,Examples:,7.舊歷新年快來了。這是一年中的第一件大事。除了 那些負(fù)債過多的人以外，大家都熱烈地歡迎這個佳 節(jié)

18、的到來。 The traditional New Year Holiday was fast approaching, the first big event of the year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy debts – which traditionally had to be paid off before the year – was

19、enthusiastically looking forward to it.,3. 兩種不同的思維方式和表現(xiàn)手法,１）你來得不是時候。 You could have come at a better time.２） He can’t see you quickly enough. 他想盡快和你見面。 3）We’d better let the sleeping dogs lie. 我們最好別去惹

20、這個是非。,More examples:,4）The team was organized two years ago and it has yet to win a single game. 這個隊兩年前就成立了，到現(xiàn)在還沒贏過一場球。5）A：你應(yīng)該休息一下。 B: 我必須一口氣把它做完。 A: You should take a break sometime. B: I have to do this in

21、 one sitting. (perspective),More examples:,6) I don’t know her to speak to. 我和她只有點頭之交。7) A big elephant is not more an animal than a little cat is. 大象是動物，小貓也是動物。8) He was not the eldest son of his father

22、 for nothing. 他不愧是他父親的長子。（否定轉(zhuǎn)移）,More examples:,9) A: You have a big nose. B: Look who is talking! A: 你的鼻子很大啊！ B：你不是也一樣！10) A: Those students are terrible. B: Don’t I know it! A: 那些學(xué)生真差啊。 B：

23、一點都沒錯。 (Mode of thinking),,11) The maxim was that when a married couple saw red lawyers saw green. 俗語說，夫婦吵得臉紅耳赤之時，便是律師招財進(jìn) 寶之日。,,III. Strategical consideration of Translation,Translation – an early socia

24、l activity in human history,1.《冊府元龜》里的《外臣部 朝貢》： “夏后即位七 年，于夷來賓。少康即位三年， 方夷來賓?！?（夏后即位：2197 B.C. 少康即位：2079 B.C.)2. 安世高，東漢，148 A.D. 二十余年，佛經(jīng)95部3. 埃及國王托勒密二世邀72學(xué)者到亞歷山大圖書館， 把《圣經(jīng) 舊約》從希伯來語譯成希臘語 (285 B.C. -- 2

25、49 B.C.),,中國列代的翻譯理論： 玄奘：“既須求真，又須喻俗”（公元620年前后） 嚴(yán)復(fù)：“信、達(dá)、雅” (1853 -- 1921) 魯迅：“我是至今主張‘寧信而不順’的?！?（〈給瞿秋白的信〉） 傅 雷: “傳神”論：譯文和原文在形式上和精神上 同時一致起來。 （ 1951）錢鐘書: “化境”說：原文的思想、感情、風(fēng)格、神韻

26、都 原原本本地化到譯文的境界里，不留任何翻譯 的痕跡。（1964）,,奈達(dá)的動態(tài)對等原理 （Dynamic Equivalence）:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first i

27、n terms ofmeaning and secondly in terms of style.翻譯就是在譯語中復(fù)制出與原語首先在意義上其次在風(fēng)格上最切近與自然的等值語。 (Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, p. 12, The Theory and Practice of Translation,1969),,對翻譯初學(xué)者的要求：

28、 正確理解和表達(dá)原文的思想， 忠實與通順, 譯文的文字流暢地道。,翻譯的方法: literal translation & free translation,直譯：按照詞或句的直接含義來表達(dá)原文。 優(yōu)點：能順其自然地表達(dá)原文的本色。 缺點：在一定程度上影響譯文的暢達(dá) 和可接受性。意譯：在原語與譯

29、語無對應(yīng)形式的情況下， 采用折射或迂回的手段來表達(dá)原文。 優(yōu)點：能較好地保持譯入語的習(xí)慣性 和譯文的可接受性。 缺點：在一定程度上影響譯文的準(zhǔn)確性。,,1）能直譯時就直譯： 船小好掉頭：A small boat turns easily. 望而生畏：be terrified by the sight of

30、 望梅止渴：quench one’s thirst by thinking of plums 看風(fēng)使舵，他的口氣立即變得溫和了。 Steering according to the wind, he immediately softened his tone.,Examples:,他活該！老虎頭上撲蒼蠅。 Serve him right! Only fools catch flies on a

31、 tiger’s head. 你“借刀殺人”之計好厲害呀！ Your scheme to murder with a borrowed knife is very effective. A wise man thinks all that he says; a fool says all that he thinks. 智者思其所言， 愚者言其所思。,,This organization is toda

32、y collapsing on its clayfeet. Its organs have been cut out, dissected andreshaped so that they may perform the way thepuppet masters want. 今天這個泥足支撐的組織正在崩潰。它的器官被割掉、肢解和整形，以使其按照木偶操縱者所要求的方式行事。 （馬來西亞總理馬哈蒂爾2004年在第5

33、8屆聯(lián)合國大會上的發(fā)言）,Language enriched by literal translation,幽默 (humor); 邏輯 (logic); 芭蕾 (ballet); 引擎 (engine); 撲克 (poker); 歇斯底里 (hysteria);達(dá)摩可利斯之劍 (Damocles Sword, 意指某種威脅); 潘多拉的匣子 (Pandora’s Box, 指災(zāi)禍之源)

34、; 挪亞方舟 (Noah’s Ark, 代表和平); 猶大之吻 (Juda’s Kiss, 表示奸詐的背叛)Lose face 丟面子 paper tiger 紙老虎Gongfu 功夫 yinyang 陰陽Long time no see 好久未見,,貌合神離的假朋友： pull one’s leg 拖后腿; eat one’s words 食言;

35、 make one’s hair stand on end 令人發(fā)指; a walking skeleton 行尸走肉; foot the bill 踩著支票； laugh one’s head off 笑掉大牙 in the seventh heaven 升天 (a place or condition of utmost happiness) hang o

36、n sb’s lips 掛在嘴上 (listen attentively),,2）不能直譯時就意譯 She liked to be with him better than with others. a. 她喜歡與他在一起， 并不那樣喜歡與別人在一起。 b. 她覺得跟他比跟別人在一起更開心。 c. 她覺得跟他在一起最開心。,,望穿秋水：have long been looking forward 望

37、塵莫及：too far behind to catch up; too inferior to compare with He got the sack because he used to loosen his tongue. 他曾因信口開河而被解雇 范進(jìn)被胡屠戶一口啐在臉上，罵了個狗血噴頭。 Butcher Hu spat in Fan Jin’s face, and

38、 poured out a torrent of abuse.,Examples:,八字還沒有一撇呢 a. not even the first stroke of the character 八 is in sight. b. There is not the slightest sign of anything happening yet. 他沒料到半路上會殺出一個程咬金來。

39、 a. He did not expect that Cheng Yaojin should appear half way. b. Little did he expect that half way another man should appear and try to poke his nose into the matter.,Examples:,Sleep came

40、 upon me as it came on many other outcasts, against whom house-doors were locked, and house-dogs barked. 我和其它那些無家可歸、無處棲身的流浪漢一樣，在 不知不覺中睡著了。,Examples:,Benjamin Franklin ： If we do not hang together, we shall most a

41、ssuredly hang separately. a. 咱們要是不biao（提手邊加票）到一塊兒，保準(zhǔn)會 吊到一塊兒。 b. 如果我們不能緊密地團(tuán)結(jié)在一起，那就必然分散地 走上絞刑臺。,,1. 表層義和隱含義：Denotation and connotation Nida: “Translation means translating the meaning.” I am never at a l

42、oss for a word, and he is never at a loss for the word. 我從來不愁找不到詞來表達(dá)思想，而他從來不愁 找不到最合適的詞來表達(dá)思想。,Examples:,婦人問道：“叔叔，青春多少？” 武松道：“武二二十五歲》” The woman asked again, “Brother-in-law, how many green springtime

43、s have you passed?” “Twenty-five,” Wusong answered. Pearl S Buck:《All Men Are Brothers》,一徑來至一個院門前，看那鳳尾森森，龍吟細(xì)細(xì)，正是瀟湘館。,At last he came to a secret door which was hidden away behind a thicket of high ferns by

44、 the edge of a quiet pond. A mysterious thumping which seemed to come from a water dragon living at the bottom of the pond, filled the air. -- Florence & Isabel Mehugh:《The Dream of the Red C

45、hamber》 Bamboo dense as phoenix plumage there made a rustling music. -- Yang Hsienyi and Gladye Yang:《A Dream of Red Mansions》,,2. 歸化譯法與異化譯法: Domestication and alienation 魯

46、迅：“翻譯和旅行外國是很相像的，它必須有異國 情調(diào)，就是所謂洋氣?！?《且介亭雜文二集 “題未定”草》 1）All roads lead to Rome 條條道路通羅馬, 百川歸海, 殊路同歸 2）雨后春筍： Spring up like mushrooms (《漢英成語詞典》p388) Spring up

47、 like bamboo shoots after a spring rain,Examples:,3) A brewer’s wife may drink of a tun. a. 釀酒人的妻子不愁酒。 b. 近水樓臺先得月。 4）to cast pearls before swine 明珠暗投 5）The pitcher went once too often to the we

48、ll. 常在河邊走，哪能不濕腳 6) 對新藥業(yè)，老實講，我是搟面杖吹火 - 一竅不通。 To be quite honest with you, I don’t know the first thing about the modern drug business.,,Translatability:拙作 my writing 寒舍 my house (residence) 賤內(nèi) m

49、y wife 貴庚 your age 高見 your opinion 雅意 your kindnessArt or science?因文而異，相機行事； 互補有無，相得益彰,Books recommended on translation,1. 實用翻譯教程 馮慶華 上海外語教育出版社2. 英漢互譯實用教程 郭著章 李慶生

50、 武漢大學(xué)出版社3. 論翻譯教學(xué) 主編 劉宗和 商務(wù)印書館4. 英漢互譯 – 方法與實踐 主編 王衛(wèi)平 華中科技大學(xué)出版社5. A Textbook of Translation Peter Newmark 上海外語教育出版社6. Translation and Relevance -- cognition and Cont

51、ext Ernst-August Gutt 上海外語教育出版社7. Discourse and the Translator Basil Hatim & Ian Mason 上海外語教育出版社8. Dictionary of Translation Studies Mark Shuttleworth & Moira Cowie