外文翻譯--汽車離合器技術(shù)的新發(fā)展

1、<p><b>　　附 錄1</b></p><p>　　Clutch of new developments in technology</p><p>　　Abstract: in recent years car design and manufacturing technology progress for all to see. In order

2、 to further improve product performance, prolong service life, common mechanical clutch technology is also produced a remarkable change. No matter from structural characteristics, product process performance, or control

3、technology, mechanical clutch of technological progress in some extent reflects the development of design concepts, and possible technology trends in the future. </p><p>　　Keywords: clutch; Technology develo

4、pment</p><p>　　1, introduction </p><p>　　In car technology rapid development today, especially with the electronic technology in cars, the extensive application of vehicle drivetrain is had grea

5、t progress, as an important part of the transmission of the clutch assembly force transmission, the burden of reducing vibration and prevent system overload very important role. To make sure that the power transmission a

6、nd reliable, separate thoroughly, combined with soft, damping good, small volume, light weight, easy, long service life, making</p><p>　　2, engine flywheel new structure </p><p>　　As one of the

7、flywheel storage components engine, is also part of the clutch initiative. As the car transmission belong to multi-freedom torsional vibration system, whether the incentive and transmission system, or the associated forc

8、e vibration type and the coupling vibration with other statements are very complex. In order to adapt to car driving conditions of vibration and noise reduction of reducing the need, making cars, ride comfort the role of

9、 torsional shock absorber is extremely importa</p><p>　　In recent years, the emergence of a reverse damping characteristics and performance to price are ideal double quality flywheel structure. The flywheel

10、by primary flywheel, reverse shock absorber and subprime flywheel composition, among them, the primary flywheel on one hand we should provide for the shock absorber and clutch installation space, on the other hand also w

11、ith appropriate rotational inertia insure a car, and reduce passed back starting the amplitude. Generally, double quality flywhee</p><p>　　Using radial layout springs can improve the double quality flywheel

12、of the above mentioned products defect. It consists of primary flywheel, 3 ~ 4 springs box, damping dish and subprime flywheel composition. Because the suspension spring box of radial layout, the primary flywheel rely on

13、 four posts the muscles of rib takes form enough flywheel stiffness and produced similar with traditional flywheel inertia.</p><p>　　This kind is decorated in a small space to with smaller quality to gain th

14、e maximum rotation inertia, help reduce the assembly structure, the axial dimensions for subprime flywheel and clutch decorate a space make more. Its damping device by a wear-resisting plastic gasket, a belt of steel pla

15、te and a slot disc spring washers constitute, they set in damping plate, rely on damping disc hole flanging positioning and compaction, the damping disk with primary flywheel riveted by the subprime, plasti</p>&l

16、t;p>　　Engine for the job, usually by the flywheel, inertia and the clutch clutch disc provides together. The ideal flywheel structure should be to offer the same, and ensure enough inertia structure stiffness premise

17、to minimize the flywheel quality, stamping steel way to replace traditional casting can obtain the flywheel ways to produce the effect. Change the pressure by casting lron yuntechtc ring, start toothed ring and steel blu

18、nt system drivers disk of three parts. In the ring gear driving plate</p><p>　　3, clutch disc </p><p>　　Clutch platen design of the main contradiction is facing, on one hand, hope to have as pla

19、yed platen diameter, in order to obtain the good preach torsional characteristic, reducing friction slices wear quantity and improve the service life, on the other hand, hope the decrease of the platen as possible, so as

20、 to shorten the rotational inertia of the variable transmission shift, ensure the synchronization time of smooth, transmission clutch platen ontology conscious drops, and therefore made wavy</p><p>　　Using t

21、riangle groove platen ontology and friction piece of adhesive technology, still can make clutch friction slices surface pressure distribution, and more uniform can improve the service life of friction slices.</p>

22、<p>　　4, clutch diaphragm spring </p><p>　　Using the diaphragm spring of a nonlinear elastic properties, can increase the ability of clutch abrasion resistance. Usually, can pass the clutch when install

23、ation, adjustment diaphragm spring axial position, to keep the spring of compaction force, but due to the manufacturing process of previous position error is quite large, so often wasted spring this portion of elastic en

24、ergy, enables the abrasion resistance ability get full play. When the clutch cover and flywheel connection with the above</p><p>　　To improve the ability to change its antiwear properties, but also can the d

25、iaphragm spring is reinforced by controlling method of separation means and the rib disc supporting ring approach to getting.</p><p>　　5, clutch control system </p><p>　　Automatic transmission i

26、n cars growing popularity of today, due to its lack of transmission efficiency of cars, and motorists feel lost control, makes mechanical clutch still has wide market. Along with the computer technology and the rapid dev

27、elopment of modern control technology has to clutch may reality automatic control, automatic clutch management system (CMC) is the product of this idea. The driver speaking, clutch automatic control system is that it is

28、the most obvious advantage of cancel</p><p>　　CMC consists of three parts: namely is used to identify the driver intention and the clutch, the transmission working state of sensors, </p><p>　　Cl

29、utch actuators and electronic control unit, drivers shift HuanDangGan movements and intention through the release of the accelerator pedal to identify, this requires signal judge strategy and control must be very quick,

30、to avoid the feeling of driver produce shift block, when pilots inadvertently tinkering with the transmission system when rod may not false action. In addition, the CMC through the engine speed, the transmission input sh

31、aft speed and throttle position signal to clutch slip for </p><p>　　6, closing </p><p>　　By adopting a new design concept, can make clutch axial dimensions is much shorter, platen diameter incre

32、ases, power transmission more reliable, clutch capacity increases, separation bearing load is reduced, torsion vibration reduction improve, processing manufacturing easier, lower cost, service life can be extended 50% an

33、d than before can be expected, along with the automatic control technology mature gradually perfect, clutch control mode will also continue to rapid development.</p><p><b>　　附 錄 2</b></p>

34、<p>　　汽車離合器技術(shù)的新發(fā)展</p><p>　　摘要：近年來汽車設(shè)計(jì)和制造技術(shù)的進(jìn)步有目共睹。為了進(jìn)一步提高產(chǎn)品性能，延長(zhǎng)使用壽命，普通機(jī)械式離合器技術(shù)同樣也產(chǎn)生了令人注目的變化。無論從結(jié)構(gòu)特性、產(chǎn)品工藝性能，還是控制技術(shù)方面，機(jī)械離合器的技術(shù)進(jìn)步從某種程度上反映了設(shè)計(jì)觀念的發(fā)展，以及將來可能的技術(shù)走勢(shì)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：離合器；技術(shù)發(fā)展</p>

35、;<p><b>　　1、引言</b></p><p>　　在汽車技術(shù)飛速發(fā)展的今天，特別是伴隨著電子技術(shù)在汽車上的廣泛應(yīng)用，汽車傳動(dòng)系有了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)步，作為傳動(dòng)系重要組成部分之一的離合器總成負(fù)擔(dān)著傳力、減振和防止系統(tǒng)過載等十分重要的作用。為確保其傳力可靠，分離徹底，結(jié)合柔順，減振好，體積小，重量輕，壽命長(zhǎng)，制造易，現(xiàn)金的離合器產(chǎn)品無論從性能、結(jié)構(gòu)方面，還是生產(chǎn)制造方式和操縱控制

36、方面，都在發(fā)生著諸多的變化。它們大大地優(yōu)化了離合器各方面的性能，從某種程度上看，這些變化也反映了汽車離合器的發(fā)展方向。</p><p>　　2、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪的新結(jié)構(gòu)</p><p>　　作為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)儲(chǔ)能元件之一的飛輪，同時(shí)也是離合器的主動(dòng)部分。由于汽車傳動(dòng)系屬于多自由度扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，無論是系統(tǒng)的激勵(lì)和傳遞的力，還是隨之產(chǎn)生的振型和與其它振動(dòng)的耦合情況均十分復(fù)雜。為了能適應(yīng)汽車各種行駛工況下減少

37、振動(dòng)、降低噪聲的需要，提高汽車的乘坐舒適性，扭轉(zhuǎn)減震器的作用極其重要。它應(yīng)能夠通過調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)固有頻率，將系統(tǒng)主要的低階共振臨界轉(zhuǎn)速移出常用車速范圍，也需要利用阻尼減小振幅，還需能降低傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的怠速噪聲，緩和特殊工況下的沖擊載荷。以往在離合器從動(dòng)盤上設(shè)置的扭轉(zhuǎn)減震器，由于受布置空間所限，減震器工作扭轉(zhuǎn)角度小，扭轉(zhuǎn)剛度大，容量小，減振彈簧強(qiáng)度不易保證，因此減振效果有限。</p><p>　　近年來，出現(xiàn)了扭轉(zhuǎn)減振特性和

38、性能價(jià)格比均較理想的雙質(zhì)量飛輪結(jié)構(gòu)。這種飛輪由初級(jí)飛輪、扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器和次級(jí)飛輪組成，其中，初級(jí)飛輪一方面要為減震器和離合器提供安裝空間，另一方面也以適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量確保汽車起動(dòng)，并減少向后傳遞的振幅。通常，雙質(zhì)量飛輪均采用以圓弧狀螺旋彈簧沿初級(jí)飛輪外圓周布置的方式，在布置空間有限的情況下，這種布置方式難以獲得較大的初級(jí)飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量。該轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量過小會(huì)增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和離合器相關(guān)零件的速度波動(dòng)，縮短他們的使用壽命。為避免上述現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，常需附加設(shè)置特殊

39、的阻尼，這樣，會(huì)增加開發(fā)難度和產(chǎn)品成本。由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)前置前驅(qū)動(dòng)型式的轎車的變速器安裝空間有限，故這種結(jié)構(gòu)難以在FF式轎車上推廣。同時(shí)，這種沿圓周布置彈簧的雙質(zhì)量飛輪，由于高速時(shí)離心力作用，彈簧磨損大，甚至?xí)a(chǎn)生折斷。</p><p>　　采用徑向布置減振彈簧的雙質(zhì)量飛輪可改進(jìn)上述產(chǎn)品的缺陷。它由初級(jí)飛輪、3~4個(gè)減振彈簧盒、阻尼盤和次級(jí)飛輪組成。由于這種減震彈簧盒徑向布置，在初級(jí)飛輪上依靠四根寬厚的筋肋形成足夠的飛

40、輪剛度，并產(chǎn)生與傳統(tǒng)飛輪相近的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量。</p><p>　　這種布置有利于在小空間上，以較小的質(zhì)量獲得最大的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量，有利于減少總成結(jié)構(gòu)的軸向尺寸，為次級(jí)飛輪和離合器讓出更多布置空間。其阻尼裝置由一個(gè)耐磨塑料墊圈、一個(gè)帶槽口的鋼片和一個(gè)碟形彈簧墊圈構(gòu)成，它們?cè)O(shè)置在阻尼盤上，靠阻尼盤內(nèi)孔翻邊定位并壓緊，阻尼盤與初級(jí)飛輪鉚接，塑料墊圈由次級(jí)飛輪上的槽口帶動(dòng)。實(shí)踐證明，較之以往的雙質(zhì)量飛輪，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可在有限的空間內(nèi)獲

41、得相當(dāng)好的減振效果。</p><p>　　發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作所需的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量通常由飛輪、離合器壓盤和離合器一起提供。理想的飛輪結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)在提供相同轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量，并保證足夠結(jié)構(gòu)剛度的前提下盡量減少飛輪質(zhì)量，以鋼板沖壓方式取代傳統(tǒng)鑄造方式生產(chǎn)的飛輪可獲得這種效果。改飛輪由鑄鐵制的壓環(huán)、起動(dòng)齒環(huán)和鋼板沖制的驅(qū)動(dòng)盤三部分組成。齒環(huán)焊接在驅(qū)動(dòng)盤上，壓環(huán)與驅(qū)動(dòng)盤鉚接，壓環(huán)構(gòu)成飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量的主體，同時(shí)為離合器提供摩擦面和傳導(dǎo)熱量。驅(qū)動(dòng)盤提高足夠

42、的飛輪剛度，并借助激光焊接與離合器蓋相連接，這這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式的改變可較傳統(tǒng)鑄鐵飛輪減少質(zhì)量5%~10%。采用鋼板沖壓式飛輪，且離合器蓋與飛輪間的連接以焊接取代螺栓連接后，減少了零件數(shù)和機(jī)械加工量，從而降低了生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用。前述的徑向布置彈簧雙質(zhì)量飛輪亦可采用這種沖壓方式構(gòu)成，以利于結(jié)構(gòu)減小軸向尺寸。</p><p><b>　　3、離合器從動(dòng)盤</b></p><p>　　離

43、合器從動(dòng)盤設(shè)計(jì)中面臨的主要矛盾是，一方面希望有盡可能打得從動(dòng)盤直徑，以便獲得好的傳扭特性、減少摩擦片磨損量和提高使用壽命，另一方面又希望盡可能的減小從動(dòng)盤的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量，以縮短變速同步時(shí)間，保證變速器換擋的平順，傳動(dòng)離合器從動(dòng)盤本體有意識(shí)滴制成波浪狀，因此往往難以協(xié)調(diào)這種矛盾。當(dāng)采用三角形槽式從動(dòng)盤本體結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，它在保留原方式波浪狀從動(dòng)盤本體所具有的軸向彈性特性的同時(shí)，由于其上可形成大面積的平面，足以使其與摩擦片連接采用粘接替代傳統(tǒng)的鉚接，這

44、樣，在摩擦片上便無需預(yù)留鉚釘鋼背的厚度，故離合器摩擦片厚度可減小，由此從動(dòng)盤的軸向尺寸可減小10%，而轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量可降低近25%。換句話說，在保持轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量不變的前提下，有可能將從動(dòng)盤直徑增大，這樣可為扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器的布置讓出空間，當(dāng)減震器彈簧工作直徑增大時(shí)，減振器剛度可大大降低，空間的增大也為設(shè)置理想的阻尼元件提供了基本條件。另一方面，由于從動(dòng)盤直徑增大，使得優(yōu)化膜片彈簧分離指的杠桿比可以明顯地減少分離軸承上的負(fù)荷。</p>&l

45、t;p>　　利用三角形槽式從動(dòng)盤本體和摩擦片的粘接技術(shù)，還能使離合器摩擦片表面的壓力分布更均勻，因而能提高摩擦片的使用壽命。</p><p>　　4、離合器的膜片彈簧</p><p>　　利用膜片彈簧的非線性彈性特性，可以增加離合器抗磨損的能力。通常，可以通過離合器安裝時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)膜片彈簧軸向位置，來保持彈簧的壓緊力，但以往由于制造過程中這種位置誤差相當(dāng)大，故往往會(huì)浪費(fèi)掉彈簧的這部分彈性勢(shì)

46、能，使得這種抗磨損能力得不到充分發(fā)揮。當(dāng)離合器蓋與飛輪的連接采用上述焊接的方式完成，離合器裝配時(shí)便可能容許這種位置的調(diào)整，由此，相應(yīng)的離合器抗磨損能力可提高4%~30%。</p><p>　　為提高離合器的抗磨損能力而改變膜片彈簧特性，還可以通過控制分離指筋肋的方法和采用碟形支承環(huán)的方式獲得。</p><p><b>　　5、離合器控制系統(tǒng)</b></p>

47、<p>　　在汽車自動(dòng)變速器日益普及的今天，由于其傳動(dòng)效率的不足，以及駕車人對(duì)汽車失去控制權(quán)的感覺，使得機(jī)械式離合器至今仍有著廣泛的市場(chǎng)。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代控制技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，已有可能現(xiàn)實(shí)對(duì)離合器的自動(dòng)控制，自動(dòng)離合器管理系統(tǒng)（CMC）便是這種思想的產(chǎn)物。對(duì)駕駛員來說，離合器自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)最明顯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于它取消了離合器踏板，從而提高了駕駛舒適性，無論在城市頻繁變化的交通環(huán)境中，還是在坡道起步時(shí)，其優(yōu)越性都是十分明顯的。于此

48、同時(shí)，為了減少傳動(dòng)系低速噪聲和振動(dòng)，CMC有可能對(duì)離合器滑動(dòng)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)控制，所有這些都可以改善汽車的行駛安全性。盡管自動(dòng)變速器也能起到相同的作用，但CMC在價(jià)格、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制動(dòng)和快速響應(yīng)等方面卻又著明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。此外，它無蠕動(dòng)現(xiàn)象，且可使駕駛員自己控制換擋時(shí)機(jī)。另一方面，對(duì)汽車本身來說，由于CMC減少了因?qū)嶋H行駛中相當(dāng)頻繁的誤操作產(chǎn)生的傳動(dòng)系應(yīng)力，因此，可減小變速器及其傳動(dòng)系零件的設(shè)計(jì)尺寸，在一般駕駛條件下，電子控制的精度和速度保證

49、了離合器比人工操作情況下的磨損小，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。</p><p>　　CMC由三部分組成：即用來識(shí)別駕駛員意圖和離合器、變速器工作狀態(tài)的傳感器，</p><p>　　離合器執(zhí)行器和電子控制單元，駕駛員換擋意圖通過換擋桿動(dòng)作和油門踏板的釋放信號(hào)來識(shí)別，這要求判斷策略和控制必須十分快捷，以避免駕駛員產(chǎn)生換擋阻滯的感覺，當(dāng)駕駛員無意中擺弄變速器桿時(shí)系統(tǒng)不得誤動(dòng)作。另外，CMC通過發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速、變速器

50、輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)速和節(jié)氣門位置信號(hào)對(duì)離合器滑轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)行精神控制，可消除汽車行駛中常見的振動(dòng)與噪聲。如以有限度控制滑轉(zhuǎn)來防止在1、2擋小油門低速行駛時(shí)，汽車輕微朝前傾斜，產(chǎn)生約1Hz非常不舒服的顫振，通過在離合器扭轉(zhuǎn)方向改變的瞬時(shí)迅速分離離合器，來消除在離合器完全結(jié)合的情況下，當(dāng)駕駛員交替放松和踩踏油門踏板時(shí)，因傳動(dòng)系扭矩變向的反沖作用產(chǎn)生的尖銳或沉悶的撞擊聲；通過精確地將相對(duì)滑轉(zhuǎn)控制在50~100rpm之間，可消除在高檔、大功率和低轉(zhuǎn)速工況下行駛時(shí)

51、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)扭矩值在乘客艙內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的可聞低頻共振，以及當(dāng)變速器處于2~3擋，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速1200~2500rpm且高負(fù)荷時(shí)，變速器可能產(chǎn)生的拍擊噪聲；通過分離離合器，可方便的消除怠速時(shí)將離合器與空擋變速器結(jié)合時(shí)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)扭矩峰值在變速器中產(chǎn)生的怠速噪聲。預(yù)防振噪聲的關(guān)鍵是系統(tǒng)靈敏度和精度，這要求系統(tǒng)具有高的控制能力，依靠現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)和液壓控制技</p><p><b>　　6、結(jié)束語</b></p&