外文翻譯---基于波特模型的波多黎各的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析

1、<p><b>　　中文4120字</b></p><p>　　本科畢業(yè)論文英文文獻(xiàn)</p><p>　　出 處： Journal of Global Competitiveness </p><p><b>　　原 文：</b></p>

2、<p>　　The International Competitiveness of Puerto Rico Using the Porter’s Model</p><p>　　Luz Leyda Vega-Rosado</p><p>　　EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</p><p>　　This paper is divided in five

3、 parts. The introduction establishes the importance of country competitiveness, especially for the economy of Puerto Rico, a small economy in the Caribbean. The second part includes the theoretical frame. The third part

4、describes and explains the methodology used, developed in 1990 by Michael E. Porter from the Harvard Business School. The fourth part includes the ten industries that keep competitiveness in Puerto Rico for the years

5、1987, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2002</p><p>　　Keywords: Puerto Rico, Caribbean, Competitiveness, Clusters, Industry.</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p><p>　　A country’s competitiveness must be ex

6、amined before it can be successfully introduced into the international market and globalized economy of our time. Before successfully competing at an international level, it is necessary to know where a country’s competi

7、tiveness lies.This topic is frequently discussed not only by developed countries but also by developing countries. According to Dr. Michael E. Porter (1990) of the Harvard Business School, “competitiveness has become a c

8、entral preoccupation o</p><p>　　Puerto Rico (PR) is an island known for its privileged location; between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The biggest of the Minor Antilles, its territory expands 100

9、 by 35 miles (8,900 km²). The island is associated to the United States of America as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Its population is of about four million inhabitants; all of them American citizens. The gross do

10、mestic product (GDP) is about $45.7 billion (purchasing power parity).The GDP per capita is around $11,500.2 P</p><p>　　This work examines which industries Puerto Rico (PR) have been competitive at the inter

11、national level. The research consists of the use of the methodology to prepare cluster charts, developed by Dr. Michael E. Porter (1990), to determine which have been the competitive industries for the years 1987, 1992,

12、1997, 2001 and 2002. With this methodology the cluster charts for Puerto Rico were constructed.3 The industries included in the maps are those in which the country is competitive among the inte</p><p>　　THE

13、ORETICAL FRAME</p><p>　　The traditional definition of competitiveness establishes that it is the rate of participation in the international markets.The true competitiveness, at the international level, exist

14、s when many countries win because they are more productive and can compete more and better in the international markets (Global Competitiveness Report, 2003).“The competitiveness is a dynamic concept. Is a function of ma

15、ny factors,from the macroeconomic environment to the quality of the public institutions and the p</p><p>　　There are different approaches designed to measure the competitiveness of countries and its industri

16、es. Some of them are used by the World Economic Forum in their yearly publication the Global Competitiveness Report.One specific methodology used to measure the competitiveness of the countries is the preparation of clus

17、ter charts of competitive industries. This is the method used in this study. The measures used “seek to proxy the existence of true competitive advantage in international terms in </p><p>　　The clusters are

18、geographic concentrations of firms or industries that compete, collaborate, and are complementary and interdependent. They do business with each other or have common necessities of talent, technology, and infrastructure

19、(Fisher and Reuber, 2000).The German economist Albert Hirschman, who studies at the Sorbonne, at the London Business School, and at Trieste University, was, in 1958, the pioneer in the business clusters concept analyzing

20、 the ties (both backward and forward) betwe</p><p>　　Porter (1990) establishes that the competitive advantage of industries is determined by four factors that are part of the country in which the industry is

21、 located. These factors are called the Porter’s Diamond (Porter, 1990). “The Diamond creates an environment that promotes the clusters of competitive industries.”9 The Porter’s Diamond (1990) includes the following deter

22、minants: factor conditions (human resources, natural resources, capital and infrastructure); demand conditions (especially loc</p><p>　　The role of the government in the competitive advantage of the country

23、influences the four determinants (Porter, 1990). The role of government is to challenge the firms shaping the conditions of the four determinants to make businesses increase their goals. The impact of the government in t

24、he factor conditions should include: improved education, a better match between research and development (R&D) and competitiveness, improved infrastructure, tax incentives, and ensuring the availability of inv</p&

25、gt;<p>　　PORTER’S METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO PUERTO RICO</p><p>　　The method used in this study is based on the methodology constructed by Porter (1990) to prepare cluster charts of competitive industries

26、 in a country.Some modifications were made to the original methodology to adapt it to Puerto Rico. This is the first time that this method has been used in Puerto Rico.</p><p>　　Puerto Rico’s exports (includ

27、ing merchandise and services) were analyzed for selected years to determinethe industries in which the country has been internationally competitive. The studied years were 1987, 1992, 1997, 2001 y2002.10 These years wer

28、e selected after a long discussion and analysis with members of the Puerto Rico Planning Board and the researcher’s advisors. The years were selected taking into account: availability of information, stability in the eco

29、nomy and structural changes to </p><p>　　In this study the raw material are the Puerto Rico’s exports (both merchandise and services). This data was provided by the Puerto Rico Planning Board. The world data

30、 used to compare the country was obtained from the United Nations (UN) Organization 11 and from the World Trade Organization (WTO).12 The data for total world exports was obtained from the WTO and the data about industry

31、 exports was obtained from the UN. It was necessary for this study to make a congruence between two export classif</p><p>　　To begin the process, the Puerto Rico’s cutoff was determined for each studied year

32、. This cutoff is the Puerto Rico’s rate of participation in the world’s total exports. For this study the cutoff is denominated PRRP (Puerto Rico’s rate of participation in total world exports for a given year). To find

33、the PRRP the formula is:</p><p>　　In the previous formula, the value of Puerto Rico’s exports for industry X for the year X is the value registered for each industry classified by SIC at four levels for eac

34、h of the studied years. Between 450 and 500 industries resulted for each year. The denominator of this formula is the total value of the exports per industry, but at the world level for the X year. This second piece of d

35、ata was taken from the information provided by the United Nations Organization at the International Trade S</p><p>　　The list of Puerto Rican exporter industries, both of merchandise and services, has been t

36、he raw material for the construction of the cluster charts for Puerto Rico. The cluster charts included the industries that had a PRIR equal or higher than the PRRP. This analysis was made year by year. The industries th

37、at did not fulfill this criterion were not included.</p><p>　　The cluster chart for each year has sixteen columns and four rows. The sixteen columns classify the industries according to wide industrial secto

38、rs such as:</p><p>　　1. Materials / metals</p><p>　　2. Forest products</p><p>　　3. Petroleum / chemicals</p><p>　　4. Semiconductors / computers</p><p>

39、　　5. Multiple business</p><p>　　6. Transportation</p><p>　　7. Power generation & distribution</p><p>　　8. Office</p><p>　　9. Telecommunications</p><

40、p>　　10. Defense</p><p>　　11. Food / beverage</p><p>　　12. Textiles / apparel</p><p>　　13. Housing / household</p><p>　　14. Health care</p><p>　　15. Pers

41、onal</p><p>　　16. Entertainment / leisure</p><p>　　The four rows classify the industries according to the final use of its products or services. This classification includes: primary goods; mach

42、inery and production; specialty inputs; associated services.</p><p>　　After the cluster charts were prepared13, the four determinants of the Porter’s</p><p>　　Diamond were examined for the indus

43、tries that remain competitive among the five years studied. Ten industries were competitive. For this part of the analysis, firms classified below the SIC (at four levels) of the ten competitive industries were identifie

44、d using the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company database (PRIDCO).14 The chief executive officers of those companies were interviewed. This paper concentrates on the ten industries.</p><p>　　PUERTO RI

45、CO’S COMPETITIVENESS ACCORDING TO PORTER’S MODEL</p><p>　　CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS</p><p>　　Puerto Rico has the opportunity to be more competitive in areas related to the health sector.It

46、 could be more competitive not only in the pharmaceutical area, but in the cardiovascular and ophthalmologic areas. The continuing strength of these industrial areas, promoting the exports of services associated to those

47、, could benefit other industries such as tourism. This last one could be diversified attracting tourists for reasons different than rest and vacations, but for health care.</p><p>　　Puerto Rico demonstrated

48、competitiveness in the food sector. This one has more presence of local firms in comparison with the health sector. The technical and specialist expertise of engineers that have the know-how to work with the chemical for

49、mulations and the operations of these firms is local. They attain with this expertise the standards of the Federal Drug Administration. Local human resources bring technical support to foreign firms that have the tradema

50、rks, but do not have the expertise </p><p>　　For Puerto Rico it is very important to examine very quickly what decisions will take the firms that are members of the industries that keep competitiveness due t

51、o exogenous elements to the Porter’s Diamond and to the local government. The country faces the threat that those industries will leave the country in the near future. It is necessary to provide alternatives to use the b

52、uildings that they have, most of them properties of the government, and to provide alternatives to generate new employ</p><p>　　1 In summary, the contributions of this research:</p><p>　　(1)dete

53、rmined which are the competitive industries of Puerto Rico at the maximum desegregation level allowed by the SIC and for five years;</p><p>　　(2)analyzed which are the determinants that have contributed to t

54、he competitiveness of the ten industries that keep competitiveness during the five studied years.</p><p>　　2 The recommendations as a result of this study are:</p><p>　　(1)utilize and analyze sc

55、ientific studies to decide the economic strategic direction for the country;</p><p>　　(2)promote urgently and aggressively the diversification of exporter industries of the country;</p><p>　　(3)

56、strength the elements of the Porter’s Diamond in all the exporter industries as a way to increase the competitiveness of them;</p><p>　　(4)create conditions to facilitate effectively and efficiently the expo

57、rt of those industries where the country has more strength on the Porter’s Diamond; evaluate the areas that support export and import infrastructure;</p><p>　　(5)increase the commercial exchange with Caribbe

58、an and with other Latin American countries; </p><p>　　(6)examine the potential of the Latin market out of Puerto Rico for the food sector and how this sector could be a strong niche for Puerto Rican export

59、er firms;</p><p>　　(7)evaluate the strategy with the tourism industry. A possibility is to promote the country in a unified way between the government, academia, and the private sector. This will obtain bene

60、fits from the links between sectors. For example, the competitiveness of the country could increase working together between the health and tourism sector. The country could be promoted in the Caribbean and Latin America

61、 as a center of cardiovascular and ophthalmologic health care services.</p><p>　　Puerto Rico is a country with a privileged geographic position for export management, with many skilled and professional human

62、 resources, with great capital investments in high technology, with a strong position in industries of great value at the global level, and with resources to bring more tourism to the Island. Puerto Rico needs to broaden

63、 its vision. The country can not rest in the strong competitiveness of a few industries. It has to strength the four determinants of the Porter’s Diamond </p><p><b>　　譯 文 ：</b></p><p

64、>　　基于波特模型的波多黎各的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力分析</p><p>　　Luz Leyda Vega-Rosado</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　本文分為五個(gè)部分。引言是說(shuō)明國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的重要性，特別是對(duì)波多黎各，在加勒比小經(jīng)濟(jì)體的經(jīng)濟(jì)。第二部分包括理論框架。第三部分描述和解釋所采用的方法，研究邁克爾波特在1990

65、年從哈佛商學(xué)院時(shí)提出的理論。第四部分研究包括10個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)，包括1987年，1992年，1997年，2001年和2002年，波多黎各的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力研究的方法和利用波特的鉆石模型分析產(chǎn)業(yè)。第五部分分析包括的是結(jié)論和建議。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：波多黎各，加勒比，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，集群，工業(yè)</p><p><b>　　一、引言</b></p><p>　　一個(gè)

66、國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，必須加以研究，才能成功地打入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，我們?cè)谶@個(gè)全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)的時(shí)代中，之前成功地在國(guó)際層面競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，但要知道一個(gè)國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力優(yōu)勢(shì)所在。不僅是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，而且發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)常討論這個(gè)話題。根據(jù)邁克爾波特博士（1990）在哈佛商學(xué)院發(fā)表的：“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力已經(jīng)成為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家都核心關(guān)注點(diǎn)，在一個(gè)日益開(kāi)放和一體化的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)?！币虼耍_定一個(gè)國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是非常重要，無(wú)論是大或小。</p><p>　　波多黎各是以其優(yōu)

67、越的地理位置聞名的島嶼;在大西洋和加勒比海之間的國(guó)家。是安的列斯群島最大的島，其領(lǐng)土有10035英里（8,900平方公里）。該島為和美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)為聯(lián)合體的波多黎各。它的人口約四百萬(wàn)居民，其中所有為美國(guó)公民的，占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）約457億美元（購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)）。人均國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值約為11,500萬(wàn)美元.波多黎各在加勒比地區(qū)是最有活力的經(jīng)濟(jì)體之一。像所有其它的國(guó)家，希望在全球商業(yè)中成功，波多黎各需要知道它已有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，還需要確定它是如何被定

68、位的，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力方面面向世界其它國(guó)家。</p><p>　　這項(xiàng)工作考察的是波多黎各各個(gè)行業(yè)在國(guó)際上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。這項(xiàng)研究包括已確定為1987年，1992年，1997年，2001年和2002年的，用群集競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性行業(yè)的方法研究博士邁克爾波特（1990）的模型。使用這種方法對(duì)波多黎各構(gòu)建了集群圖表。地圖上的工業(yè)是那些在該國(guó)有國(guó)際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)。關(guān)于查明十大產(chǎn)業(yè)，始終是5個(gè)研究集群，按年分析。它包括一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的四因素分析稱為

69、波特的鉆石理論，以及這些如何影響了10個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p><b>　　二、理論體系的框架</b></p><p>　　從競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的傳統(tǒng)定義上看，是建立在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的。真正的有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的參與國(guó)際一級(jí)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，在許多國(guó)家存在著贏家，因?yàn)樗麄冇休^高的生產(chǎn)力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，能夠更多更好的在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)（全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力報(bào)告，2003年）上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的概念。是許多因素的

70、作用，從宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境對(duì)公共機(jī)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量和潛力上分析，是科技發(fā)展和教育的結(jié)果，是人力資本投資“波特（1990年）說(shuō)，具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的優(yōu)勢(shì)國(guó)家沒(méi)有繼承其優(yōu)勢(shì)，則需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建它。一個(gè)國(guó)家的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力取決于“創(chuàng)造的營(yíng)商環(huán)境，以及政府機(jī)構(gòu)支持，國(guó)家高效利用和不斷升級(jí)的投入?！钡歉?jìng)爭(zhēng)力不是自然賦予，需要良好的措施，人為的創(chuàng)造，因此，這部分是由公共部門(mén)管理承擔(dān)的。業(yè)務(wù)的進(jìn)一步全球化增加了市場(chǎng)力量和國(guó)家的行動(dòng)，積極互動(dòng)的需要。在微觀層面上，一些研究人員定義競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力為

71、，企業(yè)或行業(yè)的能力，在利潤(rùn)方面做到表現(xiàn)比較與它的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手好的?！氨狙芯渴顷P(guān)于波多黎各和使該行業(yè)在國(guó)際上可能的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p>　　旨在衡量各國(guó)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力不同的做法。其中有些是被眾多世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇公布的全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力年度報(bào)告。一個(gè)具體的方法來(lái)衡量國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，準(zhǔn)備了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群圖表。這是本研究使用的方法。所使用的措施，尋求一個(gè)行業(yè)在國(guó)際上的存在真正的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。波特在1990年使用此方法來(lái)衡量工業(yè)化國(guó)家的競(jìng)

72、爭(zhēng)力，他的研究是的國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的基礎(chǔ)。</p><p>　　各專題組的企業(yè)或行業(yè)，相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，協(xié)作和相互補(bǔ)充，相互依存的地理間的聯(lián)系。他們彼此的聯(lián)系有業(yè)務(wù)或人才，技術(shù)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（費(fèi)舍爾和Reuber，2000）等。德國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家赫希曼，他在倫敦索邦大學(xué)的商學(xué)院研究，并在里雅斯特大學(xué)研究共同必需品，1958年，是研究商業(yè)集群分析產(chǎn)業(yè)之間的關(guān)系（向后和向前）概念的先驅(qū)。由于許多聯(lián)系，一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)與在同一部門(mén)或內(nèi)部的集群個(gè)

73、別的分析，很可能會(huì)越成功。</p><p>　　波特（1990年）提出，對(duì)產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)是由四個(gè)因素決定，它們是該行業(yè)根據(jù)所在國(guó)部分情況而決定的。這些因素被稱為波特的鉆石模型（波特，1990）。 “鉆石理論提出制造一種環(huán)境，促進(jìn)優(yōu)勢(shì)產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。波特的鉆石理論（1990）包括以下因素：要素條件（人力資源，自然資源，資金和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）;需求條件（特別是本地的需求）;有關(guān)及配套產(chǎn)業(yè)，企業(yè)策略，結(jié)構(gòu)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。除了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的四個(gè)

74、因素，波特（1990年）確定了兩個(gè)國(guó)家，影響系統(tǒng)的其他因素，這些是機(jī)會(huì)和政府。</p><p>　　政府在該國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的作用是影響四個(gè)基本因素（波特，1990）。政府的作用就是挑戰(zhàn)公司，塑造四個(gè)因素的條件，使企業(yè)增加他們的目標(biāo)。而政府在要素條件的影響應(yīng)包括：改進(jìn)教育，科研與發(fā)展（R＆D）和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，更好地配合，改善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，稅收優(yōu)惠，并確保投資和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資本（Bermann，1990年）的可用性。其他經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，如克魯格

75、曼（1987）指出，少數(shù)國(guó)家和少數(shù)幾個(gè)行業(yè)都需要政府的支持，以便進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)推出。</p><p>　　三、波特模型方法應(yīng)用到波多黎各</p><p>　　在這項(xiàng)研究中采用的方法是根據(jù)波特理論（1990年）建造的方法，準(zhǔn)備在一個(gè)國(guó)家具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)集群。修改一些原來(lái)的方法，以使其適應(yīng)波多黎各。這是第一次，該方法在波多黎各使用。</p><p>　　對(duì)波多黎各的出口貨

76、物（包括商品和服務(wù)）進(jìn)行了分析，以確定該國(guó)所選年內(nèi)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)。所研究的是1987年，1992年，1997年，2001年2002這些年，經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的討論，并與波多黎各規(guī)劃委員會(huì)成員和研究人員、顧問(wèn)共同分析。這些年份被選定考慮到，確定經(jīng)濟(jì)和改善經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)變化的信息的可用性，穩(wěn)定性。多年的大部分的研究調(diào)查報(bào)告，這提供了更多的分析資料進(jìn)行研究。</p><p>　　本研究使用的原料為波多黎各的出口（包括商品和服務(wù)）數(shù)

77、據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)是由波多黎各規(guī)劃委員會(huì)提供的。使用世界上別的國(guó)家數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較，從聯(lián)合國(guó)（UN）的組織和從世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）中取得世界總出口的數(shù)據(jù)。這是必要的研究，以使兩個(gè)出口分類系統(tǒng)上的數(shù)據(jù)保持一致性。這些系統(tǒng)是：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)業(yè)分類（碳化硅，在波多黎各的使用，直至2000年）和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易分類（SITC，由聯(lián)合國(guó)使用）。得到與該計(jì)算機(jī)程序代碼相同的國(guó)際貿(mào)易和世界市場(chǎng)觀察公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（2004年）的援助。</p><p>

78、;　　要開(kāi)始這個(gè)過(guò)程，波多黎各的劃分研究的時(shí)間被確定為每個(gè)一年。這是波多黎各的世界出口總額的劃分截止時(shí)間。在這項(xiàng)研究中選取的貨幣PRRP（波多黎各的世界出口總額中的某一年的參與率）。以此建立PRRP的計(jì)算公式為。</p><p>　　在前面的公式中，波多黎各的產(chǎn)業(yè)出口值X和Y年，以SIC對(duì)所研究的每一個(gè)行業(yè)進(jìn)行研究每年登記的價(jià)值劃分四個(gè)層次。在450和500行業(yè)中。此公式的分母是每個(gè)行業(yè)的出口總值，但在為X年的水

79、平。這組數(shù)據(jù)第二塊是從由聯(lián)合國(guó)組織提供的國(guó)際貿(mào)易統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒的資料對(duì)比呈現(xiàn)一致性后作出的。對(duì)于世界服務(wù)出口，使用的是世界貿(mào)易組織的數(shù)據(jù)。</p><p>　　在波多黎各出口產(chǎn)業(yè)中，這兩個(gè)商品和服務(wù)一直是波多黎各的群集圖表中建筑產(chǎn)業(yè)的原料方。圖表的群集行業(yè)，有一個(gè)PRIR等于或大于PRRP。分析了這一年的的行業(yè)，不符合這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的并不包括在內(nèi)。</p><p>　　每年的聚類圖有十六列和四列。十六

80、列按廣泛的工業(yè)領(lǐng)域行業(yè)分類如下：</p><p><b>　　1 材料/金屬 </b></p><p><b>　　2 林業(yè)產(chǎn)品 </b></p><p><b>　　3 石油/化工 </b></p><p><b>　　4 半導(dǎo)體/電腦 </b><

81、/p><p><b>　　5 多個(gè)業(yè)務(wù) </b></p><p><b>　　6 交通運(yùn)輸 </b></p><p><b>　　7 發(fā)電和配電 </b></p><p><b>　　8 辦公室 </b></p><p><b&g

82、t;　　9 電訊 </b></p><p><b>　　10 國(guó)防 </b></p><p><b>　　11 食品/飲料 </b></p><p><b>　　12 紡織/服裝 </b></p><p><b>　　13 房屋/戶 </b>&

83、lt;/p><p><b>　　14 衛(wèi)生保健 </b></p><p><b>　　15 個(gè)人 </b></p><p><b>　　16 娛樂(lè)/休閑</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的最終用途進(jìn)行了四個(gè)級(jí)別的行業(yè)分類。這種分類包括：初級(jí)產(chǎn)品，機(jī)械和生產(chǎn);專業(yè)的投入;

84、相關(guān)服務(wù)。</p><p>　　波特的四大因素，即鉆石模型進(jìn)行了檢查，在五個(gè)研究年里仍然保持著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。十大產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，對(duì)于這部分的分析，企業(yè)分為以下的SIC的（四級(jí)）十大產(chǎn)業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行業(yè)分類，確定使用波多黎各實(shí)業(yè)發(fā)展公司的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)（PRIDCO）。對(duì)這些公司的首席行政人員進(jìn)行了面談，集中在10個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)上。</p><p>　　四、波多黎各的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力根據(jù)波特的模型 </p><

85、p><b>　　五、結(jié)論和建議</b></p><p>　　波多黎各有關(guān)人身健康部門(mén)領(lǐng)域的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力方面，可能是更具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。不僅在制藥領(lǐng)域，在心血管和眼科領(lǐng)域。這些產(chǎn)業(yè)的持續(xù)強(qiáng)勢(shì)，推動(dòng)相關(guān)的這些服務(wù)的出口并使其它產(chǎn)業(yè)從中受益，如旅游業(yè)等行業(yè)。這可能是最直接的一個(gè)原因，吸引不同的游客前來(lái)休息休假，醫(yī)療保健。</p><p>　　波多黎各在糧食部門(mén)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力表現(xiàn)。這其中

86、有更多的與衛(wèi)生部門(mén)關(guān)聯(lián)存在的當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)。對(duì)有技術(shù)的工程師和專業(yè)知識(shí)的了解，如何使用化學(xué)制劑和使這些公司的業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)現(xiàn)本地化。他們有這個(gè)專業(yè)能力達(dá)到聯(lián)邦藥物管理局的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。當(dāng)?shù)氐娜肆Y源以及帶來(lái)的技術(shù)支持，有自主商標(biāo)，但是不具備生產(chǎn)無(wú)專業(yè)知識(shí)的外國(guó)公司的產(chǎn)品。波多黎各有能力控制該部門(mén)，實(shí)現(xiàn)多更多本地化及凸顯在國(guó)際上的存在。</p><p>　　波多黎各探明研究公司很快會(huì)采取什么決定是非常重要的，由于波特的鉆石理論和當(dāng)?shù)卣?/p>

87、外部因素保持它們的產(chǎn)業(yè)保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。如果國(guó)家面臨的威脅，這些產(chǎn)業(yè)將在不久的將來(lái)離開(kāi)該國(guó)。要提供替代使用他們有的政府職能和建筑基礎(chǔ)條件，提供替代品以產(chǎn)生新的就業(yè)，促進(jìn)國(guó)家的出口新產(chǎn)業(yè)、多樣化，并增加在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。</p><p><b>　　（一）總結(jié)研究貢獻(xiàn)</b></p><p>　　1.在SIC允許的最大水平范圍內(nèi)的五年，確定在廢除種族隔離后決定產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的

88、影響因素。</p><p>　　2.分析學(xué)習(xí)研究的五年里，十大行業(yè)中促進(jìn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提升作出了貢獻(xiàn)的決定因素。</p><p>　　（二）基于這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果的建議</p><p>　　1.利用科學(xué)的研究分析來(lái)決定經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略方向。</p><p>　　2.及時(shí)和積極推動(dòng)該國(guó)的出口產(chǎn)業(yè)多元化。</p><p>　　3.提

89、供所有的力量，以此來(lái)提高他們的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。 </p><p>　　4.創(chuàng)造條件，有效地促進(jìn)擁有強(qiáng)勁的國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)國(guó)家的一些行業(yè)的出口。評(píng)估各個(gè)領(lǐng)域支持促進(jìn)出口和進(jìn)口條件改善。</p><p>　　5.增加與加勒比和拉美其他國(guó)家的商業(yè)交流; </p><p>　　6.審查波多黎各退出拉丁市場(chǎng)的糧食部門(mén)的潛力和該部門(mén)如何能成為波多黎各一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的出口產(chǎn)業(yè)業(yè)的潛力;&l

90、t;/p><p>　　7.評(píng)價(jià)與旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)戰(zhàn)略。一種可能性是在政府之間推動(dòng)，統(tǒng)一國(guó)家學(xué)術(shù)界和私營(yíng)部門(mén)。這將獲得各部門(mén)之間的聯(lián)系的好處。例如，該國(guó)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，提高工作之間的聯(lián)系，加強(qiáng)旅游等部門(mén)合作?？纱龠M(jìn)該國(guó)成為在加勒比和拉丁美洲的心血管和眼科醫(yī)療服務(wù)中心。</p><p>　　波多黎各是一個(gè)地理位置優(yōu)越，并擁有出口管理與許多技術(shù)和專業(yè)的人力資源的國(guó)家，國(guó)家在高科技上大資本投資，在全球范圍內(nèi)具有很大