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1、1UrbantransptationPlanningAnurbantransptationsystemisbasiccomponentofanurbanareassocial，economic，physicalstructure.Notonlydoesthedesignperfmanceofatransptationsystemprovideopptunitiesfmobility，butoverthelongterm，itinflue

2、ncespatternsofgrowththelevelofeconomicactivitythroughtheaccessibilityitprovidestol.Planningfthedevelopmentmaintenanceoftheurbantransptationsystemisthusanimptantactivity，bothfpromotingtheefficientmovementofpeoplegoodsinan

3、urbanareafmaintainingthestrongsupptiverolethattransptationcanplayinattainingothercommunityobjectives.Thereareseveralbasicconceptsaboutanurbantransptationsystemthatshouldbekeptinmind.Mostimptant，atransptationsysteminanurb

4、anareaisdefinedasconsistingofthefacilitiesservicesthatallowtravelthroughouttheregion，providingopptunitiesf:(I)mobilitytoresidentsofanurbanareamovementofgoods(2)accessibilitytol.Giventhisdefinition，anurbantransptationsyst

5、emcanbefurtheracterizedbythreemajcomponents:thespatialconfigurationthatpermitstravelfromonelocationtoanotherthetransptationtechnologiesthatprovidethemeansofmovingoverthesedistancestheinstitutionalframewkthatprovidesfthep

6、lanningconstructionoperationmaintenanceofsystemfacilities.TheSpatialConfigurationofaTransptationSystemOnewaytodescribethespatialdimensionofanurbantransptationsystemistoconsidertheacteristicsofindividualtripsfromanigintoa

7、destination.Fexampleatripcanconsistofseveraltypesofmovementundertakentoachievedifferentobjectives.Travelersleavinghomemightusealocalbussystemtoreachasuburbansubwaystation(atripcollectionprocess)，proceedthroughthestationt

8、othesubwayplatfm(atransferprocess)，ridethesubwaytoadowntownstation(alinehaulprocess)，walktoaplaceofemployment(adistributionprocess).Similarly，onecanviewahometowktripbycarasconsistingofsimilarsegments，withthelocalstreetsy

9、stemprovidingthetripcollectionprocessafreewayprovidingthelinehaulcapability，aparkinglotinthecentralbusinessdistrictservingasatransferpoint，walking，asbefe，servingthedistribution3nieenthcenturywasatechnologicalinnovationth

10、atinitiatedthetransfmationofmostNthAmericancities.Theadventoftheelectricstreetcarpermittedurbanareastoexpbeyondtheboundariesthathadbeendictatedbyprevioustransptationtechnologies(e.g.，walking，hse，hsecar)，spawning`streetca

11、rsuburbswithdramaticallylowerresidentialdensitiesalongstreetcarlinesradiatingfromthecentralcity.Whereasmanyindustrieshaddecentralizedalongrailroadlinesleadingfromthecentralcity，wkersinitiallyhadtolivenearthesefactiesthei

12、ntroductionofstreetcarsnowpermittedmedistantliving.Thesuccessofthestreetcarinprovidingaccessfromedsuburbanareastocentralbusinessdistrictswasfollowedbypublicacceptanceofasecondmajtechnologicalinnovationtheautomobile，power

13、edbytheinternalcombustionengine.Increasingconsumerpreferencesflowerdensitylivingfanabilitytotravelbeyondestablishedurbanboundariessparkedaphenomenalgrowthinautomobileownershipusage，beginninginthe1920s.④Theautomobileconti

14、nuesacceleratedtheevolutionofurbanstructurestartedbytheelectricstreetcar.Itsavailabilitypermittedfurtherexpansionofurbanareasmeimptantprovidedaccesstolbetweentheradialstreetcarrailroadlinesleadingintothecentralcity.Thete

15、chnologyoftheinternalcombustionengine，howeveralsoledtothedeclineofothertransptationmodesusedinurbanareasbyprovidingalessexpensivemeflexiblereplacementfrailbasedmodes.Whiletheautomobileprovidednewopptunitiesfpersonalmobil

16、ityurbangrowthmotbusesrapidlyreplacedelectricstreetcarstotheextentthatonlyfiveNthAmericancitiestodaystilloperatelargescalestreetcarsystemsBostonPhiladelphiaPittsburghTontoSanFrancisco(althoughthistrendhasreversedsomewhat

17、inrecentyearswithnew`lightrailsystemsinoperationinEdmontonCalgarySanDiegoBuffalo).AtthesametimethegrowthofprivateautomobileusehasdramaticallyreducedtheuseofpublictransptationingeneralparticularlysincetheendofWldWarII.Acc

18、dingtothelatestcensusfiguresin198062.3millionAmericansnmallydrovealonetowkeachdayanother19millioncarpooled6millionusedpublictransptation.Thetechnologiestheresultingmodesavailabletodayfurbantransptationarecommontomostciti

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