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1、<p> 畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)譯文原文</p><p> 系 部: 經(jīng)濟管理系 </p><p> 專 業(yè): 工商管理(會 計 學) </p><p> 學 號: 0742821135 </p><p> 姓 名:
2、 </p><p> 指導(dǎo)教師: </p><p> 2011年04月20日</p><p> INNOVATION SYSTEM-BASED INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER IN INDONE
3、SIA AND SOME ASIAN COUNTRIES</p><p><b> Abstract</b></p><p> This paper is described industrials development and their policies in Indonesia. Beside that, this study analyze indust
4、rial cluster development which is conducted by using innovation system approach and is made comparison it with some countries in Asia. This study shows that the industrial cluster is designed to be an agglomeration based
5、 on the network of the raw material for production, financing institutions, well provided human resources, and other economics infrastructure. There is lack of i</p><p> Keywords: cluster-based industrial d
6、evelopment, innovation system approach, Indonesian Industrial policy</p><p> Introduction</p><p> Nowadays, economic activities are moving toward knowledge-intensive business, accompanied by r
7、apid development of technology in globalized economy era. This condition has impact on the tight competition, and rapid change in business environment. Domestic manufacturing products are directly compete with foreign pr
8、oducts and business world must accept reality that technology advancement has become a reason on the obsolete production facilities, short product life-cycle, and lower profit margin. At</p><p> For the las
9、t three decades, industrial agglomerations have played a leading role in the development of cities and regions and have formed a new industrial organizational basis for economic planning and development. The industrial c
10、lusters are determined by the trade dependency and concentration of small enterprises at the city and township level (Isbasoiu, 2007). It is also known that Alfred Marshal (Sonobe and Otsuka, 2006) has studied three bene
11、fits of the presence of industrial cluster, as fo</p><p> 1. Information spillovers</p><p> 2. Specialization and division of labor between companies</p><p> 3. Development of sk
12、illed labor markets</p><p> Considering the benefits of industrial cluster for industrial development, Indonesia’s government has formulated National policy of Industrial Development (KPIN) to compel new di
13、rection for future national industry development, and solve problems blocking industrial development at present. This policy is arranged in order to face world global economic challenge and to be able to anticipate rapid
14、 environment change. International competition becomes new perspective for all countries, so the focus</p><p> Industrial development policy in KPIN consists of core and operational strategy, and also main
15、points of policy on industrial development policy, include development of 10 core industry clusters, development of supporting industries, and development of vanquish industry in the future. Policy in KPIN has also consi
16、dered national industry capability based on economic resources potential, industrial performance, and problems faced by national industry. Nevertheless, the strategy of industrial devel</p><p> Thus, the pr
17、esence of innovation-based industrial cluster can reduce import of raw or supporting material. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the development of industrial cluster in Indonesia, as mentioned in National Policy of
18、 Industrial Development (KPIN). This paper also discuss about industrial cluster development based on innovation system carried out by Japan, Taiwan, and China. The result is then compared with Indonesia's industrial
19、 cluster development based on innovation system.</p><p> Development of Industrial Policy in Indonesia</p><p> In its development, the struggle of national industry at the end of 1960's ha
20、s enthusiastic progress, either in its structure, diversification, and market orientation. The development is not detached from external development influencing industrial policy implemented. Chronologically,industrial d
21、evelopment policy describe that in rehabilitation and stabilization periods (1967-1972), and periods when oil booming happened (1973-1981), the policy implemented is by supporting the development of impo</p><p
22、> Even though, in period of 1982-1996, price of oil had weakened. Therefore, industrial development policy was aligned by adding new mission: developing export-oriented industry, and deepening and strengthening indus
23、trial structure. By economic crisis in 1998, the policy is saving industry in order to make it preserved through Industrial Revitalization Program.</p><p> To define prospective industries, measurement of c
24、ompetitiveness was conducted, either from demand or supply side, to catch a glimpse of its capability to compete either in domestic area or overseas. The result of analysis for developed industry is grouped by two catego
25、ries, included export oriented and domestic oriented industry, which then divided into four categories: naturalresource-based industry, labor-intensive industry, capital-intensive industry, and technology intensive indus
26、try. In de</p><p> Future strategy of industrial development in Indonesia mentioned in KPIN adapts latest ideas at the moment related with globalization and 21st technology development in industrial develo
27、pment approach through cluster concept at context of building sustainable industrial competitiveness. Basically, industrial cluster is an exert of grouping the interrelating core industry, either supporting industries, r
28、elated industries, supporting services, economy infrastructure, and related institution. Besi</p><p> Based on the formulation of national industry policy, the development of industrial cluster is aimed to
29、achieve the followings:</p><p> Strengthening industries in the value chain includes core industries, related industries, and supporting industries by location advantages, which may stimulate comparative ad
30、vantages to be a competitive advantage.</p><p> Strengthening relationships among/between clusters in the same sectors or between/among clusters in the other sectors, all at once stimulate partnership betwe
31、en SMEs and large enterprises and other relevant interactive relationships, which then form industrial network and structure supporting increase of value-added through productivity improvement.</p><p> Stim
32、ulating the growth of related industries which need supplies of the same raw material and supporting material, therefore it can strengthen partnership between/among prioritized, related, or supporting industries.</p&g
33、t;<p> Concept of Cluster</p><p> Based on the studies by Alfred Marshal (Isbashoiu, 2007), three conditions for setting an industrial cluster are identified: the existence of a pool of adequate lab
34、or, the existence of specialized suppliers and the possibility of external spill-overs (the rapid transfer of knowhow and ideas inside the cluster). In addition, Walter Isard (Isbashoiu, 2007) expanded this concept using
35、 the export-oriented industries and its linkages to other industries in the region. According to him, these strong i</p><p> Porter popularized the concept of industrial clusters in his book The Competitive
36、 Advantages of Nations (cited by Isobashoiu, 1997), in which he examines two types of clusters:</p><p> vertical clusters, made up of industries that are linked through buyer-seller relationships;</p>
37、<p> horizontal clusters, that include industries which might share a common market for the products, use a common technology, labor force skills and similar resources.</p><p> Many academics point
38、out that regional clusters had their origins in particular local factor conditions, local demand, and the presence of a related industry.</p><p> Based on different kinds of knowledge (Ishobaoui, 2007), the
39、re are two types of competitive clusters:</p><p> techno clusters, which are high-technology oriented, well adapted to the knowledge economy;</p><p> historic know-how-based clusters, which ar
40、e based on more traditional activities that maintain their advantage in know-how over the years.</p><p> Industrial cluster in Perpres No. 28/2008 regarding the National Industry Policy is defined as a grou
41、p of core industry concentrated regionally or globally which relating and has social interaction each other dynamically, either by related industry in improving efficiency, creating collective asset, and encourage creati
42、on of innovation, so that it creates competitive advantage. Moreover, formulation of national industrial policy explain that cluster industry is industrial grouping which relating</p><p> Concerning with in
43、novation, industrial cluster can be categorized in four groups (Pavitt, 1984). They are science-based clusters, scale-intensive clusters, supplier dominated clusters, and specialized suppliers clusters. In sience-based c
44、lusters, access to basic research and government R&D institution become important aspects in research activities. This type of cluster is patent intensive and need high level of R&D. It tends to collaborate with
45、government R&D sector. This type of industry in th</p><p> Development of Industrial Cluster based on Innovation System</p><p> One of the main key as an effort to achieve sustainable indu
46、strial development is by competing through innovation and learning. This can be conducted through several ways:</p><p> Use the existing foreign technology and knowledge with domestic resources.</p>
47、<p> Carry out learning to increase adoption capability, using, and improving technology obtained.</p><p> Continuously repeating the three cycles.</p><p> For this reason, UNIDO careful
48、ly examine industrial innovation and learning system as shown in Fig. 3.</p><p> References</p><p> Isbasoiu, George-Marian, 2007, Industrial Clusters and Regional Development. The Case of Tim
49、isoara and Montebelluna. Presented at the Conference of European Regions Knowledge Based Innovation Network (ERIK), Brussels, May 10-11th 2007. Industrial Cluster Project, 2005, Project to Create Manufacturing Industry i
50、n Tokai Region, http://www.cluster.gr.jp/en/Action/chubu1.html. Accessed on March, 5, 2009.</p><p> Mitsui, Itsutomo, 2003 Industrial cluster policies and regional development in the age of globalisation -E
51、astern and Western approaches and their differences. 30th ISBC in Singapore. OECD, 1999, Managing National Innovation Systems. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).</p><p> Otsuka, K
52、eijiro, 2007, Cluster- Based Based Industrial Development: Industrial Development: A View A View from East Asia. Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development (FASID).</p><p> Patel, P. and P
53、avitt, K. 1994. National Innovation Systems: Why They are Important, and How They Might be Measured and Compared. www.mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. Accessed on March, 3, 2009.</p><p> Sonobe, Tetsushi, Hu, Dingh
54、uan, and Keijiro Otsuka, 2006 Development of the Motorcycle Industry in the Inland Region of China, Conference Paper of Cluster-Based Industrial Development, May 22- 26, Vietnam, Hanoi. </p><p> Sonobe, Te
55、tsushi dan Otsuka, Keijiro, 2006, Strategy for Cluster-Based Industrial Development in Developing Countries, Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development & National Graduate Institute for Policy Studi
56、es, July 13. The Ministry of Industry of Indonesia, 2005 , The document of National Policy of National Industrial Development (KPIN), Jakarta, Indonesia. UNIDO, 2002. Industrial Development Report 2002/2003. Competing t
57、hrough Innovation and Learning, UNIDO</p><p> 畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計)譯文</p><p> 系 部: 經(jīng)濟管理系 </p><p> 專 業(yè): 工商管理(會 計 學) </p><p> 學 號: 0742821135 &l
58、t;/p><p> 姓 名: </p><p> 指導(dǎo)教師: </p><p> 2011年04月20日</p><p> 基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展:產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展在印尼和亞洲一些國家的比較研究</p><p> Y
59、an Rianto, Muhammad Zulhamdani, Chichi Shintia Laksani, Dian Prihadyanti</p><p> 科學技術(shù)發(fā)展,印尼科學研究所</p><p><b> 摘要:</b></p><p> 本文描述了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在印度尼西亞的發(fā)展和他們的相關(guān)政策。除此之外,本研究致力于分析產(chǎn)業(yè)集
60、群的發(fā)展利用創(chuàng)新的系統(tǒng)方法,并且與一些其他的亞洲國家進行對比。本研究顯示了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群被設(shè)計為一種凝聚,旨在成為一個基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的原材料生產(chǎn)、金融機構(gòu)、完備的人力資源,和其他經(jīng)濟學的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。在集群演化和研發(fā)活動之間缺乏互動來支持在產(chǎn)業(yè)集群中的創(chuàng)新。在日本、臺灣、中國的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展對比分析表明, 集群以交易市場的發(fā)展為支撐,同時也包含從現(xiàn)有存在的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群獲得創(chuàng)新刺激的好處,顯示了在較小的地區(qū),在各種各樣大型企業(yè)的人力資源方面集群的集中性。為了在
61、印度尼西亞建立更多有競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群,我們提出一個使產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展增加技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新能力的建議。</p><p> 關(guān)鍵詞:基于集群工業(yè)的發(fā)展、創(chuàng)新體系、印尼產(chǎn)業(yè)政策</p><p><b> 介紹</b></p><p> 如今,經(jīng)濟活動正走向知識密集型服務(wù)業(yè),伴隨著科技迅猛發(fā)展的全球化經(jīng)濟時代。這種情況影響著競爭激烈并且瞬息萬變的商業(yè)環(huán)境。
62、國內(nèi)制造的產(chǎn)品是直接與外國的產(chǎn)品相競爭,并且商業(yè)世界必須接受現(xiàn)實,技術(shù)進步已成為生產(chǎn)設(shè)施的過時,產(chǎn)品生命周期短和較低的利潤率的原因之一。另一方面,全球化經(jīng)濟不可避免地證實,個人或者中小企業(yè)的區(qū)域經(jīng)濟可以競爭并存活下來,并顯示出其自身的競爭力。一旦普遍的認識到運輸業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展以及信息技術(shù)和邊框經(jīng)濟不可避免地打破屏障的距離,區(qū)域經(jīng)濟或產(chǎn)業(yè)將幾乎沒有任何意義。然而,令人驚訝的是,20世紀80年代開始,地方主義開始再生,許多學者和研究人員又點燃
63、了論證以及編號實證研究工程對區(qū)域產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚和局域網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要性(三井,2003)</p><p> 在過去的三十年中,工業(yè)城市群在城市和區(qū)域發(fā)展中扮演者領(lǐng)航者的角色,同時已經(jīng)為經(jīng)濟的規(guī)劃和發(fā)展形成了一種新的工業(yè)組織基礎(chǔ)。產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是由在城市和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)的水平的貿(mào)易依存度及濃度的小型企業(yè)所決定的。(Isbasoiu,2007年)。眾所周知, 阿爾弗雷德·馬歇爾(園部和大冢,2006) 研究了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群所存在的三個效益
64、,如下:</p><p><b> 信息外溢</b></p><p> 企業(yè)間的專業(yè)化和勞動力分工</p><p> 發(fā)展成熟的勞動力市場</p><p> 考慮到產(chǎn)業(yè)集群為工業(yè)的發(fā)展所帶來的益處, 印尼政府制定了國家產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策(KPIN)催生國家未來工業(yè)的發(fā)展的新方向和解決目前存在的阻礙其發(fā)展的問題。這項政策
65、是安排為了面對全球化經(jīng)濟的挑戰(zhàn),并且預(yù)見以應(yīng)對快速變化的市場環(huán)境。國際競爭的新視角成為所有國家關(guān)注的焦點,所以各國致力于工業(yè)的未來發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略,以在國內(nèi)及國外市場建立具有可持續(xù)競爭力的工業(yè)部門。</p><p> 關(guān)于KPIN的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策包括核心要點和經(jīng)營策略,同時也是產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策的政策要點,包括10個核心集群產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,輔助性產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,和相關(guān)抑制產(chǎn)業(yè)在未來的發(fā)展。KPIN政策也被認為是民族工業(yè)能力和基于經(jīng)濟資
66、源潛力、產(chǎn)業(yè)績效,并由國家產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的問題。然而,工業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中沒有明確KPIN創(chuàng)新體系所包括得要素在工業(yè)發(fā)展中的結(jié)合聚類方法。KPIN正顯示了研發(fā)機構(gòu)、大學和政府為了支持產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的發(fā)展所扮演的角色。這可以從KPIN關(guān)系框架文件包含的三個方面反映出來。不清楚研發(fā)機構(gòu)和工業(yè)部門的作用而導(dǎo)致印尼原料或者輔助材料的大量進口(技術(shù)),如圖1。</p><p> 因此,目前基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的創(chuàng)新的可以減少原料或輔助材料的進口。
67、所以, 如上文所提及的國家產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策(KPIN),本文旨在考察產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在印度尼西亞的發(fā)展,。本文還討論了日本、臺灣和中國關(guān)于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群基礎(chǔ)上的創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)的開展,并與印尼基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的創(chuàng)新體系的發(fā)展相比較。</p><p> 印度尼西亞的產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策</p><p> 在它的發(fā)展過程中, 在1960年年底的民族工業(yè)的斗爭充滿著熱情的進步,無論是在其結(jié)構(gòu)、多元化、還是市場導(dǎo)向上。產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展水平
68、影響著產(chǎn)業(yè)政策外部發(fā)展的實施。</p><p> 按時間順序描述: 產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策為康復(fù)和穩(wěn)定的時期(1967-1972),以及石油業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展的時期(1973-1981),這一政策的實施,通過支持生產(chǎn)進口替代品產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,例如進口替代品紡織服裝工業(yè)、造紙、水泥、和餐飲業(yè)。由于石油價格的增長(石油熱),這項政策將是長期的,甚至愈演愈烈。</p><p> 即便如此,在1982-1996期間
69、,石油的價格已經(jīng)有所下降。因此,產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策是通過增加新的條款以達到協(xié)調(diào)一致: 外向型產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,深化和加強產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。經(jīng)過1998年的經(jīng)濟危機, 這一政策是儲蓄行業(yè)為了使它順利通過工業(yè)振興計劃。</p><p> 未來的產(chǎn)業(yè)的定義,對競爭力進行了研究測量,無論是從需求還是供給方面,為了一眼看出其競爭能力無論是在國內(nèi)區(qū)域或是海外。對發(fā)達工業(yè)的分析結(jié)果被編組為兩種類型,包括由出口和國內(nèi)為導(dǎo)向的產(chǎn)業(yè),然后分為四種類型:
70、以天然資源為基礎(chǔ)的工業(yè)工業(yè)、勞動密集型行業(yè),資本密集型行業(yè),技術(shù)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)。將產(chǎn)業(yè)構(gòu)建定義作為做夢, 這是基于其潛在的選擇。那些被選擇的產(chǎn)業(yè)是基于其他行業(yè)所選擇的它自身的潛力為準的。圖2說明產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展政策在印度尼西亞的發(fā)展。</p><p> KPIN中所提到的未來工業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略在印尼的最新觀點是適應(yīng)目前全球化下的相關(guān)技術(shù)發(fā)展和21世紀科技發(fā)展的工業(yè)發(fā)展途徑在上下文中通過集群概念建立的可持續(xù)產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力。基本上,產(chǎn)業(yè)
71、集群是一個運用許多不同分組相互關(guān)聯(lián)的核心產(chǎn)業(yè),配套產(chǎn)業(yè)、相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)、配套服務(wù)、經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,以及相關(guān)的機構(gòu)。除了減少運輸和交易成本,此集群也是以提高工作效率為利益,創(chuàng)造集體資產(chǎn),并追求創(chuàng)新。中期來看,產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力的提升, 是通過建立和發(fā)展進行區(qū)分優(yōu)先級的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群, 而長期上所指的集群方法是整合需求的管理,在每個群集建立核心競爭力。它需要以網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理為支持,包括當?shù)丶夯蚝M饪鐕骸PIN也定義了優(yōu)先化產(chǎn)業(yè)將刺激工業(yè)今后的發(fā)展前景。產(chǎn)業(yè)方向
72、選擇以開發(fā)過程更容易和更加專注衡量成功的標準為目的。</p><p> 根據(jù)國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的制定,為達到產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的發(fā)展可從以下幾點入手:</p><p> 加強產(chǎn)業(yè)價值鏈中包括核心產(chǎn)業(yè),相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,及與之相配套的產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)勢,可以</p><p> 激發(fā)的比較優(yōu)勢是一個競爭優(yōu)勢。</p><p> 在同一部門或在其他的行業(yè)加強集群之間的
73、關(guān)系,同時促進中小企業(yè)和大型企業(yè)合</p><p> 作夥伴關(guān)系及其他有關(guān)互動關(guān)系,然后通過生產(chǎn)力的提高支撐產(chǎn)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和結(jié)構(gòu)形式的增值。</p><p> 刺激相關(guān)行業(yè)需要供應(yīng)相同的原材料和輔助材料的增長,因此它能強化優(yōu)先、相關(guān)或</p><p> 配套行業(yè)的合作夥伴關(guān)系中。</p><p><b> 集群觀念</b&g
74、t;</p><p> 在阿爾弗雷德·馬歇爾研究的基礎(chǔ)上(Isbashoiu,2007),一個產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的存在的三個條件被定義為:存在足夠的勞動力,專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商和外部效應(yīng)的可能性(集群內(nèi)迅速轉(zhuǎn)化的技能和思想)。此外, Walter Isard(Isbashoiu,2007)這一概念在該地區(qū)使用出口型產(chǎn)業(yè)與其他產(chǎn)業(yè)及其連接擴大。據(jù)他說, 一個產(chǎn)業(yè)集群一定存在這些強大的產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)系。</p>&l
75、t;p> 波特普及了產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的概念,在他的著作《競爭優(yōu)勢》中(引用了Isobashoiu,1997),在這本著作里,他探討兩種類型的集群:</p><p> 垂直集群,由兩大產(chǎn)業(yè),通過計劃、關(guān)系聯(lián)系在一起;</p><p> 產(chǎn)業(yè)集群,包括實業(yè)公司可能為了產(chǎn)品而共享一個共同的市場,用一個共同的技術(shù)技</p><p> 能,勞動力技能和相似的資源。<
76、;/p><p> 許多學者指出了區(qū)域集群都有它們的起源,尤其是局部因素條件,本地需求和存在相關(guān)的工業(yè)。</p><p> 基于不同種類的知識(Ishobaoui,2007年),有兩種類型的競爭集群:</p><p> 電子集群,以高科技為導(dǎo)向,適應(yīng)知識經(jīng)濟;</p><p> 在過去的幾年里,依據(jù)歷史所掌握的知識集群,建立在更多的傳統(tǒng)活動
77、,以維護他們</p><p><b> 所掌握的優(yōu)勢。</b></p><p> 產(chǎn)業(yè)集群在對于國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的定義為,本區(qū)域或全球的有相關(guān)的社會互動的一群核心產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚,彼此動態(tài)變化,通過提高相關(guān)行業(yè)效率,創(chuàng)造集體資產(chǎn),并鼓勵創(chuàng)新,使它創(chuàng)造競爭優(yōu)勢。此外,國家產(chǎn)業(yè)政策的制定,說明集群產(chǎn)業(yè)彼此劃分,既可作為有關(guān)核心產(chǎn)業(yè)、配套行業(yè),或與此相關(guān)的行業(yè)。</p>
78、<p> 關(guān)于創(chuàng)新,產(chǎn)業(yè)集群可以分為四組(Pavitt,1984年)。他們以科學為基礎(chǔ)的集群,將創(chuàng)新活動集中于開發(fā)更有效的加工技術(shù)方面的集群、供應(yīng)商主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的結(jié)合、專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商集群。在以科學為基礎(chǔ)的集群,進入基礎(chǔ)研究和政府研發(fā)機構(gòu)成為重要方面的研究活動。這種類型的集群需要專利集約化和高水平的研發(fā)。它往往與政府研發(fā)部門合作。在制藥行業(yè)的這種類型的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是將創(chuàng)新活動集中于建立開發(fā)更有效的加工技術(shù)方面的集群關(guān)系,往往以大
79、學和技術(shù)機構(gòu)作為研究的對象。因此公司不進行次此項研究活動。他們的創(chuàng)新成果依賴于他們有能力在其他地區(qū)引進和建立科學的發(fā)展。在這理,產(chǎn)業(yè)集群是關(guān)于食品工業(yè),和交通行業(yè)。供應(yīng)商有傾向引進技術(shù)以主宰集群,尤其是資本貨物和中間產(chǎn)品。在這個產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的集群創(chuàng)新是通過相互作用的能力決定其供應(yīng)商,例如在林業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)。最后的范疇是專業(yè)化供應(yīng)商集群。這一集群以研發(fā)為基礎(chǔ),并且關(guān)注產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)新。它一般相互作用于供應(yīng)商或用戶,例如硬件和軟件行業(yè)。</p&g
80、t;<p> 基于發(fā)展產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的創(chuàng)新體系</p><p> 為了達到工業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵之一,是通過創(chuàng)新競爭與學習。這可以通過幾種方式進行:</p><p> 結(jié)合合作伙伴和發(fā)展國際的技術(shù)和知識的來源</p><p> 利用現(xiàn)有的國外技術(shù)和知識伴隨本國資源</p><p> 執(zhí)行能力學習來提高收養(yǎng)、使用、提高產(chǎn)品的技
81、術(shù)獲取</p><p><b> 不斷重復(fù)這三個周期</b></p><p> 因為這個原因,聯(lián)合國工業(yè)發(fā)展組織審視工業(yè)創(chuàng)新和學習系統(tǒng),如圖3所示。</p><p><b> 參考文獻</b></p><p> Isbasoiu, George-Marian, 2007,產(chǎn)業(yè)集群和區(qū)域發(fā)展。
82、Timisoara和Montebelluna出席了歐洲地區(qū)以知識為基礎(chǔ)的創(chuàng)新網(wǎng)絡(luò)會議的情況(艾里克)、布魯塞爾、2007年5月10日至11日</p><p> 產(chǎn)業(yè)集群項目, 2005, 在Tokai地區(qū)的制造業(yè)項目創(chuàng)造, </p><p> http://www.cluster.gr.jp/en/Action/chubu1.html. 2009年3月5日</p><
83、;p> Mitsui, Itsutomo, 2003全球化時代產(chǎn)業(yè)集群政策和區(qū)域在東西方的發(fā)展方法及它們之間的差異。ISBC 30日 新加坡。經(jīng)合組織(OECD), 1999, 國家創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織的管理。經(jīng)合組織(OECD).</p><p> Otsuka, Keijiro, 2007, 基于集群的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)發(fā)展:工業(yè) </p><p> 發(fā)展:聚焦東亞,國際上先進
84、的基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展 (國際發(fā)展高級研究基金會FASID).</p><p> Patel, P. and Pavitt, K. 1994. 國家創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng):為什么他們很重要?及它們是如何被測量和比較的?www.mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de. 2009年3月3日</p><p> Sonobe, Tetsushi, Hu, Dinghuan, and Keijiro Otsu
85、ka, 2006在中國內(nèi)陸地區(qū)基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群發(fā)展的摩托車產(chǎn)業(yè)的研討會會議論文。越南,河內(nèi) 五月22日至26日</p><p> Sonobe, Tetsushi dan Otsuka, Keijiro, 2006, 在發(fā)展中國家基于產(chǎn)業(yè)集群的工業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略與國際上先進的基礎(chǔ)研究。國家政策研究所發(fā)展及研究 7月13日 </p><p> 印尼工業(yè)部, 2005 , 民族工業(yè)的發(fā)展的國家政策文
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