外來(lái)人口在赫爾辛基居住政策方針外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文1917字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p>　　外 文 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Policy approaches to residential segregation of i

2、mmigrants in Helsinki</p><p>　　Mixing policies have constituted an important part of urban planning in Helsinki since the 1970s. Planners and housing officials have strived to create and sustain spatially ba

3、lanced urban development through policies of tenure and social mixing. The rationale for mixing policies is rooted in the national ethos of egalitarian welfare politics. A socially and spatially balanced city structure h

4、as been perceived as a basis for a just and equal society, and housing policies, including housing allow</p><p>　　In Helsinki, tenure mix has been implemented by enforcing area-based tenure quotas for the pr

5、oduction of new dwellings. Mixing of tenure types has taken place mainly at the neigh level, but also within blocks and housing estates. Urban renewal program have also been used to diversify a homogeneous housing stock

6、in some older residential districts. In addition, mixing policies have been implemented through practices of social mixing in council housing allocation. Low-income households are dispers</p><p>　　On the oth

7、er hand, attempts to generate social mixing do not override people’s own freedom to choose where they want to live. Since the mid-1990s, council housing applicants have been able to specify the areas in which they wish t

8、o live, which means that council dwellings in other districts are not offered to them. In addition, applicants’ requests for certain facilities</p><p>　　Immigrants’ housing issues were incorporated into exis

9、ting mixing policies in Helsinki at the beginning of the 1990s. Residential segregation of immigrants was identified as a matter of concern by a working group that was set up to draft an immigrant policy proposal for the

10、 city council in 1991. Members of the working group listed housing as one of the basic communal services and suggested that preventing ethnic residential segregation was to be included as one of the objectives of the imm

11、igrant</p><p>　　Helsinki housing prices relative to the income of local people is very cheap. The general urban apartment prices per square meter in 2000 to 3000. Specifically stated, people used to calculat

12、e the total price of the housing area is the usable area of real hand, there is no "floor area" concept, nor will the corridor, elevator, all sharing space inside the property. Buyers are usually young people.

13、The total area of the house naturally not large, small, more than forty square meters, large eighty</p><p>　　Although not expressed explicitly, it appears that residential segregation is thought to hinder im

14、migrants’ integration into Finnish society and increase their risk of wealth. Potential segregation would also pose a challenge to the prevailing egalitarian ethos of a socially and spatially just society. Positive impac

15、ts of ethnic clustering, such as mutual support generated by living close to each other, are not considered in the 1991 policy proposal. However, it may well be that these kinds of p</p><p>　　Highway around,

16、 most are "blocks." If their relatively large mobility. And income is not high. As rent in the suburbs are more able to take. Finland is a high welfare state, but also sparsely populated, even if the income is

17、not high, get hold of decent housing is also not difficult. The fact is people live outside the district for the living conditions are very good, and taste all the municipal facilities, the government has regularly sent

18、to clean up the house to some people, taking a bath (fo</p><p>　　According to the memorandum, immigrants’ cultural background and their wishes to live close to relatives or members of their own ethnic group

19、are respected when council dwellings grow. This change of tone is in line with the general changes in council housing allocation at the time: since the mid-1990s all council housing applicants have been able to specify w

20、hich they wish to live in. </p><p>　　The housing memorandums of Helsinki overlook immigrants’ housing issues almost completely. Housing quotas, earmarked for refugees and Finns, are accounted for but the cau

21、ses and consequences of ethnic residential segregation are not explicitly discussed The two housing policy memorandums for the years 1998–2002 and 2001–2005 form the only exception. Herein, spatial dispersal of immigrant

22、s is to be promoted, as it is feared that segregation could trigger local conflicts, increase racism and hinde</p><p>　　Management Centre of Finland, said the financial crisis, housing prices began to declin

23、e in Finland, Finland, President Ma Lila real estate brokerage firm, said in Helsinki, Finland has become the biggest housing price decline in the area. Helsinki in September 2008 prices decreased an average reduction of

24、 5-10%, and the duplex structure and the larger of which housing prices decreased significantly, down 18%, since March has been the average price per square meter fell about 900 . Reduced price</p><p>　　Acco

25、rding to Phillips .residential segregation is not socially problematic per se, but it has negative consequences when linked with deprivation. On the basis of our analysis, it seems that it is precisely these kinds of con

26、sequences, wealth of vulnerable ethnic minorities, That Helsinki officials have been most afraid of. Combating residential segregation of immigrants, namely refugees and other low-income immigrants, has therefore been hi

27、ghly emphasized, even if positive aspects of clustering </p><p>　　Although, Helsinki’s mixing policies have been fairly explicit in their goal, they have not specified what level of concentration is too much

28、, or how the ambitious goals of spatial dispersal should be carried out on a grass-root level. When policies lack clear instructions on practical implementation, much room is left for individual decisions and interpretat

29、ion of housing . In such situations assumptions and reasoning behind the practices of council housing allocation become particularly crucia</p><p>　　The government sector particularly of teachers, police and

30、 nurses in these low-income middle class families and some have applied for government subsidies of foreign workers. The income of these families is often higher than the standard application for rental subsidies, but al

31、so on the free market economy can not afford the family-type housing. Most representative of the taka Surrey, nearly one-third of housing is social housing, the affordable rental housing by the city government and all ot

32、he</p><p>　　Source: J Hous and the Built Environ (2009) 24:423-439</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p>　　外來(lái)人口在赫爾辛基居住政策方針</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)70年代以來(lái)在赫爾辛基，混合政策已成為對(duì)城市規(guī)劃的重要組成部分

33、。規(guī)劃師和住房官員一直努力創(chuàng)造和維持著通過(guò)混合使用權(quán)和社會(huì)政策的空間均衡來(lái)發(fā)展城市。對(duì)于混合政策的理由是源自于外來(lái)人員的政治平等的福利。一個(gè)平衡的社會(huì)城市空間結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是被理解為是一個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的，公正的，平等的社會(huì)，而住房政策，包括住房津貼，以及生產(chǎn)和負(fù)擔(dān)得起住房費(fèi)用，以及體面的住房分配標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是我們一直所追求的。任期混合，尤其是被認(rèn)為是積極的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展下的整個(gè)城市的成果?；旌险叩闹饕繕?biāo)是防止社會(huì)問(wèn)題的積累（即問(wèn)題逐漸擴(kuò)大）。</

34、p><p>　　在過(guò)去十年中，赫爾辛基市里已經(jīng)建造了許多針對(duì)外來(lái)人員的新的住房和建筑質(zhì)量高、居住密度高、交通易達(dá)和綠地充足的住宅社區(qū)。 當(dāng)然，大多數(shù)人會(huì)想知道赫爾辛基如何能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)高質(zhì)量的多住戶(hù)單元住房。赫爾辛基市副市長(zhǎng)Penttilä負(fù)責(zé)城市規(guī)劃和房地產(chǎn)，對(duì)他來(lái)講，答案很簡(jiǎn)單。由于赫爾辛基市擁有百分之七十的土地，所以赫爾辛基對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)其擁有土地的方式有高度的可控性。加上來(lái)自房產(chǎn)稅的收入不到城市預(yù)算的百分之八（相

35、比之下，典型的加拿大自治城市約為百分之四十），因此，赫爾辛基繼續(xù)建立非隔離的市場(chǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)上補(bǔ)貼住房的長(zhǎng)期政策是可行的，使以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向的美學(xué)和補(bǔ)貼單元之間幾乎沒(méi)有明顯的差異。赫爾辛基擁有43,000個(gè)租住單位，20094個(gè)價(jià)格和質(zhì)量受控（HITAS）單位和2480個(gè)居住權(quán)公寓房，為城市570,000居民提供近百分之二十五的住房。而對(duì)于外來(lái)人口則可以提供百分之十八的住房。為了支持高品質(zhì)的房屋單位總數(shù)，30年前城市建立了HITAS部，負(fù)責(zé)管理通

36、過(guò)私營(yíng)部門(mén)建造的住房開(kāi)發(fā)項(xiàng)目，從而監(jiān)測(cè)開(kāi)發(fā)商的建設(shè)成本，保證了很高的住房質(zhì)量。這也是一個(gè)城市的慣常做法，在任何項(xiàng)目推出投標(biāo)之前舉行設(shè)計(jì)比賽，鼓勵(lì)房屋設(shè)計(jì)的持續(xù)創(chuàng)新。 </p><p>　　為了幫助促進(jìn)赫爾辛基新區(qū)的改造重建規(guī)劃，外來(lái)人員的住房問(wèn)題早在20世紀(jì)90年代開(kāi)始就已經(jīng)納入現(xiàn)有的在赫爾辛基混合政策之中了。外來(lái)人員的居住隔離被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)令人關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。所以就成立了一個(gè)工作組，并且成立了一個(gè)草案，而市議會(huì)在19

37、91年的移民政策會(huì)議上也通過(guò)建議。</p><p>　　赫爾辛基的房?jī)r(jià)相對(duì)于當(dāng)?shù)厝说氖杖雭?lái)說(shuō)非常便宜。市區(qū)的一般公寓每平方米售價(jià)在2000到3000歐元。特別聲明，人家計(jì)算總價(jià)用的住房面積是實(shí)實(shí)在在到手的實(shí)用面積，根本沒(méi)有“建筑面積”的概念，也不會(huì)把樓道、電梯、物業(yè)用房都算進(jìn)去。這類(lèi)公寓算是比較便宜的住宅，所以購(gòu)買(mǎi)者通常是年輕人。房子的總面積自然也不大，小的有四十多平方米，大的八九十平方米，很多都沒(méi)有陽(yáng)臺(tái)。對(duì)于外

38、來(lái)人員來(lái)說(shuō)，這并不是一比他們不能支付的資金。</p><p>　　而對(duì)于高速公路周?chē)鄶?shù)是一些“街區(qū)”。而這些街區(qū)多數(shù)是針對(duì)外來(lái)人口的。由于他們流動(dòng)性比較大。并且收入不是很高。像在郊區(qū)的房租是比較能夠承擔(dān)。芬蘭是高福利國(guó)家，又地廣人稀，即使收入不高，弄個(gè)像樣的住房也并不困難。而事實(shí)上是針對(duì)外來(lái)人口居住的街區(qū)的居住條件也挺不錯(cuò)的，一切市政設(shè)施俱全，政府還定期派人來(lái)給某些人收拾屋子、洗澡（例如喝酒喝成半殘疾的人）只

39、不過(guò)屋子小了些、密度大了些、地理位置差了些。這也是外來(lái)人口住房不可避免的缺點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　芬蘭首都赫爾辛基住房備忘錄經(jīng)常幾乎完全忽視移民的居住問(wèn)題。住房配額,對(duì)于接受救助芬蘭外來(lái)人口來(lái)說(shuō)，是相對(duì)一種供小于求的狀況。但是這兩種住房政策備忘錄的時(shí)間交易日的形式作為唯一的例外,在此,空間傳播移民被提升,因?yàn)槿藗儞?dān)心會(huì)引發(fā)的種族隔離的局部沖突,增加種族主義和妨礙移民的融入主流社會(huì)。然而,一些積極的概念也在逐漸出

40、現(xiàn)，并且慢慢成熟。并且，必須要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是空間濃度可以被認(rèn)為可以增加外來(lái)人口的住房歸屬感。</p><p>　　芬蘭管理中心稱(chēng)，由于受金融危機(jī)影響，芬蘭房?jī)r(jià)開(kāi)始走低，芬房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)公司總裁馬利拉稱(chēng)，赫爾辛基目前已成為芬蘭房市價(jià)格降幅最大的區(qū)域。赫爾辛基市2008年9月房?jī)r(jià)明顯下降，平均降幅在5-10%之間，其中復(fù)式結(jié)構(gòu)和面積較大住房?jī)r(jià)格明顯下降，同比下降18%，自3月份以來(lái)，每平米價(jià)格已平均下降了約900歐元。這些降低

41、的價(jià)格對(duì)于大多數(shù)外來(lái)人口來(lái)說(shuō)又是一個(gè)很好的買(mǎi)房機(jī)會(huì)。</p><p>　　而政府的部門(mén)特別關(guān)注教師、警察和護(hù)士這些中產(chǎn)階層中收入較低的家庭和一些申請(qǐng)了政府補(bǔ)助的外來(lái)人員。這些家庭的收入往往高于申請(qǐng)租房補(bǔ)貼的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但是同時(shí)又承擔(dān)不起自由經(jīng)濟(jì)市場(chǎng)上的家庭型住房。最具代表的是塔卡薩里,針對(duì)越來(lái)越多的外來(lái)人口，他們提供近三分之一的住房是社會(huì)性住房,這些住房租金價(jià)格適中,由市政府和其他一些非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)所有。另外三分之一是一些

42、受價(jià)格調(diào)控、可以自由買(mǎi)賣(mài)的住房或只有居住權(quán)的住房。剩下的三分之一是私有資金投資建造的住房,價(jià)格完全放開(kāi)。雅塔卡薩里“三個(gè)三分之一”的模式,大體上有點(diǎn)像中國(guó)的廉租房、經(jīng)濟(jì)適用房以及商品房,但其比例的劃分確定,尤其是商品房只占到三分之一,對(duì)中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)很值得思考。</p><p>　　出處:[美] Dhalmann. Vilkama,《赫爾辛基外來(lái)移民住房政策》，Hous and the Built Environ ,第