心理學(xué)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯--抑郁和大學(xué)生

1、<p>　　Depression and College Students</p><p>　　What do these students have in common?</p><p>　　When I took a part-time job and started living off-campus, my course work fell apart. I couldn

2、't concentrate or sleep, and I was always IRRITABLE and angry. - Leah, sophomore year</p><p>　　After two years of straight A's, I couldn't finish assignments anymore. I felt exhausted but couldn&

3、#39;t sleep, and drank a lot . I couldn't enjoy life like my friends did anymore. - John, junior year</p><p>　　I've always been anxious and never had much confidence. College was harder than I expect

4、ed, and then my parents divorced, which was traumatic for me. After a while, all I did was cry, sleep, and feel waves of panic. Marta,- freshman year</p><p>　　They are college students who got depressed...go

5、t treatment...and got better.</p><p>　　College offers new experiences and challenges. This can be exciting; it can also be stressful and make you, or someone you know, feel sad. When "the blues" la

6、st for weeks, or interfere with academic or social functioning, it may be clinical depression. Clinical depression is a common, frequently unrecognized illness that can be effectively treated.</p><p>　　What

7、is Clinical Depression?</p><p>　　When we refer to depression in the following pages, we are talking about "clinical depression." Clinical depression is a serious medical illness。Individuals with cl

8、inical depression are unable to function as they used to. People who suffer from clinical depression often report that they "don't feel like themselves anymore."</p><p>　　Clinical depression ca

9、n affect your body, mood, thoughts, and behavior. It can change your eating habits, how you feel and think, your ability to work and study, and how you interact with people. Clinical depression is not a passing mood, a s

10、ign of personal weakness, or a condition that can be willed away. Clinically depressed people cannot "pull themselves together" and get better. Depression can be successfully treated. With the right treatment,

11、80 percent of those who seek help get better. An</p><p>　　People of all ages, genders, ethnicities, cultures, and religions can suffer from clinical depression. Each year it affects over 17 million American

12、men and women (source: American Psychiatric Association). While clinical depression is common, it is frequently unrecognized and untreated.</p><p>　　There are different types and levels of clinical depressio

13、n. Mental health counselors and psychiatrists are trained to diagnose and treat clinical depression. With the right treatment, most people who seek help get better within several months. Many people begin to feel better

14、in just a few weeks.</p><p>　　Types of Depressive Illness</p><p>　　Depressive illnesses come in different forms. The following are descriptions of the three most prevalent, though for an individ

15、ual, the number, severity, and duration of symptoms will vary.</p><p>　　Major depression is manifested by a combination of symptoms that interfere with your ability to work, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasu

16、rable activities. These episodes can occur once, twice, or several times in a lifetime. Symptoms include:</p><p>　　__ Sadness, anxiety, or "empty" feelings</p><p>　　__ Decreased energy

17、, fatigue, being "slowed down"</p><p>　　__ Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities</p><p>　　__ Appetite and weight changes (either loss or gain)</p><p>　　__ Sleep

18、 disturbances (insomnia, oversleeping, waking much earlier than usual)</p><p>　　__ Feelings of hopelessness, guilt, and worthlessness</p><p>　　__ Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempt

19、s</p><p>　　__ Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, remembering</p><p>　　__ Irritability or excessive crying</p><p>　　__ Chronic aches/pain not explained by other physical con

20、dition</p><p>　　A less intense type of depression, dysthymia , involves long-term, chronic symptoms that are less severe, but keep you from functioning at your full ability and from feeling well. In bipolar

21、illness (also known as manic-depressive illness), cycles of depression alternate with cycles of elation and increased activity, known as mania.</p><p>　　How to Recognize Depression</p><p>　　The

22、first step in defeating depression is recognizing it. It's normal to have some signs of depression some of the time. But five or more symptoms for two weeks or longer, or noticeable changes in usual functioning, are

23、all factors that should be evaluated by a health or mental health professional. And remember, people who are depressed may not be thinking clearly and may need help to get help.</p><p>　　I kept asking myself

24、, "How could I be depressed? I'd had a normal family life, had been getting good grades, and hadn't experienced any big trauma - where did my depression come from?" (John)</p><p>　　What Cau

25、ses Depression?</p><p>　　The causes of depression are complex. Very often a combination of genetic, psychological and environmental factors is involved in the onset of clinical depression. At times, however,

26、 depression occurs for no apparent reason. Regardless of the cause, depression is almost always treatable.</p><p>　　Family History: Depression often runs in families, which usually means that some, but not a

27、ll, family members have a tendency to develop the illness. However, sometimes people who have no family history also develop depression.</p><p>　　Stress: Psychological and environmental stressors can contrib

28、ute to a depressive episode, though individuals react differently to life events and experiences. In coping with stress, some people find it helpful to write in a journal, exercise, or talk with friends. In clinical depr

29、ession you need some form of treatment to start feeling better soon.</p><p>　　Common stressors in college life include:</p><p>　　__ Greater academic demands</p><p>　　__ Being on you

30、r own in a new environment</p><p>　　__ Changes in family relations</p><p>　　__ Financial responsibilities</p><p>　　__ Changes in your social life</p><p>　　__ Exposure t

31、o new people, ideas, and temptations</p><p>　　__ Awareness of your sexual identity and orientation</p><p>　　__ Preparing for life after graduation</p><p>　　I had a period of nearly

32、constant turmoil when I wanted to "come out" to my friends about being gay but didn't want to be treated like an outsider. A good friend made jokes about homosexuals and I was afraid of what he'd say ab

33、out me. That stress played a big part in my becoming depressed. (Josh)</p><p>　　My family wanted me home every other weekend and I didn't fit in there anymore. I'd argue constantly with my father, wh

34、o still treated me like a child. My sister thought I was 'uppity.' Everyone was miserable; I felt guilty. (Kim)</p><p>　　Psychological make-up can play a role in vulnerability to depression. People w

35、ith low self-esteem, who consistently view themselves and the world with pessimism, or are readily overwhelmed by stress, may be especially prone to depression. For Marta, her feelings of being "not good enough"

36、; were worsened by the academic stresses of college and the emotional conflict caused by her parents' divorce, which combined to trigger her episode of major depression.</p><p>　　How Is Clinical Depressi

37、on Different From Normal Stress and Sadness? Feeling sad and depressed is often a normal reaction to a stressful life situation. For example, it is normal to feel down after a major disappointment, or to have trouble

38、 sleeping or eating after a difficult relationship break-up. Usually, within a few days, perhaps after talking to a friend, we start to feel like ourselves again. </p><p>　　Clinical depression is very differ

39、ent. It involves a noticeable change in functioning that persists for two weeks or longer. Imagine that for the last three months you've slept more than 10 hours a day and still feel tired, you have stomach problems,

40、 you're unable to cope with life, and you wonder if dying would solve all your problems. Or, imagine not being able to sleep more than four hours a night, not wanting to spend time with family or friends, and constan

41、tly feeling irritable. And when fr</p><p>　　These are some of the experiences that people can have when they suffer from clinical depression. Unlike normal stress and sadness, the symptoms of clinical depres

42、sion persist and do not go away no matter how much the individual wants. </p><p>　　What Causes Depression? You may feel you know exactly why you're depressed. Other times, however, the reasons for d

43、epression are not as clear. The causes of depression are quite complex. Very often it is a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors. Regardless of the cause, depression is almost always treatable.

44、 You do not need to determine the cause of your depression to get help.</p><p>　　Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)</p><p>　　As mentioned earlier, bipolar disorder is a type of depressive illne

45、ss that involves mood swings that go from periods of depression to periods of being overly "up" and irritable. Sometimes the mood swings are dramatic or rapid, but most often they occur gradually, over several

46、weeks. The "up" or manic phase can include increased energy and activity, insomnia, grandiose notions and impulsive or reckless behavior, including sexual promiscuity. Medication usually is effective in control

47、ling manic s</p><p>　　During a manic episode, I stayed awake for five days straight, but had a lot of energy. I spent my tuition on a major shopping spree and long distance phone calls. I also had sex with s

48、everal guys that I hardly knew. At the time, I felt so great that I couldn't see that there were serious problems with what I was doing. (Teresa)</p><p><b>　　Suicide</b></p><p>　

49、　Thoughts of death or suicide are usually signs of severe depression. "If you're feeling like you can't cope anymore, or that life isn't worth living, get help," advised Darrel, a student who tried

50、to kill himself during his freshman year."Talking to a professional can get you past those intense feelings and save your life."</p><p>　　Suicidal thoughts, impulses, or behaviors always should be

51、taken seriously. If you are thinking about hurting or killing yourself, SEEK HELP IMMEDIATELY. Contact someone you trust: a good friend, academic or resident advisor, or:</p><p>　　__ Staff at the University

52、Health Services; a professor, coach, or advisor;</p><p>　　__ A local suicide or emergency hotline; in the Berkeley area: 510/849-2212; or call 911.</p><p>　　If someone you know has thoughts abou

53、t suicide, the best thing to do is help the person get professional help. "I'm back from the edge," Darrel says. "Now that I've gotten treatment, I know how to keep from being out there again."

54、;</p><p>　　More About Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is characterized by cycling mood changes: severe highs (mania) and severe lows (depression). Sometimes the mood switches are dramatic and rapid, bu

55、t most often are gradual. When in the depressed cycle, an individual can have any of the symptoms of a depressive disorder. When in the manic cycle, an individual is overly "up" or irritable. Someone in a manic

56、 state may appear excessively talkative and energetic, with little need for rest or sleep. Thi</p><p>　　Depression and Alcohol and Other Drugs</p><p>　　A lot of depressed people, especially teen

57、agers, also have problems with alcohol or other drugs. Sometimes the depression comes first and people try drugs as a way to escape it. Other times, the alcohol or other drug use comes first, and depression is caused by

58、the drug itself, or withdrawal from it, or the problems that substance use causes. And sometimes you can't tell which came first... the important point is that when you have both of these problems, the sooner you get

59、 treatment, the better</p><p>　　Getting Help: Treatment Works</p><p>　　If you think you might be depressed, discuss this with a health care or mental health professional who can evaluate your co

60、ncerns. Bring an understanding friend for support if you are hesitant or anxious about the appointment.</p><p>　　Several effective treatments for depression are available and can provide relief from symptoms

61、 in just a few weeks. The most common treatments are psychotherapy (“talk therapy”), antidepressant medication, or a combination of the two. Which is the best treatment for an individual depends on the nature and severit

62、y of the depression. Sharing your preferences and concerns with your treatment provider helps determine the course of treatment. Certain types of psychotherapy can help resolve the psych</p><p>　　Individuals

63、 respond differently to treatment. If you don't start feeling better after several weeks, talk to your provider about trying other treatments or getting a second opinion.</p><p>　　Making a Decision and T

64、aking the First Step</p><p>　　Don't let fear of what others might think stop you from doing what's best for you. Parents and friends may understand more than you think they will, and they certainly w

65、ant you to feel better though they may not completely understand.</p><p>　　I knew I was depressed but thought I could pull out of it by myself. Unfortunately, friends reinforced this attitude bytelling me to

66、 just toughen up. When that didn't work, I felt even worse because I had 'failed' again. When a friend suggested I talk to his counselor, I resisted at first. In my mind, professional help was for weak, messe

67、d up people. But then, I hit a bottom so low that I was willing to try anything. (John)</p><p>　　I decided to try treatment when my friends got fed up with me. They didn't want to talk about my problems

68、any more, but my problems were the major focus of my life. I needed someone who could help me understand what washappening to me. I'd seen ads for the counseling center and decided to give it a try. (Kim)</p>

69、<p>　　When I began considering suicide, I knew I needed help. My resident advisor helped me call a hotline where I got some referrals. It was just a phone call, but it was the starting point that got me the professi

70、onal help I needed. (Leah)</p><p>　　Help Yourself: Be an Informed Consumer</p><p>　　Depression can make you feel exhausted, worthless, helpless and hopeless. Don't give in to negative thinki

71、ng; remember, these negative views are part of the depression, and will fade as treatment takes effect.</p><p>　　Take an active role in getting better. Make the most of the help available by being actively i

72、nvolved in your treatment and by working with a qualified therapist or doctor. Once in treatment, don't hesitate to ask questions in order to understand your illness and the way treatment works. And, if you don't

73、 start feeling better in a few weeks, speak with the professional you are seeing about new approaches.</p><p>　　Be good to yourself while you're getting well. Along with professional help, there are some

74、 other simple things you can do to help yourself get better, for example: participating in a support group, spending time with other people, or taking part in activities, exercise, or hobbies. Just don't overdo it an

75、d don't set big goals for yourself. The health care professional you are seeing may suggest useful books to read and other self-help strategies.</p><p>　　Helping a Depressed Friend</p><p>　　

76、The best thing you can do for a depressed friend is to help him or her get treatment. This may involve encouraging the person to seek professional help or to stay in treatment once it is begun. The next best thing is to

77、offer emotional support. This involves understanding, patience, affection, and encouragement. Engage the depressed person in conversation or activities and be gently insistent if you meet with resistance. Remind that per

78、son that with time and help, he or she will feel better.</p><p>　　Helpful and Affordable Resources</p><p>　　There are many people on and around campus that can offer help and support. In additio

79、n to the resources listed below, staff in your living center, your family health care provider, and your clergy can be helpful resources for getting help. If you are not eligible, or don’t know whether you are eligible,

80、for the services listed below, contact the University Health Services (UHS) anyway. We’re happy to discuss eligibility and referrals with you.</p><p>　　People are sometimes reluctant to seek help because the

81、y are concerned about the cost of treatment. If you are a Cal student, contact the UHS to discuss the coverage provided by your student registration fees and your insurance plan.</p><p>　　Is It Worth It? … Y

82、es!!</p><p>　　While the depression was painful, working to get better has taught me about who I am and how to stay healthy. (Marta)</p><p>　　Getting treatment definitely changed my life for the

83、better and helped me avoid flunking a semester. (John)</p><p>　　Resources for Cal Students</p><p>　　University Health Services (UHS) Tang Center, 2222 Bancroft Way 510/ 642-2000 www.uhs.berkeley

84、.edu</p><p>　　Emergency consultations</p><p>　　Counseling and Psych Services (M, T, W, F: 8-5; Th: 9-5): 642-9494.</p><p>　　After Hours Assistance: 510 /643-7197</p><p>

85、;　　24 hour crisis line: Alameda County Suicide Crisis Line: 510/849-2212</p><p>　　Appointments</p><p>　　Counseling and referral for anti-depressant medication evaluation, call CPS: 642-9494.<

86、/p><p>　　Medical appointments, including medication evaluations: 642-2000.</p><p>　　Health education appointments to discuss diet, exercise, and stress management: 642-2000.</p><p><

87、;b>　　Workshops</b></p><p>　　Counseling and Psychological Services (642-9494) has a variety of informational workshops and support groups on depression, bipolar disorder, and understanding moods. Che

88、ck the UHS website for updates and schedules: www.uhs.berkeley.edu.</p><p>　　Self-Care Resource Center, Second Floor, Tang Center</p><p>　　A health information library with interactive computer

89、programs, access to health websites, books, audio and videotapes, pamphlets, magazines, journals and self-assessment tools. Books and handouts on depression and other mental health issues. Hours during Fall and Spring Se

90、mesters are M – F, 11 am - 4 pm. 642-7202.</p><p>　　Adapted for UC Berkeley, University Health Services, from NIH Publication No. 97-4266; November 2003. s:uhs/healthed/depresscoll.doc</p><p>&l

91、t;b>　　抑郁和大學(xué)生</b></p><p>　　這些學(xué)生有什么共同之處?</p><p>　　我住在校外，并且有一份兼職，而同時(shí)我還需要上課，感覺整個(gè)人都崩潰了。我不能專注學(xué)習(xí)或睡眠,并且我總是很容易生氣和煩躁?！蠖?，利亞</p><p>　　在之前2年的學(xué)習(xí)生活中，我總能得到A，但后來，我卻不能按時(shí)完成作業(yè)了。我感到筋疲力盡,但是睡不著

92、覺,而且經(jīng)常喝酒。我再也不能像我的朋友那樣享受生活了。——大三，約翰</p><p>　　我一直感到焦慮，沒有多少信心。大學(xué)是比我所想的要辛苦。并且我的父母離婚了，對我來說是創(chuàng)傷。過了一段時(shí)間后,我所能做的只是哭泣,睡覺,感覺到無盡的恐慌?！笠?瑪爾塔,</p><p>　　這些得了抑郁癥的大學(xué)生接受了治療，并且好轉(zhuǎn)了</p><p>　　學(xué)校讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)新的經(jīng)歷

93、并接受挑戰(zhàn)。這令人興奮的,并且充滿壓力,讓你或者你認(rèn)識的人,感到很傷心。當(dāng)“藍(lán)色情緒”長達(dá)數(shù)星期,影響學(xué)習(xí)或社交,這可能是臨床抑郁。臨床抑郁癥是一種常見的、但又不易被察覺的疾病,但是能夠有效治療的。</p><p><b>　　什么是臨床抑郁癥?</b></p><p>　　接下來的文章中，我們說的抑郁癥在,主要是指“臨床抑郁癥”。臨床抑郁是一種嚴(yán)重的心理疾病。臨床抑

94、郁癥的患者不能和其他正常的人一樣正常生活。而這些身患抑郁癥的患者經(jīng)常被稱之為，再也不能很好的愛自己和享受生活的人。</p><p>　　臨床抑郁會影響你的身體、情緒、思想、和行為。它會改變你的飲食習(xí)慣,你的感覺和思維方式,你的工作和學(xué)習(xí)的能力,還有你的人際交往。臨床抑郁癥狀不是一時(shí)的心情,一個(gè)人性格的缺陷，或是可以任意改變的一個(gè)情況。得了憂郁癥的人無法和其他人正常交往，聚會，也不能生活地更好。抑郁癥是可以被成功的

95、治療的。在用正確的方法治療之后，有百分之八十的患者，可以有所好轉(zhuǎn)，甚至許多人在短短幾周內(nèi)就開始有變好的情況。</p><p>　　各種不同年齡，性別，種族、文化、宗教的人,都可能會患上臨床抑郁癥。每年它影響超過1700萬的美國男性和女性(來源:美國精神病學(xué)協(xié)會)。而臨床抑郁癥是常見的，它常常無法輕易被察覺和治療。</p><p>　　臨床抑郁癥有不同類型、不同層次。心理健康顧問和精神病醫(yī)生

96、通過學(xué)習(xí)來診斷和治療臨床抑郁。通過正確的治療,大多數(shù)患者在幾個(gè)月內(nèi)，甚至許多人在短短幾周內(nèi)就開始變好。</p><p><b>　　抑郁癥的類型</b></p><p>　　抑郁癥有不同的形式。接下來的是對三種對個(gè)人來說最流行的描述，即從發(fā)病次數(shù)的改變、癥狀的嚴(yán)重性程度和癥狀的持續(xù)時(shí)間的。</p><p>　　抑郁癥的一系列癥狀，干擾你的工作能

97、力,睡覺,吃東西,享受一次愉快的活動。這些事件可以發(fā)生一次,兩次,或幾次。癥狀包括:</p><p>　　__ 悲傷,焦慮,空虛</p><p>　　__沒活力，容易感動疲勞、動作遲緩</p><p>　　__ 對很多東西失去興趣、在日常生活中感覺不到快樂</p><p>　　__食欲和體重變化（不論損失或增加）</p><

98、;p>　　__睡眠紊亂(失眠,睡過了頭,清醒多比平常早)</p><p>　　__感情絕望了,罪過,桌上</p><p>　　__輕生，不想活了,嘗試自殺</p><p>　　__在做決定和記憶的時(shí)候難以集中注意力</p><p><b>　　__易怒或過度哭鬧</b></p><p>　　

99、__ 在生理上有慢性疼痛或其他莫名其妙的疼痛</p><p>　　還有一種罕見的類型,被稱為dysthymia的抑郁癥狀,它是長期,慢性,并且不是非常嚴(yán)重,但是在你的工作和生活中都如影隨形。雙相性精神障礙疾病(也可以稱為躁狂抑郁癥疾病),發(fā)病者陷入時(shí)而沮喪時(shí)而高興，總是反復(fù)無常的循環(huán)周期，這個(gè)就是被認(rèn)為是躁狂抑郁癥。</p><p><b>　　如何認(rèn)識抑郁癥</b>

100、</p><p>　　治療抑郁癥的第一步是要認(rèn)識它。有的時(shí)候會有抑郁癥的一些癥狀是很正常的，但如果有五次或五次以上的癥狀，持續(xù)長達(dá)兩周或者更久,或者是正常的很多技能都有顯著的變化的時(shí)候,這些都是心理健康專業(yè)人員來評估抑郁癥的要考慮的因素。并且記住,那些身患抑郁癥的人可能不能清晰的思考，而是需要別人來幫助他們認(rèn)識這個(gè)。</p><p>　　我不斷地問自己,“我為什么還會郁悶?我有一個(gè)正常的家

101、庭生活,已經(jīng)取得好成績,并沒參加過很大的創(chuàng)傷——我的郁悶是從哪里來的?”(約翰)</p><p>　　抑郁癥是什么引起的?</p><p>　　引發(fā)抑郁癥的原因比較復(fù)雜。往往是遺傳，心理和環(huán)境因素結(jié)合導(dǎo)致了臨床抑郁癥的發(fā)作。有時(shí)出現(xiàn)情緒低落,但并沒有明顯的原因。無論是什么引起的,抑郁癥基本都是可治愈的。</p><p>　　家族史:抑郁癥常常是有遺傳可能的,而這往往

102、意味著有些,但不是所有的家庭成員有一種傾向,會變成為疾病。然而,有的時(shí)候，有些人家族里沒有抑郁癥，但是他還是會得抑郁癥。 </p><p>　　壓力: 雖然個(gè)人對生活事件有不同的反應(yīng)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，心理和環(huán)境的沖擊,會促使抑郁癥的發(fā)作。在應(yīng)對壓力方面,有些人覺得寫的日記,運(yùn)動,或與朋友聊天對減壓有幫助。在治療抑郁癥的時(shí)候，選擇適合你的方式，能夠幫助有效的治療。</p><p>　　大學(xué)生活中常見的