外文翻譯---gis在中國的發(fā)展前景

1、<p>　　附 錄(二) 英文翻譯（原文）</p><p>　　Perspectives on GIS Development in China</p><p>　　Researches and applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in China started in the early 1980s. In

2、the early period, the development of GIS was mainly depended on the progress and applications of remote sensing, aerial photography, as well as computer aided design (CAD). In recent years, with the development of GPS an

3、d Internet technology, GIS has being developed vigorously in the country. Looking ahead to the 21st century, a new era of "Digital Earth" and "Cyberspace" is coming, which </p><p>　　1. Pr

4、ogress Pace of GIS</p><p>　　Researches of GIS in China can date back to the early 1980. At that time, a remote sensing application project was being carried on in Southwest China and using GIS method integra

5、ted with remote sensing data to solve the area measurement automatically was initiated. After the first successful test of GIS, a proposal to start GIS research was proposed in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Sinc

6、e then a great success has been achieved both in research and application of GIS in China. While its </p><p>　　From 1981-1985, it is the initial period of GIS in China. During this period, GIS was mainly kee

7、p in research and experimental stage, a number of scientists in CAS and some high learning institutes started to follow the tracks of GIS development in world. With the support of the State Science and Technology Commiss

8、ion (SSTC) and CAS, a number of research projects were initiated and conducted, leading to build up some typical case information systems. In this period five systematical and experime</p><p>　　In the 1986-1

9、990 period, the importance of GIS technology had been generally got recognized by governmental officials at different levels, and more scientists started to adopt this technology as a tool for their researches. In carryi

10、ng out a state key research program on remote sensing application supported by the State Planning Commission and SSTC, a national level GIS research project was initiated within the program. The project was mainly focuse

11、d on flood forecasting and prevention methods, </p><p>　　Beside personnel training and research sites building, the achievements of this period include the following two aspects:</p><p>　　(1) A

12、large number of geographic related databases had been designed and built, including 1:1 million China land resources information system, 1:2.5 million water and soil reserve information system and 1:4 million natural res

13、ources and environmental database and earthquake disaster database. Regional systems included those of Dongting Lake, Lower Reaches of the Yellow River, the Yellow River Delta, the Loess Plateau, the Taihu Lake Basin, th

14、e Wusulijiang-Helngjiang- Songhhuajiang Plains, as wel</p><p>　　(2) A lot of achievements on technical methods of GIS had been made in the period, such as the use of "OR" model to solve aerial phot

15、ograph interpretation, directly input into computer, realizing the automation for the whole process of photograph rectifying, mapping, measurement and statistics. Improvement of Chinese language version for some GIS soft

16、ware packages and PC based mapping systems. And a national grid system standard had been formulized. </p><p>　　From 1991-1996, it was a very important period for the development of GIS in China. With opening

17、 to the outside world and deepening its economic reform, especially with urbanization and fast economic growth along the coastal areas of the country, the demands for GIS had been increased greatly, GIS applications in u

18、rban planning and land management had been springing up vigorously in country. As a whole the applications of GIS in these areas had improved the abilities of database updating, spatia</p><p>　　Since 1997, G

19、IS has been into a new stage. Firstly, GIS has been generally recognized as important part of IT in the country. The government has given a priority to the development of GIS. In December 1997, the first National Working

20、 Conference for GIS was held by SSTC and State in Beijing, which was aiming to promote GIS technology and GIS application. Over 100 local officials in charge new technology applications and noted GIS experts attended the

21、 conference. Local officials had expressed thei</p><p>　　It is astonished that the development of IT in 90s in the world, particularly computer and network technologies. For China, it has also been connected

22、 with the outside world through optical fibers and submarine cable, as it having connected with the United States via San Francisco and Los Angeles and with Japan and South Korea. China is actively participated in intern

23、ational co-operations. For example, it recently had successfully participated in the launch of the “iridium” satellite series. The</p><p>　　2. Regional GIS Application Waves</p><p>　　Generally,

24、in a developing country like China the demand for GIS is much greater in the urban area than that in the rural area and greater in the coastal area than that in the inland. The development and applications of GIS technol

25、ogy in management and planning is usually keep with the development of regional economy. It is estimated that only when the average land price has increased to a certain level that can maintain the running systems, then

26、it is possible to build GIS in the region. Geogra</p><p>　　(1) GIS Industry Region: This region is mainly located to the south of the LingNan Mountain, equaling to the LingNan Culture influential area, inclu

27、ding Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangdong, Fujian, Hainan Provinces, Hong Kong and Macao, as well as Taiwan Province. Early urban GIS applications were started from the coastal cities of Hong Kong and Shenzhen, Gu

28、angzhou, Zhongshan, Beihai and Xiamen as well as Taiwan’s Taipei and Taizhong. And in this area GIS applications are going into smal</p><p>　　(2) “Public Welfare Supported GIS Region”: It includes the region

29、 of those provinces and regions along the LongHai-Jiejiang-Jiangxi Railway and the Yangtze River industry belt. GIS is very active in the region with GIS specialized organizations being formed in some places. In Shanghai

30、 Municipality, Jiangsu, Jiejiang and Jiangxi provinces, provincial level GIS centers have been set up recently for organizing GIS applications. In Chongjing and other large and middle-sized cities of Wuhan, Ningpo, </

31、p><p>　　(3) Experimental GIS Application Region: It includes North and Northeast China. GIS programs in this region are usually planned by the central and local governments. As there are many research institute

32、s located in this region and it has had a stronger technical support in developing GIS systems. The early experimental GIS systems, such as those of the Three North Forest Belt, the Loess Plateau, are built in the region

33、 and most of them had not been used for direct management and planning. And ev</p><p>　　(4) GIS Developing Region: It includes five provinces in Northwest China and Inner Mongolia. GIS is still in a developi

34、ng stage in this region. It is conjunction with large engineering projects. The building up of the Pan Asia Railway and development of Meigong River and Tumen River has increased the demand for GIS application both for r

35、egional planning and project possibility study.</p><p>　　In addition to that, national level GIS systems in different subjects are under construction. Census data, agricultural, industrial and resources inve

36、ntory data as well as other geographic related data are needed to handle. Meanwhile, with the development of remote sensing technology and network, more systems will be built up in the country soon. </p><p>

37、　　Generally, from the central government to the locals it is uneven in GIS applications in the country. And the regional GIS applications are in a developing stage. It is concluded that GIS applications are mainly depend

38、ed on the local economy and technology bases. </p><p>　　3. An Era of Knowledge-Based Economy </p><p>　　GIS is part of knowledge-based economy. The GIS industry and market are never isolated. GIS

39、 industry can not be considered as simply just importing advanced equipment and technology or developing some software systems. It needs the understanding of the whole knowledge-based economy and changes the traditional

40、concept of the industry. It is also related with the management system, science and technology bases and educational quality and productive forces as well as other factors. </p><p>　　Looking ahead to the new

41、 era of the 21st century, a new type society of information and knowledge-based industry will come. Although a great success has obtained in GIS development and application in China, there is a long way to go for GIS res

42、earch and GIS industry in the country.</p><p>　　(1)Digital Earth and Network World: </p><p>　　A new revolution of technology is on the way that has made a profound change on data capture, data h

43、andling and displaying. It makes it possible for us to handle and utilize large mount data of environment and cultural phenomena. Most of those data are geographically related. There exists a critical problem about data

44、and data handling. On one hand, many people are thirst for data for some purposes. On the other hand there are a large number of data are in waste. For example, the Landsat satelli</p><p>　　A critical questi

45、on for China GIS circles now is that it needs to build more databases and develop basic systems. ARC/CHINA, a 1:1 million-map database has been completed and ready to be published for the market and 1X1km meteorological

46、satellite images have been included in the database of World Meteorology Organization (WMO). In Hong Kong and Shanghai and other major municipalities, Information Ports are under construction. These moves will surely lea

47、d to develop more database meeting the dema</p><p>　　(2)Geographical Models and Dynamical Modeling: </p><p>　　Presently the development of GIS in China is still in the stage of databases buildin

48、g to meet the general management and data retrieving. The urgent thing needed to do is make the data mining into information that people can understand and use. It is a comprehensive process to attract information from d

49、ata, and then to knowledge. Data in a GIS are complicated as those are related to the earth that is an open system. In order to solve the problems of population and resources we faced today, it ne</p><p>　　(

50、3)Cyberspace and “Virtual Communication”</p><p>　　With the development of computer science and communication technology, whatever of literature, arts, and building or crafts designs, even a war can be depict

51、ed in computer by a virtual way. Probably this is a new way of thinking and doing things in the 21st century. In a classic fission named “Red Chamber ”, it depicts “virtual scenery ” for the characters and story of the w

52、hole book and predicts the development in the first chapter. Cyberspace is a special space for people to visit through comp</p><p>　　China’s GIS circle should not only work on the operational system building

53、s but should follow the trend of the new development of IT in the outside world. To meet the demand of the knowledge based economy we should face the country’s reality and make more efforts to open up a new way for devel

54、oping GIS both in the technology and application. </p><p>　　附 錄(二) 英文翻譯（中文）</p><p>　　GIS在中國的發(fā)展前景</p><p>　　在中國，對地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）的研究和應(yīng)用開始于80年代前期。在早期，GIS主要依賴于遙感，空中攝影，以及計算機輔助設(shè)計（CAD）的應(yīng)用和發(fā)展。最近

55、幾年，伴隨著GPS和Internet技術(shù)的發(fā)展，GIS在全國發(fā)展勢頭良好。展望21世紀(jì)，一個新的數(shù)字地球，網(wǎng)絡(luò)時代即將到來，對中國的GIS來說，機遇和挑戰(zhàn)并存。</p><p>　　1. GIS的發(fā)展步伐 </p><p>　　GIS在我國研究可追溯到八十年代早期。當(dāng)時，遙感應(yīng)用項目開始在中國的西南部實施，使用了GIS方法結(jié)合遙感數(shù)據(jù)來自動解決區(qū)域測量。在第一次GIS成功的測試之后，中國科

56、學(xué)院(CAS)提議開始對GIS的研究。從那以后，GIS在我國的在研究和應(yīng)用取得很大的成功。它的歷史、發(fā)展步伐可以分成4個階段。</p><p>　　1981年到1985年期間，是GIS在中國發(fā)展的最初階段。在這期間，GIS正處于研究和試驗階段，許多中科院的科學(xué)家和高等研究所開始跟蹤GIS的國際發(fā)展的腳步。由于國家科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會(SSTC)和中國科學(xué)院(CAS)的支持，許多研究項目開始運行，從而建立了一些典型案例的

57、信息系統(tǒng)。這個時期5個系統(tǒng)性的、試驗性的研究被實施。它們是地震數(shù)據(jù)捕獲方法，地域性的信息系統(tǒng)模型，國家基本地理數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設(shè)，地理分析軟件的開發(fā)和國家地理數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和說明書。然而在這些研究中，最有影響的是50個科學(xué)家和專家一起草擬GIS技術(shù)規(guī)范說明書。我國第一個GIS國家重點實驗室設(shè)立在中國科學(xué)院(CAS)的地理研究所，一個開放的、新型的研究實驗室，專門用于我國GIS的研究。培養(yǎng)了大量的GIS人員，有些現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)成為這一方面的專家。</

58、p><p>　　1986到1990年期間，GIS的重要性開始被各級政府官員認(rèn)可，更多的科學(xué)家開始利用GIS技術(shù)，用于研究工作。在進行由國家計劃委員會以及國家科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會的支持的有關(guān)遙感應(yīng)用的國家重點研究項目中，啟動了一個國家級的GIS研究項目。這個項目主要集中在洪水預(yù)測和預(yù)防的方法，黃土高原的土壤侵蝕和三北防護林。研究的目標(biāo)是為地方政府提供區(qū)域規(guī)劃和管理，以及決策服務(wù)。在這期間，一些國家級的系統(tǒng)，比如國家基礎(chǔ)資源數(shù)

59、據(jù)庫，土地資源數(shù)據(jù)庫，礦物資源和森林資源數(shù)據(jù)庫已經(jīng)建立起來。值得注意的是這些系統(tǒng)的建立是在計劃經(jīng)濟體系下完成的。屬于公共福利領(lǐng)域，并受到政府資金的支持。在這里沒有GIS工業(yè)的概念。</p><p>　　除了人員培訓(xùn)和研究場所地建立，這個時期的成就還包括以下2個方面：</p><p>　　(1)許多地理數(shù)據(jù)庫已經(jīng)被設(shè)計和建立起來，包括1:1000000的中國國土資源信息系統(tǒng)，1:250000

60、0的水和土壤儲備信息系統(tǒng)以及1：4000000自然資源和環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)庫和地震災(zāi)害數(shù)據(jù)庫。地域性數(shù)據(jù)庫包括洞庭湖，黃河三角洲,黃土高原，太湖盆地，烏蘇里江-黑龍江-松花江平原，遼寧省等地區(qū)。</p><p>　　(2)這個時期GIS在技術(shù)（方法）上取得了許多成果，如使用OR模型解決航空圖片的解譯問題，直接輸入計算機，實現(xiàn)了航空照片調(diào)整、制圖、測量、統(tǒng)計過程的自動化。對一些GIS軟件包和基于個人計算機的制圖系統(tǒng)進行了漢化

61、改進。形成了國家格網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　1991年到1996年，這是GIS在我國發(fā)展的一個非常重要的時期。伴隨著對外開放和經(jīng)濟改革的深化，特別是伴隨著城市化和沿海經(jīng)濟的快速增長，對GIS的需求迅速地增長， GIS在城市規(guī)劃和土地管理方面的應(yīng)用在全國出現(xiàn)了一個高潮。整體上GIS 在這些地區(qū)的應(yīng)用改進了數(shù)據(jù)庫的更新能力、空間檢索能力和辦公自動化的能力。隨著GIS的增長，國內(nèi)對自創(chuàng)GIS 產(chǎn)業(yè)的需求上升。同

62、時，為推動我國21世紀(jì)議程，42個政府部門和地區(qū)將信息系統(tǒng)作為它們的首選，財政和海關(guān)部門已經(jīng)完成了它們的信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，其中，GIS在管理和規(guī)劃方面扮演了非常重要的角色。在國家的層次上，對GIS的研究和系統(tǒng)建設(shè)作了很多努力，包括為國務(wù)院建立國家基礎(chǔ)信息系統(tǒng)，組織對國產(chǎn)GIS軟件的評估，建立快速響應(yīng)災(zāi)害的信息系統(tǒng)和國家農(nóng)業(yè)評估信息系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　從1997年開始，GIS進入了一個新的階段。首先，GIS

63、作為IT產(chǎn)業(yè)的一個重要組成部分得到了認(rèn)可，政府對GIS的發(fā)展給予特權(quán)。1997年12月， SSTC和政府在北京召開了GIS第一次國家工作會議，為了促進GIS的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。100多個主管新技術(shù)應(yīng)用的地方官員和著名的GIS專家參加了會議。地方政府對幫助GIS在地方規(guī)劃和管理的運用顯示了極大的興趣和熱情。在1998年，實施了很多GIS活動。圖1展示了城市GIS在中國的發(fā)展和分布。</p><p>　　令人驚訝的是90年

64、代IT在全世界的發(fā)展，特別是計算機和網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)。中國也通過光纖和海底電纜和全世界聯(lián)結(jié)起來，中國已經(jīng)經(jīng)由舊金山和洛山基連接到了美國，也連接到了日本和韓國。中國積極參與國際合作，比如，最近成功參與了 ‘銥’衛(wèi)星系列的發(fā)射。經(jīng)濟快速增長和社會發(fā)展，越來越多的地方對GIS感興趣。最近幾年，GIS系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用處處可見。有些好的例子，如GIS系統(tǒng)用于駐港部隊，中國生態(tài)學(xué)研究網(wǎng)絡(luò)（CERN），國家海洋信息系統(tǒng)，和國家陸地信息系統(tǒng)將投入市場。值得注意的是中國

65、GIS狀況是嚴(yán)峻的，在滿足社會對GIS的要求、跟上現(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展的過程中，GIS有許多事情要做。</p><p>　　2. 區(qū)域GIS應(yīng)用的浪潮</p><p>　　通常，象中國這樣的發(fā)展中國家對GIS的需求，城市比鄉(xiāng)村多，沿海比內(nèi)陸多。GIS技術(shù)在管理規(guī)劃方面的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用與地區(qū)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展相一致。估計只有當(dāng)平均地價增長到某個水平以至能夠維持一個系統(tǒng)的運行，才有可能在那個地區(qū)建立GIS。從地

66、理地角度說，中國發(fā)展不均勻的，GIS應(yīng)用（應(yīng)用）的發(fā)展也是不均勻的。經(jīng)過20年的努力，一個區(qū)域GIS應(yīng)用浪潮已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在中國?；趨^(qū)域差異和應(yīng)用水平，按地域分成4種GIS應(yīng)用類型：</p><p>　?。?）GIS工業(yè)領(lǐng)域：這個區(qū)域主要位于嶺南山的南面，是嶺南文化有影響的區(qū)域，包括廣西壯族自治區(qū)，廣東，福建，海南省，香港和澳門，還有臺灣省的臺北和臺中。這些地方的GIS應(yīng)用進入到小的城鎮(zhèn)，中山市附近的小藍(lán)鎮(zhèn)建立了一個

67、鎮(zhèn)區(qū)GIS系統(tǒng)。它有希望形成一個3層次的GIS系統(tǒng)，從整個地區(qū)的GIS到城市GIS到鎮(zhèn)區(qū)GIS。 它是GIS應(yīng)用最活躍的地區(qū)，有可能形成一個專門的GIS工業(yè)。</p><p>　?。?）公共福利對GIS領(lǐng)域的支持：包括沿著隴海-浙江-江西鐵路和長江工業(yè)帶的省和地區(qū)。隨著GIS專業(yè)組織機構(gòu)在一些地方成立后，GIS在這個地區(qū)就顯得能起到非常重要的作用。在上海、江蘇、浙江、江西，省級的GIS中心系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)建立起來并組織G

68、IS的應(yīng)用。重慶和其它大的中型城市如武漢，寧波，杭州，常州，蘇州和長沙市已經(jīng)開始它們的GIS項目。然而這些地區(qū)的GIS應(yīng)用是政府支持的，距工業(yè)GIS階段還有距離。</p><p>　?。?）GIS實驗應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域：包括北部和中國東北部，這些地區(qū)的GIS項目是中央和地方政府規(guī)劃的。由于許多研究機構(gòu)坐落在這個地區(qū)，對GIS系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展有著強有力的技術(shù)支持。早期的GIS實驗系統(tǒng)，如三北防護林，黃土高原，都建立在這里，但大多數(shù)

69、都沒有被直接用作管理規(guī)劃。甚至在北京、天津和淄博，在使用已建立的GIS系統(tǒng)上仍存在一些問題。</p><p>　?。?）GIS發(fā)展地區(qū)：包括在中國的東北部的五省和內(nèi)蒙古。GIS在這些地方仍處于發(fā)展階段。GIS和大的工程項目相結(jié)合。建立泛亞洲鐵路、美工河和土門河的開發(fā)等大工程，增加對GIS應(yīng)用于地區(qū)規(guī)劃和項目可行性分析方面的需求。</p><p>　　除此之外，不同主題的國家級GIS系統(tǒng)正在

70、建設(shè)中。戶口普查資料，農(nóng)業(yè)，工業(yè)和資源的數(shù)據(jù)還有其他的地理相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)需要處理。同時，隨著遙感技術(shù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展，不久將在全國建立有更多GIS系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　總的來說，我國從中央政府到地方政府GIS的應(yīng)用是不均勻的。區(qū)域的GIS應(yīng)用處于發(fā)展階段。GIS的應(yīng)用主要地依賴于當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。</p><p><b>　　3.知識經(jīng)濟時代</b></p>

71、;<p>　　GIS是知識經(jīng)濟的一部分。GIS工業(yè)和市場是相互聯(lián)系的。GIS工業(yè)不能被認(rèn)為是簡單地引入先進的設(shè)備和技術(shù)或是開發(fā)一些軟件系統(tǒng)。它需要理解整個知識經(jīng)濟，改變傳統(tǒng)的工業(yè)觀念。GIS還與管理系統(tǒng)，科學(xué)和技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，教育質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)力以及其它因素相關(guān)聯(lián)。</p><p>　　展望21世紀(jì)新的時代，一個新型的信息社會和知識為基礎(chǔ)的工業(yè)時代將會到來。雖然在中國GIS的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用取得了巨大的成功，但對G

72、IS研究和GIS工業(yè)來說還有很長的路要走。</p><p>　　（1）數(shù)字地球和網(wǎng)絡(luò)世界</p><p>　　一個新的技術(shù)革命已經(jīng)來到，極大地改變了數(shù)據(jù)獲取，數(shù)據(jù)處理和顯示的方式。使處理和利用環(huán)境和文化現(xiàn)象的大量數(shù)據(jù)成為可能，大多數(shù)那些數(shù)據(jù)是地理相關(guān)的。在數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)據(jù)的處理方面存在一個關(guān)鍵性問題。一方面，許多人渴求數(shù)據(jù)用于某些目的。另一方面又有大量的數(shù)據(jù)浪費。比如，地球探測衛(wèi)星每2個星期能夠

73、捕獲完整的地球表面照片。它已經(jīng)運行了20年。然后95%的圖像盡管對農(nóng)民、教育家、環(huán)境科學(xué)家、地質(zhì)學(xué)家、城市規(guī)劃者來說是無價的，但卻不曾被他們看到。隨著遙感感測技術(shù)的發(fā)展，1米高分辨率的遙感圖像在不久的將來可被利用。技術(shù)的發(fā)展，下一代Internet速度將會增大100到1000倍。這將導(dǎo)致網(wǎng)絡(luò)GIS的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　一個在中國GIS領(lǐng)域中的關(guān)鍵問題是建立更多的數(shù)據(jù)庫和發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng)。1：100000

74、0的地圖數(shù)據(jù)庫（ARC/中國）已經(jīng)完成并準(zhǔn)備在市場上出版，1×1 km的氣象衛(wèi)星圖片已進入世界氣象組織（WMO）數(shù)據(jù)庫。香港，上海和其它重要的城市正在建設(shè)信息港。這些舉措將一定會發(fā)展更多數(shù)據(jù)庫以滿足社會的需求。</p><p>　?。?）地理學(xué)模型和動態(tài)模型</p><p>　　目前GIS在中國的發(fā)展仍舊處于建立數(shù)據(jù)庫以滿足綜合管理和數(shù)據(jù)還原的階段。迫切需要做的是使數(shù)據(jù)變成讓人們

75、能夠了解和使用的信息。這是一個從數(shù)據(jù)中獲取信息，再綜合為知識的過程。GIS里的數(shù)據(jù)是復(fù)雜的，因為這些數(shù)據(jù)涉及到一個開放系統(tǒng)的地球。為了解決我們今天面對的人口和資源問題，需要研究地球系統(tǒng)中的線性的和非線性的問題，找出現(xiàn)象后面的規(guī)律。遙感提供一個巨大的地球觀測工具，能夠監(jiān)控陸地和海洋環(huán)境的變化。分析、理解上述問題的機制和模型對GIS是非常重要的，因為要用它來解決問題。中國科學(xué)家正在努力建立海平面變化模型、城市洪水災(zāi)害模型，農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量估算模型、

76、地震預(yù)測模型，設(shè)法建立一個社會經(jīng)濟預(yù)測系統(tǒng)。在這種情況下，除了通用軟件系統(tǒng)外，應(yīng)該開發(fā)實際應(yīng)用模塊和專門的GIS軟件，它們將使得GIS更加智能化。</p><p>　　（3）電腦空間和虛擬通信</p><p>　　隨著計算機科學(xué)和通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，無論是文學(xué)、藝術(shù)還是建筑或工藝設(shè)計，甚至戰(zhàn)爭都可以在計算機上通過虛擬的方法來描述。這是21世紀(jì)想事情和做事情一種新方式。一本叫《紅室》的經(jīng)典小說，

77、在書的第一章里為整本書的人物和故事描述了虛擬的場景。電腦空間是一個可以通過計算機顯示屏和網(wǎng)絡(luò)去瀏覽的特殊地方，然后人們可以通過“虛擬的通信”進行通信、貿(mào)易、研究。電腦空間具有交互性，能和人們的思想交流。作為口語、書寫、電視和廣播之后的第四媒體，電腦空間集成了計算機、數(shù)字媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和虛擬現(xiàn)實。這對GIS是一個新的挑戰(zhàn)，也是一個新的應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　中國的GIS圈不僅要在建立操作系統(tǒng)方面進行工作，還要緊