[雙語翻譯]經(jīng)濟學(xué)專業(yè)公司稅外文翻譯—經(jīng)濟決定因素背景下的稅收收入（原文）

1、 Alena Andrejovská and Veronika Puliková / Montenegrin Journal of Economics, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2018), 133-141 133‘ ‘ Tax Revenues in the Context of Economic Determinants Tax Revenues in the Context of Economic

2、 Determinants ALENA ANDREJOVSKÁ1 and VERONIKA PULIKOVÁ2 1 Associate Professor, PhD, Department of Humanities, Faculty of Economics, Technical University of Ko?ice, Slovak Republic, e-mail: alena.andreovska@tuk

3、e.sk 2 Graduate, Faculty of Economics, Technical University of Ko?ice, Slovak Republic, e-mail: veronika.pulikova@tuke.sk ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received December 12, 2017 Revised from January 21, 2018 Accepted Februar

4、y 24, 2018 Available online March 15, 2018 Despite the general recognition that taxes are generally a strong po- licy tool for assessing the macroeconomic impact of the country's al- ternative tax policies, taxes ar

5、e often weakened by restrictions on tax revenue measurement. The aim of the contribution is to quantify the impact of selected macroeconomic indicators (gross domestic product, level of employment, public debt, foreig

6、n direct invest- ments, effective tax rate, statutory tax rate) on the total amount of tax revenues, taking into account the tax competitiveness of the 28 EU member states. There was used methods of three models of reg

7、- ression analysis: the pooling model, the fixed effects model and the random effects model. The hypothesis that the gross domestic pro- duct has the greatest impact on tax revenue has been tested. In conclusion, the a

8、nalysis confirmed that the strongest correlation is between tax revenues and employment rate. Followed by foreign di- rect investment and gross domestic product. Increasing these deter- minants by 1 mil. € (increase in

9、employment by 1%) would increase tax revenues by 10 072 mil. € at the employment rate, by 383.1 thousand € for gross domestic product and by 434.2 thousand € for foreign direct investment. JEL classificationJEL classi

10、fication: H21, H25. DOI: DOI: 10.14254/1800-5845/2018.14-1.10 Keywords Keywords: tax competition, corporate taxation, tax revenue, capital mobility INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Corporate taxes represent the driv

11、ing force of the economy which makes individual countries more attractive for investment. It helps creating new jobs and ultimately increase welfare in the country and brings sufficient tax revenues to national budgets

12、. However, it is not easy to determine its optimal level. Lower taxes attract investors, but higher taxes bring higher revenues to national budgets. Even when high taxes are linked to tax avoidance. When assessing corp

13、orate taxes at European Union level, it has to be said that despite the existence of free trade and the common currency, there are 28 different tax systems with different levels of corporate taxation. Govern- ments hav

14、e to seriously address the issue of tax harmonization and coordination of EU tax policies to maintain economic progress and stability. There is a contradiction. On the one hand, it is the duty of the Member States to c

15、omply with the legal norms and acts in force in the EU. On the other Montenegrin Journal of Economics Vol. 14, No. 1 (2018), 133-141 Alena Andrejovská and Veronika Puliková / Montenegrin Journal of Economics,

16、 Vol. 14, No. 1 (2018), 133-141 135ing variable and so nominal GDP. The result of the analysis is the fact that growth of profit in moni- tored time was direct proportionally equal with tempo of GDP growth. They conclud

17、e that tempo of increase of tax revenue shouldn´t significantly overstep the tem- po of GDP growth. The influence of GDP on revenue of corporate tax by the means of different analysis examined more authors: Kub

18、5;tová and ?íhová (2009), Bayer (2011), Bánociová and Pav- líková (2013), Simionescu et al. (2016), Karnitis and Karnitis (2017). Through panel regression analysis, the positive bilate

19、ral relationship between GDP and tax revenues was claimed. The research results suggest that demographic change in the EU countries is affecting tax rev- enues (Goudswaard and van de Kar (1994), Al-Mamun, Entebang, Mans

20、or and Yasser (2014), Hasseldine (1999), Devos (2008), Felix and Watkins (2013). Total tax revenue will increase with the overall population growth in most countries. According to Goudswaard and van de Kar (1994), tax

21、 revenues will increase with population growth and an increase of the relatively older workforce. His forecasts indicate that after 2030 revenues will decline as a result of the declining population and the rapidly agi

22、ng population. Kennedy, McMillen and Simmons (2015) point to the positive relationship between employ- ment growth and revenues from corporate tax. At the same time, they point out that the high level of unemployment i

23、s in a negative correlation with the tax rate, so governments have to stimulate the economy at a time of economic downturn with lower tax rates. Schwellnuss and Arnold (2008) assess the impact of the negative dependenc

24、e between domestic and foreign investment and the corporate tax rate. This negative dependence was also confirmed at the industrial level. An im- portant role was played by the specific tax rate for corporations. The h

25、igher the corporate tax rate is, the more negative is its impact on the future growth of the investment. A similar view is expressed by Abbabs and Klemm (2012), who note that excessive tax increases, which are linked t

26、o the increase in tax revenues, reduce the inflow of foreign investment and vice versa. The lower rates mean the increase the inflow of foreign investment. The state budget and the public debt balance are other macroec

27、onomic indicators that monitor the govern- ment's ability to effectively manage state budget resources and have a direct impact on the state's fiscal policy (Dráb and Mihóková, 2013). Impact on d

28、ebt, tax systems, primary expenditures and tax competition was given by Krogstrup (2002) as part of the European Central Bank study. He focused on the causality between tax bur- den and fiscal imbalance. Osterloh and He

29、inemann (2013) concluded that other socio-economic and geographic factors form the support of the minimum corporate tax at member state level are also important. These factors included political affiliation, individual

30、 characteristics and education- al level as well as national interests. 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1.1 Regression Analysis 1.1 Regression Analysis The aim of the submission is to monitor the infl

31、uence of macroeconomic determinants on the amount of tax revenues. Conducted analysis quantified the influence of chosen indicators on gross amount of tax revenues for 28 member states of European Union. Data was struc

32、tured as panel data from Eurostat data base (2015) and analysis was conducted in statistical program SAS Enter- prise Guide 7.1 Davis (2007). Considering the significant differences in macroeconomic markers between the

33、 countries, the analysis was conducted specifically for 5 economically most advanced countries (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain) and specially for 23 countries (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Netherl