中國(guó)的匯率政策和亞洲貿(mào)易外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　中文3577字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</p><p>　　外文題目：CHINA’S EXCHANGE RATE POLICY AND ASIAN TRADE </p><p>　　出 處：

2、New Finance,2009(9) </p><p>　　作 者：Alicia Garcia-Herrero, Tuuli Koivu </p><p><b>　　原 文 :&l

3、t;/b></p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　This paper shows empirically that China’s trade balance is sensitive to fluctuations in the real effective exchange rate of the renminbi. H

4、owever, the current size of the trade surplus is such that exchange rate policy alone will probably not be able to address the imbalance. The potential reduction in the trade surplus resulting from an increase in the ren

5、minbi exchange rate is limited mainly because Chinese imports do not react as expected to a renminbi appreciation – they tend to fall rather </p><p>　　Keywords: China, trade, exports, real exchange rate</

6、p><p>　　I. Introduction</p><p>　　China’s share in world trade has increased extremely rapidly during the past years. In fact, it is already one of the largest exporters in the world, together with

7、Germany and the United States.</p><p>　　Until recently, China’s trade balance was very close to zero. According to China's customs statistics, its trade surplus amounted to mere USD 32 billion (or 1.7% o

8、f GDP) in 2004 (Graph 1). However, since 2005 the trade surplus has ballooned: it reached nearly USD 180 billion in 2006 (close to 7% of GDP) and increased further in 2007, to more than 10% of GDP.</p><p>　　

9、On the one hand, Chinese policymakers appear to be maintaining an artificially low exchange rate for the renminbi so as to profit from external demand and achieve a much needed high growth rate. On the other hand, given

10、that prices may still play only a limited role in supply and demand decisions in China’s transitional economy, doubts have been raised that the exchange rate can be an effective tool in reducing the trade surplus.</p&

11、gt;<p>　　Linked to the first argument is the fact that China is facing strong pressure from industrial countries to appreciate the renminbi. The real effective exchange rate (REER) of the renminbi rose steeply fro

12、m 1994 until end-1997 but tended to decline after that until the move to a more flexible exchange rate regime was announced in July 2005. Thereafter the renminbi has appreciated somewhat in real terms. The question is wh

13、ether – and to what extent – the sharp increase in the trade surplus can be </p><p>　　The large size of China’s trade surplus makes the issue important not only for China but also for the rest of the world.

14、The existing literature is not conclusive. The lack of appropriate data and sufficiently long time series has discouraged research on the link between the renminbi exchange rate and China’s trade. Since the summer of 200

15、3, when discussions on the undervaluation of the renminbi came to the forefront, research on China’s exchange rate policy has blossomed, but much of it has foc</p><p>　　Our paper analyzes this question empir

16、ically using cointegration analysis. According to our results, a real appreciation of the renminbi would reduce China’s trade surplus in the long run, but the effect would be limited. The relatively small impact – compar

17、ed with the size of the imbalance – is mainly explained by the peculiar price elasticity we find for imports: namely, Chinese imports are negatively affected by the renminbi’s real appreciation. By estimating bilateral i

18、mport equations, we fi</p><p>　　The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the existing literature. Section 3 describes the methodology and the data used. Section 4 presents the results

19、 on how China’s exports and imports react to changes in the exchange rate and demand. In Section 5, we dig deeper into the issue of why Chinese imports do not get a boost from the renminbi’s appreciation; to do so, we es

20、timate bilateral trade equations with China’s main trade partners and then analyse the export equations o</p><p>　　IV. Results for China’s import and export equations</p><p>　　As a preliminary s

21、tep, we test for the order of integration of the variables included in our analysis. We use the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests for the existence of a unit root. Nearly all variables are found to be non-stationary in

22、 levels but stationary in first differences. We then test for the existence of cointegration vectors using the Johansen procedure. We find at least one cointegrating vector for each variable group. As proposed by Phillip

23、s and Loretan (1991),the presence of the c</p><p>　　Besides regressions on export and import equations for our full sample (1994–2005), we also ran such regressions for a shorter period (2000–05) that concen

24、trates on the period of WTO influence. In both cases, we consider it important to distinguish between processed and ordinary trade and, therefore, run separate equations for each of them in the case of both exports and i

25、mports. The maximum number of short-term lags introduced in the equations was three, and we ultimately included only those th</p><p>　　The full results for the export equations can be found in Table A2 in th

26、e Appendix.16 As expected, long-run exchange rate elasticities of China’s exports – both processed and ordinary are negative and significant in our full sample and also after WTO entry. When appropriately transformed (se

27、e Table 2), the estimated long-run impact of the real exchange rate is around –1.3 for processed exports for both periods. For ordinary exports, it drops from –2.3 measured for the whole period to –1.6 for th</p>

28、<p>　　For both ordinary and processed exports, the long-run positive effect of world demand on Chinese exports is very small and not statistically significant in our full sample, but it does become significant after

29、 WTO membership. That result is in line with the idea that China was facing considerable barriers to profiting from other countries’ growth before its WTO entry. In addition, for the most recent sample, the income elasti

30、city of Chinese exports is very close to 1, as expected.</p><p>　　The estimated coefficients of the import equations are shown in Table A3 in the Appendix. Demand factors seem to play a relatively moderate r

31、ole in explaining past imports. In the later subsample, imports for processing do react positively to external demand, measured by processed exports, and domestic industrial output increases ordinary imports, as expected

32、.</p><p>　　As one would expect, the FDI stock appears to have a positive effect in the long run both on ordinary imports and on imports for processing. Finally, a reduction in import tariffs seems to foster

33、imports for processing in the long run.19 As for exports, dummies for the Chinese New Year as well as for December were significant in most cases.</p><p>　　Finally, the exchange rate elasticity of imports is

34、 always negative and generally significant. The only exception is imports for processing in the latter subperiod, for which the negative coefficient on the exchange rate is significant only at the 15% level. The exchange

35、 rate has not only a direct link to imports for processing but also an indirect link via processed exports. In other words, a renminbi real appreciation tends to reduce imports rather than to increase them. Although coun

36、terintuit</p><p>　　VI. Conclusions</p><p>　　During the past few years, there has been growing discussion both in China and in international forums on the desirability of a renminbi appreciation.

37、 Many have argued that exchange rate policy would not serve the purpose of reducing China’s large trade surplus. This paper shows empirically that China’s trade balance is sensitive to fluctuations in the real effective

38、exchange rate. In fact, estimating long-run elasticities of Chinese exports and imports to changes in the renminbi’s real effectiv</p><p>　　On the basis of our estimated elasticities for the period beginning

39、 at the point (2000) that WTO entry for China was known, a 5% real appreciation of the effective exchange value of the renminbi – other things given – would have led to about a 7% reduction in export volume. When we take

40、 into account the direct link from the exchange rate to imports as well as the indirect link (from a decrease in processed exports to imports for processing), the total volume of imports would have decreased by ab</p&

41、gt;<p>　　Although it is not completely new, our finding that China’s imports decrease as a result of an appreciation of its currency prompted a deeper investigation. We explored the issue further by estimating bil

42、ateral equations for China's trade with its major trade partners. It seems that the renminbi bilateral real appreciation against the currency of a trade partner generally reduces China’s imports, particularly from ot

43、her Asian countries. The result for Chinese imports from Asia is probably explai</p><p>　　These findings raise concerns in terms of Asia’s reaction to a sudden appreciation of the renminbi, particularly if o

44、ther Asian currencies also appreciate. Although this study concentrates on only the volumes of imports and exports – so the conclusions cannot be comprehensive – it does underscore the importance of investigating further

45、 potential effects from a renminbi real appreciation and different combinations of exchange rate policies in Asia. A number of papers on this issue have already be</p><p>　　Finally, although Chinese exports

46、have clearly benefited from fast economic growth in advanced economies, we found the income elasticity of Chinese imports to be rather low. It seems that exports to China are more dependent on foreign direct investment t

47、han economic activity in China. However, this characteristic can change in the near future if the composition of Chinese imports starts shifting from raw materials, parts and components and investment goods towards goods

48、 for domestic consumption.</p><p><b>　　譯 文：</b></p><p>　　中國(guó)的匯率政策和亞洲貿(mào)易</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文的實(shí)證顯示了中國(guó)的貿(mào)易平衡對(duì)人民幣實(shí)際有效匯率波動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是敏感的。然而，匯率政策本身

49、可能無(wú)法改變當(dāng)前貿(mào)易順差的大小。在貿(mào)易中，人民幣匯率上升而減少盈余的潛力是有限的，主要是因?yàn)橹袊?guó)的進(jìn)口沒(méi)有作出預(yù)計(jì)的反應(yīng)，其事實(shí)是人民幣升值導(dǎo)致進(jìn)口趨于下降而不是增加。通過(guò)中國(guó)和其主要貿(mào)易伙伴的雙邊貿(mào)易進(jìn)口方程組的估算，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了中國(guó)與東南亞國(guó)家的貿(mào)易中進(jìn)口的通常反應(yīng)。這一結(jié)果可能是由于亞洲的垂直整合，且東南亞從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的產(chǎn)品的大量份額是再出口。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，一些亞洲國(guó)家的出口總額對(duì)人民幣升值的反應(yīng)消極，它指出了亞洲國(guó)家對(duì)中國(guó)出口的依賴。

50、</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞: 中國(guó)、貿(mào)易、出口、實(shí)際匯率</p><p><b>　　一、介紹</b></p><p>　　在過(guò)去幾年，中國(guó)在世界貿(mào)易中的份額增長(zhǎng)非常迅速。且事實(shí)上，除德國(guó)和美國(guó)外，它已經(jīng)是世界上最大的出口國(guó)之一。</p><p>　　而近年來(lái)，中國(guó)的貿(mào)易平衡都非常接近于零。據(jù)中國(guó)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，2004年其

51、貿(mào)易盈余總額僅為320億美元（或1.7％的GDP）（圖1）。然而，自2005年以來(lái)貿(mào)易順差激增：它在2006年達(dá)到近1800億美元（接近GDP的7％）,2007年進(jìn)一步上升到超過(guò)GDP的10％。</p><p>　　一方面，中國(guó)的決策者似乎堅(jiān)持人為的壓低人民幣匯率，有利于增加外部需求，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)必要的高增長(zhǎng)率。另一方面，因?yàn)閮r(jià)格在中國(guó)過(guò)渡經(jīng)濟(jì)的供給和需求決定中發(fā)揮的作用是有限的，使得有人質(zhì)疑人民幣匯率是減少貿(mào)易順差

52、的有效工具這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　聯(lián)系到第一個(gè)參數(shù)可知道中國(guó)正面臨著工業(yè)化國(guó)家的強(qiáng)烈要求人民幣升值的壓力是一個(gè)事實(shí)。從1994年至1997年底，人民幣實(shí)際有效匯率急劇上升，而后呈下降趨勢(shì)直到2005年7月公布了一個(gè)更靈活的匯率制度。此后，人民幣略有升值的實(shí)況。問(wèn)題在于如何以及在何種程度可以通過(guò)這樣的實(shí)際貶值解釋貿(mào)易盈余的大幅增加。</p><p>　　中國(guó)的貿(mào)易盈余之大，不僅引起了

53、中國(guó)甚至是世界其他地區(qū)的問(wèn)題,且現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)也沒(méi)有定論。適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)據(jù)和足夠長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間序列的缺乏阻礙了人民幣匯率和中國(guó)的貿(mào)易之間的聯(lián)系的研究。自2003年夏天開(kāi)始對(duì)人民幣低估的討論到了最前沿，中國(guó)的匯率政策的研究已經(jīng)展開(kāi)，但大多研究集中在中國(guó)匯率長(zhǎng)期均衡的估計(jì)或什么樣的匯率制度最符合中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)。這兩個(gè)問(wèn)題顯然是相關(guān)的，但對(duì)于全球失衡的規(guī)模而言最緊迫的問(wèn)題是中國(guó)是否應(yīng)該將貨幣升值作為減少其龐大的貿(mào)易盈余的工具。</p><p&

54、gt;　　我們通過(guò)協(xié)整向量實(shí)證分析這個(gè)問(wèn)題。而根據(jù)我們的結(jié)果，人民幣實(shí)際升值會(huì)減少中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期的貿(mào)易順差，但其影響將是有限的。特殊的價(jià)格彈性則主要解釋了對(duì)比于不平衡的規(guī)模而言,其對(duì)進(jìn)口有較小的影響,即：人民幣實(shí)際升值對(duì)中國(guó)進(jìn)口的影響是負(fù)的。通過(guò)雙邊進(jìn)口方程的估算，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，從亞洲國(guó)家進(jìn)口的數(shù)量趨于下降，但其他國(guó)家的進(jìn)口量則不變。這結(jié)果很可能被解釋為縱向一體化在亞洲區(qū)域內(nèi)貿(mào)易的特點(diǎn)：從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的大多商品將從其他東南亞國(guó)家再出口,這顯然有悖常理

55、。此外，我們顯示的證據(jù)表明，東南亞國(guó)家似乎沒(méi)有能夠通過(guò)增加出口到其他國(guó)家來(lái)減少中國(guó)的出口，因?yàn)槿嗣駧派祵?duì)于他們的總出口的影響是負(fù)面的。換句話說(shuō)，來(lái)自東南亞國(guó)家的出口似乎是一個(gè)補(bǔ)充，而不是中國(guó)出口的替代品。</p><p>　　本文的其余部分組織如下。第2節(jié)回顧現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)。第3節(jié)描述的方法和使用的數(shù)據(jù)。第4節(jié)中國(guó)出口和進(jìn)口如何應(yīng)對(duì)匯率和需求變化及結(jié)果。在第5節(jié)，進(jìn)一步深入為什么中國(guó)的進(jìn)口沒(méi)有從人民幣升值得到增加的

56、問(wèn)題;我們運(yùn)用中國(guó)與主要貿(mào)易伙伴的雙邊貿(mào)易方程的估計(jì)，然后分析部分亞洲國(guó)家的出口方程。第6節(jié)總結(jié)。</p><p>　　四、中國(guó)進(jìn)口和出口方程的結(jié)論</p><p>　　作為第一步，我們?yōu)橐惑w化的變量順序進(jìn)行測(cè)試以及分析。我們對(duì)其單位根的存在進(jìn)行增廣Dickey-Fuller（ADF）檢驗(yàn)。幾乎所有的變量的水平都被發(fā)現(xiàn)是非平穩(wěn)，但在一階差分是平穩(wěn)的。然后，我們使用約翰森程序測(cè)試協(xié)整向量的存

57、在。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)每組變量至少有一個(gè)協(xié)整向量。正如菲利普斯和Loretan（1991），協(xié)整向量的存在使我們通過(guò)一個(gè)非線性最小二乘法,提出了回歸滯后的估計(jì)。這種方法將對(duì)長(zhǎng)期和短期的參數(shù)產(chǎn)生無(wú)偏和一致的估計(jì)。</p><p>　　除了全樣本（1994-2005）的出口和進(jìn)口回歸方程，我們也調(diào)查了一段較短期間（2000-2005年）的回歸，主要集中于世界貿(mào)易組織的影響。在這兩種情況下，我們認(rèn)為，重要的是區(qū)分一般貿(mào)易和加工貿(mào)

58、易，因此，就兩者在出口和進(jìn)口的情況各列單獨(dú)的方程。在短期最大數(shù)量的滯后方程中引入三個(gè)，而最終也只包括那些顯著性的。</p><p>　　出口方程的全部結(jié)果顯示在表中的附錄A2。正如人們所預(yù)料的那樣,在我們的全部或加入WTO后的樣本中,長(zhǎng)期匯率彈性不管是對(duì)中國(guó)的加工出口還是一般貿(mào)易都有著消極且重要的影響。當(dāng)適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換（見(jiàn)表2）時(shí)，實(shí)際匯率對(duì)兩個(gè)期間的加工出口的長(zhǎng)期影響估計(jì)將圍繞-1.3波動(dòng)。而對(duì)于一般出口，則被測(cè)量

59、出從整個(gè)期間的-2.3至最近時(shí)期的-1.6。我們的研究結(jié)果非常接近其他學(xué)者通過(guò)協(xié)整分析的結(jié)論（如,出口總額的-1.5 ,Lau (2004)以及-1.3 ,Shu and Yip（2006））。他們也類似對(duì)主要的工業(yè)化國(guó)家的出口價(jià)格彈性進(jìn)行估計(jì)（美國(guó)和英國(guó)分別是-1.5和-1.6, Hooper(1998)）。</p><p>　　對(duì)于這兩種一般貿(mào)易和加工出口，世界需求對(duì)中國(guó)出口的長(zhǎng)期積極影響是非常小的，甚至在我

60、們的全樣本統(tǒng)計(jì)上沒(méi)有意義，但它確實(shí)在中國(guó)成為世貿(mào)組織成員后有顯著影響。結(jié)果符合在入WTO之前中國(guó)想從其他國(guó)家的增長(zhǎng)中獲利面臨著相當(dāng)大的障礙這一想法。此外，在最近的樣本中，中國(guó)出口收入彈性都非常接近1，符合市場(chǎng)預(yù)期。</p><p>　　其進(jìn)口方程的系數(shù)估計(jì)見(jiàn)表中附錄A3。需求因素似乎對(duì)過(guò)去的進(jìn)口有著相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的作用。在后來(lái)的子樣本中，加工的進(jìn)口對(duì)外部需求作出積極反應(yīng)，以加工出口來(lái)衡量國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)產(chǎn)出，一般進(jìn)口增加，符合

61、市場(chǎng)預(yù)期。</p><p>　　正如人們所預(yù)期的那樣，外國(guó)直接投資存量似乎對(duì)加工進(jìn)口以及一般進(jìn)口在長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)上都產(chǎn)生積極影響。最后，削減進(jìn)口關(guān)稅，似乎有利于促進(jìn)長(zhǎng)期的加工進(jìn)口。而對(duì)于出口方面，仿制品在農(nóng)歷新年以及十二月的大多數(shù)情況下是很重要的。</p><p>　　最后，匯率彈性對(duì)進(jìn)口總是具普遍的消極效果。唯一的例外是在加工進(jìn)口的后期，匯率負(fù)系數(shù)對(duì)其的影響在15％的水平。匯率不僅與加工進(jìn)口有直接

62、聯(lián)系，而且與加工出口有間接聯(lián)系。換句話說(shuō)，人民幣實(shí)際升值更趨向于減少進(jìn)口，而不是增加。雖然乍看起來(lái)違反直覺(jué)，但這種消極彈性已經(jīng)在近期的一些文獻(xiàn)中體現(xiàn)，如Marquez and Schindler (2006)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著進(jìn)口甚至一般的進(jìn)口對(duì)由人民幣實(shí)際升值而不是購(gòu)買力上升所引起的出口下降更敏感。</p><p><b>　　六、結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　在

63、過(guò)去的幾年里，中國(guó)和國(guó)際論壇中對(duì)人民幣升值的可取性的討論都出現(xiàn)了增長(zhǎng)。許多人認(rèn)為，匯率政策將無(wú)助于減少中國(guó)的巨額貿(mào)易順差。本文的實(shí)證顯示中國(guó)的貿(mào)易平衡對(duì)實(shí)際有效匯率波動(dòng)是敏感的。事實(shí)上，1994年至2005年年底,就人民幣實(shí)際有效匯率的變動(dòng)對(duì)中國(guó)的出口和進(jìn)口的長(zhǎng)期彈性的估計(jì)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)有力的證據(jù)，實(shí)際升值會(huì)大幅降低長(zhǎng)期出口。該結(jié)果對(duì)加工出口（即貨物轉(zhuǎn)化和轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易）和一般出口都有效。然而，真正的貨幣升值也降低了中國(guó)的進(jìn)口，這限制了匯率

64、政策對(duì)貿(mào)易盈余的凈影響。</p><p>　　我們對(duì)該期間彈性的估計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)開(kāi)始于2000年即中國(guó)進(jìn)入世界貿(mào)易組織時(shí)，5％的人民幣實(shí)際有效匯率升值(其他特定的情況除外)將導(dǎo)致約7％的出口量減少。當(dāng)我們考慮到匯率對(duì)進(jìn)口的直接聯(lián)系，以及間接聯(lián)系時(shí)（從一個(gè)加工出口減少成為加工進(jìn)口），發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)口總額減少約4％。在這些估計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上，2005年的貿(mào)易盈余將縮水四分之一左右，從1000億降到不足800億美元。不過(guò)，這些數(shù)字必須極其

65、謹(jǐn)慎地對(duì)待，因?yàn)樗鼈冎淮泶致杂?jì)算，不考慮，例如，出口和進(jìn)口價(jià)格引起的匯率變動(dòng)對(duì)貿(mào)易盈余的影響。我們的數(shù)字可能高估了貿(mào)易盈余的減少，因?yàn)樵谏档那闆r下，出口價(jià)格以外幣計(jì)價(jià)將可能增加，這樣對(duì)出口值的實(shí)際影響會(huì)更小。另一方面，人民幣匯率的波動(dòng)可能不會(huì)影響所有的進(jìn)口價(jià)格，如世界石油的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格，對(duì)中國(guó)進(jìn)口價(jià)格的影響可能會(huì)小得多。且不幸的是，對(duì)中國(guó)的影響是很難估計(jì)，因?yàn)殛P(guān)于出口和進(jìn)口價(jià)格的時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)的不足。</p><p&g

66、t;　　雖然不是全新的，但通過(guò)更深入的調(diào)查我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其貨幣升值的結(jié)果引發(fā)了中國(guó)的進(jìn)口減少。我們通過(guò)估算中國(guó)與主要貿(mào)易伙伴的雙邊貿(mào)易方程進(jìn)一步探討了這個(gè)問(wèn)題?？磥?lái)，人民幣對(duì)貿(mào)易伙伴貨幣的實(shí)際升值會(huì)普遍降低中國(guó)的進(jìn)口，特別是來(lái)自于其他亞洲國(guó)家。對(duì)該來(lái)自于亞洲的中國(guó)進(jìn)口的結(jié)果可能的解釋是亞洲國(guó)家的出口部門縱向一體化程度很高。這些其他亞洲國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品只是一種補(bǔ)充，他們不能取代中國(guó)的出口。而我們的實(shí)證支持這個(gè)假設(shè)，人民幣實(shí)際升值對(duì)亞洲國(guó)家的出口而

67、不只對(duì)中國(guó)出口的影響是負(fù)的。</p><p>　　這些發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了人們對(duì)人民幣突然升值時(shí)亞洲反應(yīng)的關(guān)注，特別是如果其他亞洲貨幣也升值時(shí)。雖然這項(xiàng)研究集中于進(jìn)口和出口的價(jià)值(這樣的結(jié)論不夠全面)但它進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)了人民幣實(shí)際升值和亞洲匯率政策的不同組合的潛在影響的重要性。美國(guó)對(duì)該問(wèn)題的論文數(shù)量已經(jīng)公布，但研究使用新數(shù)據(jù)是必要的。</p><p>　　最后，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)盡管在發(fā)達(dá)經(jīng)濟(jì)體中隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速

68、增長(zhǎng)中國(guó)出口明顯受益，但中國(guó)進(jìn)口的收入彈性卻相當(dāng)?shù)?。由此看?lái)，中國(guó)出口較經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)更多的是依賴于外國(guó)直接投資。但是，在不久的將來(lái),如果中國(guó)的進(jìn)口成分從原料，零部件和投資品轉(zhuǎn)向國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)的商品,則這種特性可以改變。</p><p><b>　　導(dǎo)師評(píng)語(yǔ)：</b></p><p>　　該同學(xué)能按時(shí)完成外文翻譯工作。翻譯內(nèi)容與畢業(yè)論文選題較為一致。翻譯質(zhì)量達(dá)到要求，語(yǔ)言較為準(zhǔn)確