[雙語翻譯]養(yǎng)老金外文翻譯--養(yǎng)老金的未來和老年人對社會的貢獻(xiàn)（英文）

1、 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 ( 2015 ) 2387 – 2390 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect1877-0428 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access artic

2、le under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WCES 2014 doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.447 WCES 2014

3、The Future Of Pensions And The Contributions Of The Elderly To Society Carmen Orte a*, Martí X. March a, Margarita Vives a a Universitat Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km. 7,5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Esp

4、aña Abstract The main objective of this paper is to analyse, in the context of an aging population, the changes in the roles and contributions of older people to the society to the economy and to the future of pens

5、ions. Methods: We make an analysis of the expert report in Spain on the sustainability of the pension system, not only through social security contributions, but also of contributions “in kind“ by the group of older pe

6、ople to economic prosperity and social and family cohesion. Findings and results: In this regard several elements are proposed for the construction of an indicator to analyse these social and economic contributions of

7、the elderly to the society in its various dimensions. © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WCES 2014. Keywords: Pension syst

8、em, retirement, older people, aging population; 1. The cultural paradigm shift and aging In the European context it is a contrasted and confirmed fact that demographic tendencies are drawing a clear line towards the agi

9、ng of population. The demographic changes in Europe – consequence of many factors being the economic, social, cultural and familiar ones – will have and are presenting a significant impact on all levels of social struc

10、ture, politics, intergenerational relations, social policy, pensions, the job market and age and retirement conditions, among others. However, raising this issue of this demographic aging only from the perspective of p

11、ensions is not only wrong, but it also implies ignoring other important variables: the family policy, active and passive work policies, and educational, economic or fiscal policies. This demographic tendency, in the cas

12、e of Spain, concretizes in the fact of being one of the countries with the highest life expectancy rates in Europe. One * Carmen Orte. Tel.: +34971173296 E-mail address: carmen.orte@uib.es © 2015 The Authors. Publi

13、shed by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of WCES

14、20142389Carmen Orte et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 191 ( 2015 ) 2387 – 2390 substitution effect. This means that if there is a deficit, the boost of pensions is moderated, while, if facing sur

15、plus, they increase. From this analysis of the formulas to calculate the sustainability factor of pensions presented, a series of reflections can be outlined: a. Although the report aims at guaranteeing the pensions’

16、sustainability, it is evident that these are placed in a situation of certain instability, in relation to both formulas proposed. b. Pensions can reduce their amount in relation to the variables presented by the experts

17、. c. The formula for the sustainability of pensions introduces, indirectly, the matter of retirement schemes and private pensions. d. The sustainability of pensions should introduce the issue of the global funding of t

18、hese, i.e. pensions have to sustain themselves only in relation to the contributions to the National Insurance, or there should be other financial formulas by the State through specific inputs. e. The sustainability of

19、pensions requires, in any case, the political ratification, in this sense, the experts refer it to the Pacto de Toledo. This means that there is a need for political decisions which make the concretion of this sustainabi

20、lity possible. f. The sustainability of pensions has to do also with demographic evolution and aging. This implies, therefore, the need to discuss family policies that are being carried out, as well as the delimitation

21、of the age of retiring and its conditions. g. The sustainability of pensions has to do as well, with the evolution of the economy in general terms, and, at the same time, with the economic model, the type of contract, t

22、he quality of employment, the level of labour qualifications, the politics of contributions, etc. h. Another element in relation to pensions to be further developed is its distribution, its level of equity, the differen

23、ces between the maximum and minimum pensions. i. The policy of pensions needs to be correlated to the policy executed in relation to dependency or other policies related to aging and active aging. j. The pension polic

24、y needs, as proposed in the report by the committee of experts, transparency and control, two fundamental conditioning factors to generate the necessary trust and confidence among the citizenry. k. It is clear that ever

25、ything that has been raised in relation to the sustainability of pensions needs the participation of the affected sectors, the citizens, political groups and trade union and business organizations. Therefore, a deeper an

26、alysis and study should be undertaken with the basis of the mentioned report. This report should present an opportunity for further reflection on the present and the future of pensions. However, more studies, reports,

27、reflections, discussions, ideas and participation are needed. Pensions are essential to enable a cohesive society and a community that can live a decent life, with dignity and respect towards the human rights and the a

28、chievement of a good quality of life. 3. Pensions and an analysis of a new factor: the factor of the contributions of the elderly to society (FAPS**) The question that can be formulated in relation to pensions and their

29、financing is whether these actually need an economic input that goes further than the contributions to the National Insurance made by the employers and employees. It is a necessary reflection which supposes a previous

30、contemplation of a series of topics: defining the type of welfare state we want and need, considering the model of its financing, recognizing the level of contributions by each citizen, reflecting on the level of parti