外文翻譯---工業(yè)工程概述

1、<p><b>　　附錄A 譯文</b></p><p><b>　　工業(yè)工程概述</b></p><p>　　作為一種古老和新穎的專業(yè)之一，工業(yè)工程的出現(xiàn)將用來解決當(dāng)今高度技術(shù)發(fā)展的世界所遇到的復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)問題。發(fā)展工業(yè)工程的技術(shù)和管理基礎(chǔ)有:信息技術(shù)、制造與生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)、管理系統(tǒng)工程和服務(wù)。為了創(chuàng)造各類組織的全潛力,從中長期看,現(xiàn)代工業(yè)工

2、程應(yīng)該重點研究與開發(fā)以下課題:</p><p><b>　　1)未來制造的發(fā)展</b></p><p>　　從20世紀(jì)70年代以來,制造的概念被極大地擴展了。1998年美國國家研究委員會NRC證實,制造仍然是創(chuàng)造社會財富最基本的手段,是國家經(jīng)濟發(fā)動機運行的強大支柱,并把制造定義為:創(chuàng)造、開發(fā)、支持和提供產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)所要求的流程過程和組織實體。1999年麻省理工學(xué)院MIT

3、認(rèn)為制造包括:產(chǎn)品的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計與開發(fā)、銷售與服務(wù)和實現(xiàn)這些職能所運用的技術(shù)與流程,以及使技術(shù)與人結(jié)合的途徑。</p><p>　　作為一個產(chǎn)業(yè),當(dāng)代制造已經(jīng)擴展為包括:硬件、軟件或硬軟件的集成,生物技術(shù)和某些農(nóng)業(yè)綜合企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。中國的工業(yè)工程必須積極參與和幫助制造應(yīng)對以下六大挑戰(zhàn):</p><p>　?、倮眯畔⒓夹g(shù)提升企業(yè)組織對市場的快速響應(yīng)能力。為此,制造必須充分利用電子商務(wù)和并行

4、工程等技術(shù)手段與工具。</p><p>　?、诳焖俨蹲?、搜集競爭信息,并迅速把它們轉(zhuǎn)換成競爭情報和知識。工業(yè)工程必須充分運用競爭情報(competitive intelligence)、橫向?qū)Ρ?benchmarking)與關(guān)系學(xué)(relationship)等先進(jìn)方法及其工具。</p><p>　　③快速配置和系統(tǒng)地集成人、技術(shù)和資源。發(fā)展網(wǎng)絡(luò)制造和基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與內(nèi)部網(wǎng)的溝通。&l

5、t;/p><p>　　④消除或控制污染,提高企業(yè)對環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性。執(zhí)行:不可再生資源利用最小化,能源利用最小化,對空氣和水的污染最小化,使工作與生活環(huán)境綠色化四個判據(jù)準(zhǔn)則。</p><p>　?、莅l(fā)展可重組企業(yè)(Reconfigurable Enterprise)。</p><p>　　所謂可重組企業(yè)是在良好的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)(如法律、法規(guī)與行政,和有序而高效的金融與市

6、場運作、資源配送及通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)等社會條件)支持下,根據(jù)任務(wù)或項目的合作要求可以快速“聚合”(即組成動態(tài)聯(lián)盟合作或虛擬公司),一旦任務(wù)完成,就可以快速“解散”的新一代可變組織與管理的企業(yè)。</p><p>　?、迍?chuàng)新和改進(jìn)了的流(過)程。它是基于基本粒子物理、生物技術(shù)、納米技術(shù)和微小型化的材料零部件生成與制造和已經(jīng)創(chuàng)新改進(jìn)了的工藝技術(shù)方法與流程的。</p><p>　　同時,工業(yè)工程應(yīng)該積極參與

7、應(yīng)對上述挑戰(zhàn)的十大關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究與開發(fā),它們是:</p><p>　?、倏芍亟M制造系統(tǒng)RMSs(Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems)。制造的實踐證明,在企業(yè)的三個核心競爭要素中,制造系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常成為滿足顧客需求的新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)上市和快速響應(yīng)市場的商務(wù)活動的瓶頸。RMSs是對傳統(tǒng)制造系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃、設(shè)計、建造與運行理論和方法的創(chuàng)新,它利用系統(tǒng)組元/模塊組態(tài)(布局)的可變

8、性與可更新性實現(xiàn)制造系統(tǒng)的可變性。它將對產(chǎn)品、制造系統(tǒng)及裝置硬軟件的設(shè)計與制造產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。</p><p>　?、跓o損耗的處理(Waste2free Processing)。未來的制造過程是能耗與資源消耗最小化的。</p><p>　?、坌碌奈锪线^程(New Materials Process)。它是建立在革新了的原材料與零部件制造方法與流程基礎(chǔ)上的。&l

9、t;/p><p>　　④制造用生物技術(shù)(Biotechnology for Manufacturing)。它是利用生物技術(shù)實現(xiàn)自動化裝配和加工的新一代制造技術(shù)。</p><p>　?、萜髽I(yè)建模與仿真(Enterprise Modeling and Simulation)。這一技術(shù)主要解決企業(yè)系統(tǒng)變換、商務(wù)流程和所有制造作業(yè)的建模、仿真和系統(tǒng)集成

10、等有效綜合的問題。</p><p>　?、扌畔⒓夹g(shù)(Information Technology)。它是為正確、高效的各級決策提供全方位關(guān)鍵信息和快速把信息轉(zhuǎn)換成情報與知識的技術(shù)。</p><p>　?、弋a(chǎn)品與過程的設(shè)計方法(Product and Process Design Methods)。它要求創(chuàng)新系統(tǒng)、產(chǎn)品與流程/過程的設(shè)計理論、

11、方法和工具,是新一代的計算機輔助設(shè)計原理、方法和工具。</p><p>　　⑧增強了的機器-人的接口(Enhanced Machine Human Interfaces)。它是解決機器與人接口問題的新一代人機工程技術(shù),重點解決物理接口設(shè)計和增強員工學(xué)習(xí)能力的問題。</p><p>　?、釂T工的教育與培訓(xùn)(Workforce Education

12、0;and Training)。它要求建造一種能快速聯(lián)想知識的教育培訓(xùn)和開發(fā)不同語言直接溝通的翻譯機,實現(xiàn)不同文化、語言員工的合作。</p><p>　?、庵悄芎献飨到y(tǒng)軟件(Software for Intelligent Collaboration Systems)。其目的是把不同語言與文化背景的專家通過智能合作軟件融合為一體。它包括成組通信協(xié)議、制造專用網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)

13、議、分布式企業(yè)流程控制方法與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和共享知識等軟件的開發(fā),是利用人的交互動力學(xué)模型和全部智能合作軟件與接口軟件形成的虛擬合作空間。</p><p>　　2)開發(fā)和利用信息技術(shù)、信息系統(tǒng)和知識管理系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　信息被理解為是經(jīng)過處理后可獲取人可以接受與理解、有確定涵義的情報的那些原材料。信息技術(shù)是以計算機技術(shù)、微電子-檢測傳感技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)為支柱的技術(shù)群。信息系統(tǒng)是提供經(jīng)過處理的信

14、息流和精確數(shù)據(jù)與信息的網(wǎng)絡(luò),其核心功能是信息的處理和存儲保存。工業(yè)工程師們應(yīng)該積極進(jìn)行信息系統(tǒng)及其軟件工具的研究開發(fā),特別是SCM、CRM,XRP(擴展的資源規(guī)劃),以及電子貿(mào)易(e2C)、電子商務(wù)(e2B)和知識管理的工程系統(tǒng)的研究、開發(fā)與利用。發(fā)揮工業(yè)工程方法學(xué)的優(yōu)勢,在我國利用信息技術(shù)改造和提升傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)、發(fā)展學(xué)習(xí)型組織、發(fā)揮組織全潛力和適應(yīng)快速多變的市場競爭中施展工業(yè)工程師的才華。</p><p>　　3)

15、開發(fā)和建立管理系統(tǒng)工程</p><p>　　1990年W.Skinner明確指出:“傳統(tǒng)管理失效了”?，F(xiàn)代企業(yè)迫切需要新的管理理論、方法與工具,近7～8年來企業(yè)界掀起學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)用約束理論(TOC ,Theory of Constraints)的熱潮。所謂約束管理,是由E1M1Goldratt開發(fā)的一種管理哲理,它由三個分離而相關(guān)的業(yè)績測定、邏輯思考過程和后勤保護工程組成(APICS,20

16、02)。它不是最優(yōu)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)OPT,可以從以下幾方面根本改進(jìn)企業(yè)的管理理論、方法和工具。</p><p>　　①企業(yè)的目的不再只是“為老板賺錢”,而是“使受益者完全滿意(TSS,total stakeholder satisfaction)”。為了達(dá)到TSS,企業(yè)的目標(biāo)是“將來同現(xiàn)在一樣賺錢”,以凈利潤、投資回報率和現(xiàn)金流三個指標(biāo)度量企業(yè)業(yè)績,用產(chǎn)銷量、庫存和運行費用測度企業(yè)的運作,以“產(chǎn)銷量最

17、大化、庫存與運行費用最小化”作為優(yōu)化企業(yè)運作的目標(biāo)判據(jù)。</p><p>　?、诩s束是阻止(企業(yè))系統(tǒng)按其目標(biāo)達(dá)到更高業(yè)績水平的因素(APICS,2002)。基于約束的五步法、99/1規(guī)則和DBR(鼓/緩沖器/發(fā)信纜)法是尋找和解決系統(tǒng)約束的方法,利用它們可以有效地找到瓶頸、提升企業(yè)的業(yè)績水平。</p><p>　?、刍诩s束的管理是按照TOC原理管理組織和資源的實踐(APICS,2002

18、)。它利用DBR法、V2A2T結(jié)構(gòu)分析、關(guān)鍵鏈等理論管理后勤保障工程;測定每天的業(yè)績改進(jìn)企業(yè)的業(yè)績系統(tǒng);利用現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)實樹、未來現(xiàn)實樹、因果審計和云霧圖等工具思考與分析問題。80年代以來的企業(yè)實踐證明,只有把使顧客完全滿足TCS作為業(yè)務(wù)工作目標(biāo)才能實現(xiàn)企業(yè)業(yè)績改進(jìn)。其核心是建立“超過顧客期望”的企業(yè)文化,每天用3.4×10-6(6σ)或0. 287×10-6 (6. 5σ)測定所有員工和崗位業(yè)績差錯,用每五年壓縮運行時間

19、10倍測定效率的提升。同時,工業(yè)工程還應(yīng)該繼續(xù)利用TOC理論、DBD(基于決策的設(shè)計)等理論在組織的系統(tǒng)管理、發(fā)揮人因作用,特別是為建立管理系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)做出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。</p><p>　　4)積極參與服務(wù)領(lǐng)域企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新與改進(jìn)</p><p>　　過去十幾年工業(yè)工程象其它學(xué)科一樣不太重視在服務(wù)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的研究開發(fā)。服務(wù)具有不可觸摸性、不可分性、不均勻性和不可存儲性等特征同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)活動有顯著的區(qū)

20、別。對于這一最大的國民經(jīng)濟行業(yè),未來的工業(yè)工程不能置之不理,應(yīng)該積極參與其改進(jìn)與創(chuàng)新。</p><p>　　5)  企業(yè)員工教育與培訓(xùn)的革新。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在,事實上它已經(jīng)成為工業(yè)工程發(fā)揮作用的重要領(lǐng)域。未來要求工業(yè)工程在員工教育培訓(xùn)和智能合作系統(tǒng)軟件開發(fā)方面將發(fā)揮更大的作用。</p><p>　　6)  流程(過程

21、)技術(shù)的研究與開發(fā)。</p><p>　　流程設(shè)計與再造是改進(jìn)工業(yè)工程方法、工作/作業(yè)測定和企業(yè)“全組織業(yè)績”的重要方法與工具。它包括:流程設(shè)計與再造(PDR)、提問技術(shù)與調(diào)查表設(shè)計、動作經(jīng)濟原則與方法改進(jìn),時間研究/ 作業(yè)測定,組織系統(tǒng)業(yè)績測量,以及工程決策等方法和對傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)工程工作研究的創(chuàng)新與改進(jìn)。</p><p>　　工作研究在國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用狀況</p>

22、<p>　　工作研究是工業(yè)工程的經(jīng)典內(nèi)容，十九世紀(jì)末起源于美國，并在西方國家廣泛應(yīng)用和迅速發(fā)展。在國外，信息技術(shù)已經(jīng)全面介入到工作研究各個應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，計算機輔助工作研究已經(jīng)成為工作研究發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的趨勢。在我國，工作研究的應(yīng)用處于起步階段，還存在很多亟待解決的問題。文章論述了工作研究在國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用狀況，并提出了解決我國企業(yè)應(yīng)用工作研究問題的途徑。</p><p>　　工作研究(Work Study)

23、是工業(yè)工程的經(jīng)典內(nèi)容，十九世紀(jì)末起源于美國，并在歐洲、日本等西方國家廣泛應(yīng)用和迅速發(fā)展。20世紀(jì)它對各工業(yè)化國家的高速發(fā)展做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)，被公認(rèn)是建立企業(yè)基礎(chǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、提高生產(chǎn)力的重要手段，在工業(yè)發(fā)展體系中起著舉足輕重的作用。</p><p>　　工作研究在國外的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用上已有上百年歷史，60年代以前就已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了成熟期。在那以后，工作研究技術(shù)不斷創(chuàng)新，引入了計算機輔助方法。國外各工作研究相關(guān)的軟件企業(yè)和機構(gòu)也紛紛崛

24、起，研制開發(fā)了一批方法研究和作業(yè)測定的應(yīng)用軟件。而國內(nèi)在工作研究的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用方面還處于起步階段，在工作研究軟件的研發(fā)方面更是乏善可陳。</p><p>　　1)國外工作研究發(fā)展?fàn)顩r：</p><p>　　工作研究自十九世紀(jì)末被創(chuàng)立以來，在西方工業(yè)化國家就有著快速的發(fā)展和廣泛的應(yīng)用。1976年美國工業(yè)工程雜志與博通公司聯(lián)合對1500家企業(yè)工業(yè)工程應(yīng)用情況的調(diào)查表明，89%的企業(yè)應(yīng)用工作研究；

25、英國應(yīng)用工作研究的情況大體與美國相似，據(jù)1979年哈里斯對英國401家企業(yè)的調(diào)查，其中有84%的企業(yè)應(yīng)用工作研究，占應(yīng)用工業(yè)工程各項技術(shù)的首位；1981年，路特(Reuter)對企業(yè)工業(yè)工程應(yīng)用情況的調(diào)查表明，美國90%以上的企業(yè)應(yīng)用工作研究，其中94.1%的企業(yè)應(yīng)用方法研究，96.3%的企業(yè)應(yīng)用作業(yè)測定，企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)率提高51%；日本、前聯(lián)邦德國、法國、澳大利亞等發(fā)達(dá)國家以及我國的臺灣和香港地區(qū)也將工作研究作為工業(yè)工程首選技術(shù)，其為企業(yè)

26、提高生產(chǎn)率達(dá)50%以上。</p><p>　　60年代以后，西方發(fā)達(dá)國家開始將計算機技術(shù)應(yīng)用到工作研究領(lǐng)域，出現(xiàn)了一些進(jìn)行流程分析、動作研究和時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定與管理的計算機軟件系統(tǒng)。軟件技術(shù)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)和多媒體技術(shù)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，使得工作研究技術(shù)已從最初的現(xiàn)場手工記錄工作過程發(fā)展到可以借助數(shù)碼相機或攝像機等設(shè)備輔助紀(jì)錄，一些研究機構(gòu)還利用3D人體模型或機器人來進(jìn)行動作軌跡的研究。工作研究軟件更是層出不窮，而且功能越來越強

27、大，操作界面也日益人性化。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代工作研究軟件都支持Windows平臺，系統(tǒng)界面友好，操作簡單，研究人員無需額外的培訓(xùn)，這是新一代工作研究軟件的特點；網(wǎng)絡(luò)化和分布式工作研究系統(tǒng)也成為了重要趨勢；有的系統(tǒng)還配有便攜手持終端采樣系統(tǒng)，為親臨現(xiàn)場的研究人員提供了很大的方便，同時也提高了采樣數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性和高效性。</p><p>　　國外的工作研究軟件公司和機構(gòu)非常多，其產(chǎn)品的功能和應(yīng)用范圍也各有特色。如：Interv

28、al Systems公司的AccuStudy是一個運行在手持平板電腦，用來替代手寫板和馬表的動作時間研究軟件系統(tǒng)，曾一度被稱為“The biggest advancement in time study since the stopwatch”；Applied Computer Services Inc.公司的Business Pro是基于Windows平臺的一系列工作研究模塊的集合，包含流程記錄和控制，作業(yè)測定，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開發(fā)、評價和引用，

29、MRP/ERP支持等，覆蓋了作業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)開發(fā)和維護的各個方面；MTM協(xié)會開發(fā)的MTM-LINK系統(tǒng)是應(yīng)用MTM方法，輔助工業(yè)工程師完成工作研究的系統(tǒng)。它主要用于作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時間的開發(fā)和作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)庫的維護。</p><p>　　從以上來看，在國外，信息技術(shù)已經(jīng)全面介入到工作研究各個應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。計算機輔助工作研究已經(jīng)成為工作研究發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的趨勢。</p><p>　　2)國內(nèi)工作研究發(fā)展?fàn)顩r：<

30、/p><p>　　工作研究在我國的應(yīng)用可以追溯到八十年代中期。從1985年開始，機電行業(yè)部分企業(yè)推行了工作研究。根據(jù)10個企業(yè)，12條生產(chǎn)線試點統(tǒng)計，企業(yè)一次投入76萬元，每年凈增收入2815萬元，勞動生產(chǎn)率提高16%-18%，投入效益比為1∶33。例如，北京機床電器公司運用工作研究，改造三條生產(chǎn)線，產(chǎn)量翻番，年新增產(chǎn)值1165萬元，新增利稅349萬元；成都紅光電子管廠推行MOD法，改進(jìn)20個工序，僅投入9930元就

31、使年增產(chǎn)值840萬元，凈增利稅和節(jié)約材料費達(dá)363.56萬元，投入效益比為1∶366；大連無線電十三廠應(yīng)用工作研究，改進(jìn)收錄機裝配線，效率從42.7%提高到83.78%，日產(chǎn)量翻一番，由102臺提高到204臺；上海金陵無線電廠應(yīng)用工作研究，改造生產(chǎn)線，投入0.36萬元，獲經(jīng)濟效益81萬元；廣東科龍電器股份有限公司，推行工作研究，一臺容聲電冰箱的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍從48秒減少到36秒，全員勞動生產(chǎn)率達(dá)到43萬元。</p><p&

32、gt;　　冶金行業(yè)推行工作研究，也取得了類似效果。如鞍山鋼鐵公司在煉鋼廠、機械廠、選礦廠等20個單位進(jìn)行試點，通過推行方法研究，改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)工藝，已取得5392.1萬元的經(jīng)濟效益。</p><p>　　目前，工作研究在機械、電子、冶金、航天航空、輕工、化工、建筑等部門的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)起步，有的正在深入與普及。</p><p>　　然而，工作研究在我國的應(yīng)用尚不能和西方工業(yè)化國家同日而語。目前我國大部

33、分工作研究的實施，基本上還處于手工的和憑經(jīng)驗估計的狀態(tài)，由人工進(jìn)行測繪、記錄、分析、評價和改進(jìn)。這樣形成的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)，其準(zhǔn)確性、及時性、規(guī)范性和可靠性一般都比較差，很難為各種管理決策提供可靠的支持。在我國，工作研究的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用主要存在以下幾方面的問題：</p><p>　　3)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化意識薄弱，工作研究不成體系：</p><p>　　我國一直沿用前蘇聯(lián)的工業(yè)體系，人們對效率、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的意識比較薄

34、弱。相當(dāng)數(shù)量的企業(yè)存在：作業(yè)方法缺乏科學(xué)性、系統(tǒng)性、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，主要憑經(jīng)驗和個人意愿行事；作業(yè)方法的改進(jìn)一般來源于工人自發(fā)進(jìn)行的個人行為；仍然采用粗略的經(jīng)驗估算方法制定時間定額，時間定額標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很不統(tǒng)一等。這些狀況導(dǎo)致企業(yè)基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的實用性和準(zhǔn)確性差，無法起到為企業(yè)上層提供可靠的決策支持作用。</p><p>　　A．工作研究技術(shù)處于手工狀態(tài)，限制了工作研究的普及：</p><p>　　隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)

35、的進(jìn)步，生產(chǎn)的不斷發(fā)展和計算機技術(shù)在工業(yè)工程領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的應(yīng)用，必然要求提高方法研究和定額工作的效率和質(zhì)量，但由于工作研究技術(shù)長期以來依賴于人的技能程度，作業(yè)方法設(shè)計一直由工作研究人員憑借其工作研究知識和生產(chǎn)實踐經(jīng)驗，設(shè)計各種作業(yè)流程并計算其相應(yīng)工時定額。工作研究人員在設(shè)計作業(yè)方法和制定工時定額過程中，需要進(jìn)行大量的信息處理、思維決策、數(shù)據(jù)計算和繁復(fù)的文字處理工作。隨著時代的發(fā)展，這種枯燥繁瑣的重復(fù)性工作方式逐漸暴露出人工設(shè)計的很多缺點：設(shè)計

36、時間長，設(shè)計效率低；作業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一致性差；作業(yè)文件缺少定量分析，不能有效的指導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)過程。</p><p>　　B．缺乏工作研究軟件系統(tǒng)：</p><p>　　目前，國內(nèi)外眾多軟件商在中國投入的軟件系統(tǒng)大多集中在CAD、CAPP、CAM、PDM、ERP等熱門軟件上，而工作研究軟件的投入與開發(fā)卻寥寥無幾。究其原因，固然有軟件商對這一領(lǐng)域的忽視，但其主要原因卻暴露了國內(nèi)企業(yè)對基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的漠視態(tài)度，對

37、工作研究軟件缺乏系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識。工作研究的計算機化跟不上，導(dǎo)致了企業(yè)基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)展的滯后，而高層生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)，如MRP、ERP等不能夠得到準(zhǔn)確及時的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)支持，致使整個生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)效率低下。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論：</b></p><p>　　隨著現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的發(fā)展壯大，企業(yè)的規(guī)模日益擴大，其基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)也越來越龐大，而且基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)更新速度明顯加快，傳統(tǒng)手工的工作研究已經(jīng)不能滿

38、足現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的需要。企業(yè)對基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確性、及時性和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的要求與基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)驗獲取手段之間的矛盾已經(jīng)日益突出。</p><p>　　為了解決這些問題和矛盾，國內(nèi)一些企業(yè)開始探索計算機輔助工作研究系統(tǒng)，特別是計算機輔助勞動定額系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)為企業(yè)工作研究的實施帶來了一定的方便，但都不成熟，大多處于實驗階段，往往只能適應(yīng)個別企業(yè)工作研究中的部分領(lǐng)域，無法進(jìn)行推廣普及。因此，研制和開發(fā)一套完善通用的計算機輔助工作研究系

39、統(tǒng)(Computer Aided Work Study System 簡稱CAWS系統(tǒng))是當(dāng)前我國工作研究領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)新的關(guān)鍵。CAWS系統(tǒng)能夠為企業(yè)采取科學(xué)的作業(yè)流程、方法和制定可靠的時間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、勞動定額提供輔助決策；不但實現(xiàn)工作研究各個應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的計算機化，而且能夠與其他生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)高度集成，從而為企業(yè)實施方法研究和工時制定提供可靠的技術(shù)支持，提高企業(yè)基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性及其采集和管理的規(guī)范化，并提高工作研究的效率和質(zhì)量。</p>

40、;<p>　　總之，對于我國企業(yè)，實施工作研究并不斷創(chuàng)新，探索工作研究理論與信息技術(shù)的結(jié)合途徑，開發(fā)并應(yīng)用計算機輔助工作研究系統(tǒng)(CAWS系統(tǒng))，成為解決我國工作研究領(lǐng)域問題和矛盾的必經(jīng)之路。</p><p><b>　　附錄B 外文文獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　Industrial engineering studies</p>&l

41、t;p>　　Industrial engineering is emerging as one of the classic and novel professions that will be counted for solving complex and systematic problems in the highly technological world of today，The development of indus

42、trial engineering technology and management base: information technology, manufacturing and production systems, systems engineering and management services. In order to create the full potential of all types of organizat

43、ions, from the medium and long term, the modern industrial research a</p><p>　　1) Development of future manufacturing</p><p>　　Since the 1970s, creating the concept has been greatly expanded. 19

44、98 U.S. National Research Council NRC confirmed that manufacturing is still create the most basic means of social wealth, the country's economic engine is running strong pillars and to create defined as: the creation

45、, development, support and provide products and services required by the process of the process And organizational entities. 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT that manufacturers include: product planning<

46、;/p><p>　　As an industry, modern manufacturing has expanded to include: hardware, software or integrated hardware and software, biotechnology and agricultural production of certain products. China's industr

47、ial projects must actively participate in and help manufacturers deal with the following six major challenges:</p><p>　?、?The use of information technology enterprise organizations to enhance the market'

48、s rapid response capability. To this end, manufacturers must make full use of e-commerce and concurrent engineering and other technical means and tools. </p><p>　?、赗apid captures, collect competitive informa

49、tion, and quickly put them into competitive intelligence and knowledge. Industrial projects must make full use of competitive intelligence (competitive intelligence), horizontal comparison (benchmarking) and the relation

50、s (relationship) and other advanced methods and tools. </p><p>　?、跼apid deployment and system integration, technology and resources. Manufacture and development of the network based on Internet and intranet

51、communication. </p><p>　　④Eliminate or control pollution, enhance their adaptability to the environment. Executive: the smallest non-renewable resource use, minimize energy use, air and water pollution minim

52、ization, so that work and living environment of the four criteria for green guidelines.</p><p>　?、軹he development of recombinant enterprises (Reconfigurable Enterprise). The so-called reorganization of enter

53、prises can be in a good infrastructure (such as laws, regulations and administrative, and the orderly and efficient financial and market operation, distribution of resources and communication networks, and other social c

54、onditions) support, according to task or project requests for cooperation can quickly "Polymerization" (that is composed of dynamic alliance or virtual), once the task is</p><p>　　⑥ Innovation and

55、improvement in the flow of (the) way. It is based on elementary particle physics, biotechnology, nanotechnology and micro and small parts of the production and manufacture of materials and innovations in technology to im

56、prove the methods and processes. </p><p>　　At the same time, Industrial projects should actively participate in the response to the challenge of the 10 key technology research and development, they are:</

57、p><p>　?、?Reconfigurable Manufacturing System RMSs (Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems). Manufacturing Practice has proved that enterprises in the three core elements of competition in the manufacturing syste

58、m often meet customer demand for the development of new products to market and rapid response to market the business activities of the bottleneck. RMSs of traditional manufacturing systems planning, design, construction

59、and operation of the innovation theory and method, which uses system component</p><p>　?、贜o loss of processing (Waste2free Processing). The future of the manufacturing process is energy consumption and minim

60、ize the consumption of resources. </p><p>　　③New course materials (New Materials Process). It is built on the innovations of raw materials and spare parts manufacturing methods and processes on the basis of.

61、 </p><p>　　④Manufacturing biotechnology (Biotechnology for Manufacturing). It is the use of technology to automate the processing and assembling a new generation of manufacturing technology.</p><p

62、>　　⑤Enterprise modeling and simulation (Enterprise Modeling and Simulation). Such technology to solve enterprise system transformation, business processes and manufacturing operations of all the modeling, simulation a

63、nd systems integration and other issues effectively integrated. </p><p>　?、?IT (Information Technology). It is the correct and efficient decision-making at all levels to provide key information in all direct

64、ions and the rapid conversion of intelligence information and knowledge technologies. </p><p>　?、逷roduct and process design (Product and Process Design Methods). It requires innovative systems, products and

65、processes/process design theory, methods and tools, is the next generation of computer-aided design principle, methods and tools.</p><p>　?、郋nhanced machines - the interface (Enhanced Machine Human Interface

66、s). It is machines and people to solve the problem of a new generation of human-computer interface engineering technology, focused on solving the physical interface design and enhance the learning ability of the staff pr

67、oblems. </p><p>　?、酳taff education and training (Workforce Education and Training). It requires the construction of a rapid Lenovo knowledge of education and training and development of direct communication

68、between the different language translation machine, and different cultures, languages staff cooperation.</p><p>　?、釯ntelligence cooperation system software (Software for Intelligent Collaboration Systems). I

69、ts purpose is to a different language and cultural background of the expert intelligence cooperation through the integration of software as one. It includes group communication protocol; an agreement creating private net

70、works, distributed business process control methods and standards and sharing of knowledge, such as software development is the use of the interactive and dynamic model of cooperation bet</p><p>　　2) Develop

71、ment and use of information technology, information systems and knowledge management systems </p><p>　　Information was understood to be processed after obtaining one can accept and understand the meaning of

72、intelligence has identified those raw materials. Information technology is computer technology, microelectronics - detection sensor technology and communication technology as the backbone of the technology group. Informa

73、tion System is to provide a flow of information processing and accurate data and information network, the core functions of information processing and storage preservation. Ind</p><p>　　3) Development and th

74、e establishment of management systems engineering </p><p>　　1990 W. Skinner explicitly pointed out: "Failure of the traditional management." Modern enterprises urgently need a new management theory

75、, methods and tools, nearly 7 to 8 years of study and set off to the business community theory of constraints (TOC, Theory of Constraints) craze. The so-called constraint management is E1M1Goldratt development of a manag

76、ement philosophy, which is made up of three separate but related to the performance of determination, logical thinking process and the logistic</p><p>　?、賂he purpose of business is no longer just "for t

77、he boss to make money" but "completely satisfied with the beneficiaries (TSS, total stakeholder satisfaction)". To achieve TSS, corporate goal is to "make money, like now with the future" to net

78、income, return on investment and cash flow three indicators measure corporate performance, with production and sales, inventory and operating costs of the operation of enterprises measure, "and sales Maximize the qu

79、antity, inventory and operating costs to </p><p>　　②Constraints is bound to stop (the enterprise) system to achieve its goal of a higher level of performance factors (APICS, 2002). Constraint-based five-step

80、 method, 99 / 1 rules and DBR (drums / buffer / letters cable) Act, and is looking for ways to resolve system constraints, can effectively use them to find bottlenecks and enhance enterprise performance level.</p>

81、<p>　?、跜onstraint-based management in accordance with the principles of TOC management organization and resources of the practice (APICS, 2002). It uses DBR law, V2A2T structure, key chains and other logistical sup

82、port project management theory; day of the performance system to improve the performance of enterprises; now use real trees, the future reality trees, clouds and causal audit plans, and other tools thought and analysis.

83、Since the 1980s corporate practice has proved that only by the TCS custo</p><p>　　Every five years by 10 times running time compression efficiency of the upgrade. At the same time, industrial engineering sho

84、uld also continue to use the TOC theory, DBD (based on the design of decision-making) and other organizations in the system of management, were due to play a role, particularly for the establishment of project management

85、 to make due contributions to the school.</p><p>　　4) Actively participate in the service areas of innovation and enterprise to improve </p><p>　　Over the past 10 years of industrial engineering

86、 is not the same as other disciplines in the area of services to the research and development. Services have Bukechumo, indivisibility, uneven and can not be stored, and other characteristics of production activities wit

87、h a significant difference. For the industry's largest national economy, the future industrial projects can not be ignored, should actively participate in its improvement and innovation. </p><p>　　5) Emp

88、loyees in the education and training innovation. </p><p>　　Now, it has become a matter of fact play a role in industrial engineering in important areas. The future demand of industrial projects in education

89、and training of staff and intelligence co-operation system software development will play a greater role.</p><p>　　6) Process (the process) technology research and development. </p><p>　　Process

90、 design and recycling of industrial project is to improve the methods, work / business and operations of "organization-wide performance," the important methods and tools. It includes: process design and recycli

91、ng (PDR), a technology and questionnaire design, action to improve economic principles and methods, the time to study / work determination, organization performance measurement systems, and engineering methods and decisi

92、on-making and other traditional industries to work on innovativ</p><p>　　Research work in the development and application of domestic and international situation</p><p>　　Research work is a clas

93、sic industrial engineering, end of the 19th century originated in the United States and in Western countries and the wider use of rapid development. In foreign countries, information technology has been fully involved in

94、 research work in various applications, computer-assisted research work has become a work of research and development and application of the trend. In China, work on the application at the initial stage, there are still

95、many issues requiring urgent solution</p><p>　　Research (Work Study) is a classic industrial engineering, end of the 19th century originated in the United States and in Europe, Japan and other Western countr

96、ies and the wider use of rapid development. The 20th century it all the rapid development of the industrialized countries made a significant contribution to be recognized as the basis of criteria established enterprises,

97、 an important means to increase productivity in the industrial development of the system play a decisive role. </p><p>　　Research work in foreign countries on the development and application has been on the

98、100-year-old, 60 years ago has entered a mature stage. In that time, work on technology innovation, introduced a computer-assisted methods. Study abroad all work related to software enterprises and institutions have also

99、 risen, developed a number of methods of operations research and the application software. And domestic work in the development and application of research is still in its infancy, research work</p><p>　　1)

100、Foreign research and development work conditions: </p><p>　　Research since the end of the 19th century has been the creation of the Western industrialized countries on a rapid development and wide applicatio

101、n. 1976 American Journal of Industrial Engineering and Broadcom Corporation joint enterprise of 1,500 industrial engineering application of the survey showed that 89 percent of enterprise applications work on the UK appl