土木工程外文資料翻譯--混凝土與鋼筋混凝土的特性

1、<p><b>　　理工學(xué)院</b></p><p>　　畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯</p><p>　　專 業(yè)： 土 木 工 程 </p><p>　　姓 名： 韋 偉 </p><p&g

2、t;　　學(xué) 號(hào)： 09L1401122 </p><p>　　外文出處：English in Architecture and Construction </p><p>　　附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 </p><p>　　附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文</p>

3、<p>　　混凝土與鋼筋混凝土的特性</p><p>　　混凝土是一種人造組合石材，主要由四種成分組成；珀特蘭水泥，水，沙子和粗骨料。水泥和水混合成水泥漿，將沙子和石子粘合在一起。理想的骨料級(jí)配應(yīng)使泥漿的體積最小，僅將每塊骨料包上薄薄的一層即可。大多數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)混凝土是碎石混凝土，但是輕質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)混凝土（大約是碎石混凝土密度的2/3）正日益得到普及。</p><p>　　混凝土基本上

4、是一種幾乎沒有抗拉強(qiáng)度的抗壓縮材料。所以，混凝土抗拉強(qiáng)的低也導(dǎo)致混凝土抗剪強(qiáng)度低。在產(chǎn)生拉伸應(yīng)力和剪應(yīng)力的部位加入鋼筋克服這些缺陷。在荷載作用下，鋼筋混凝土梁實(shí)際上會(huì)有許多沿垂直于主拉應(yīng)力方向的微裂縫。這些部位的拉應(yīng)力完全被鋼筋所承擔(dān)。</p><p>　　給定混凝土的鋼牙強(qiáng)度是其組成成分的質(zhì)量和比例以及新澆混凝土的養(yǎng)護(hù)方法的函數(shù)，（養(yǎng)護(hù)是硬化過(guò)程，在此期間，必須防止混凝土過(guò)干，因?yàn)樗值拇嬖谑沁M(jìn)行化學(xué)反應(yīng)所必需

5、的。）堅(jiān)硬并具有良好的級(jí)配粗骨料對(duì)于優(yōu)質(zhì)混凝土是至關(guān)重要的。然而，決定其強(qiáng)度的最重要因素是其配料中的含水率。水泥適當(dāng)水化需要最小量的水分。為了操作和澆筑混凝土需要多加一些水，但是過(guò)量的水分是、會(huì)導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)度明顯降低。由珀特蘭水泥協(xié)會(huì)出版的“混凝土混合物的設(shè)計(jì)與控制”一書中全部包含了這類以及其他一些論題。這是一本優(yōu)秀的參考書，它涉及混凝土配料設(shè)計(jì)以及適合的施工實(shí)踐。美國(guó)混凝土協(xié)會(huì)出版了廣泛采用的專用于鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)要求的規(guī)范。</p&g

6、t;<p>　　混凝土被認(rèn)為是作“可成型的”或“可模性的”結(jié)構(gòu)材料。與其他材料相比，混凝土易制成曲線型構(gòu)件和各種曲面。混凝土沒有固定的紋理，但它呈現(xiàn)其成模材料的紋理，因此混凝土可呈現(xiàn)各種各樣的外觀。制造混凝土無(wú)論原材料還是人工費(fèi)都相當(dāng)便宜，普通水泥的基本材料在世界各地都可得到。（然而，應(yīng)注意的是混凝土所必需的鋼筋在不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家可能不容易得到。）</p><p>　　就這種材料的特性而言，鋼筋混凝土最佳

7、的 結(jié)構(gòu)用途實(shí)在那些要求連貫性的和剛性的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)中。鋼筋混凝土具有整體性，可自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)固定連接或連續(xù)連接。這些抗彎節(jié)點(diǎn)使得許多低層混凝土建筑物在橫向荷載作用下不需要輔助斜支撐系統(tǒng)。實(shí)質(zhì)上混凝土梁與混凝土柱的連接與鋼和木結(jié)構(gòu)的連接大不一樣，聰明的設(shè)計(jì)人員是不會(huì)護(hù)士這些差異的。（這些藥店不適合于預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)件，這些預(yù)制結(jié)構(gòu)件通常不以連續(xù)方式連接。）</p><p>　　混凝土本身是耐火的，不需要單獨(dú)的保護(hù)系統(tǒng)。由于它的質(zhì)量

8、，混凝土也可以用作為有效的隔聲材料。</p><p>　　從缺點(diǎn)方面考慮，遺憾的是混凝土相當(dāng)重，經(jīng)常可見有混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)僅支撐它本身重量就消耗了它大部分的承載能力。制造低密度而保持其高性能水準(zhǔn)的混凝土通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致成本提高。不過(guò)使用輕質(zhì)混凝土有時(shí)能產(chǎn)生綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。</p><p>　　混凝土比大多數(shù)其他建筑材料需要更多的質(zhì)量監(jiān)督?，F(xiàn)代化的輸送攪拌混凝土的供應(yīng)廠商遍布美國(guó)各城市，其混合物通常具有均

9、勻的高質(zhì)量。然而，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)或臨時(shí)攪拌的混凝土需要技術(shù)性監(jiān)督。無(wú)論在何種混凝土的施工中漏加鋼筋或錯(cuò)放鋼筋位置都會(huì)導(dǎo)致構(gòu)件的承載能力降低。無(wú)論是操作或養(yǎng)護(hù)條件不好或二者兼而有之都能嚴(yán)重削弱混凝土的強(qiáng)度。由于種種原因，大多數(shù)建筑規(guī)范都要求在施工的各個(gè)階段進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)檢查。</p><p>　　適當(dāng)?shù)幕炷翝仓捕嗌偃Q于周圍氣候條件。更重要的是，過(guò)高的溫度以及低于（或接近于）冰點(diǎn)的溫度都能使混凝土施工非常困難。</

10、p><p>　　附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）</p><p>　　Properties of Concrete and Reinforced Concrete</p><p>　　Concrete is a man-made conglomerate stone composed of essentially four ingredients: portland ceme

11、nt, water, sand, and coarse aggregate. The cement and water combine to make a paste that binds the sand stones together .Ideally, the aggregates are graded so that the volume of paste is at a minimum , merely surrounding

12、 every piece with a thin layer. Most structural concrete is stone concrete ,but structural lightweight concrete (roughly two-thirds the density of stone concrete)is becoming increasi</p><p>　　Concrete is es

13、sentially a compressive material having almost no tensile strength ,so concrete`s weakness in tension also causes it to be weak in shear. These deficiencies are overcome by using steel bars for reinforcement at the place

14、s where tensile and shearing stresses are generated. Under load , reinforced concrete beams actually have numerous minute cracks which run at right angles to the direction of major tensile stresses. The tensile forces at

15、 such locations are being taken completely by </p><p>　　The compressive strength of a given concrete is a function of the quality and proportions of its constituents and the manner in which the fresh concret

16、e is cured. (Curing is the process of hardening during which time the concrete must be prevented form “drying out” ,as the presence of water is necessary for the chemical action to progress.) Coarse aggregate that is ha

17、rd and well graded is particularly essential for quality concrete .The most important factor governing the strength , however ,is</p><p>　　These and other topics are fully covered in the booklet, “Design and

18、 Control of Concrete Mixtures, ” published by the Portland Cement Association. This is an excellent reference ,treating both concrete mix design and proper construction practices. The American Concrete Institute publishe

19、s a widely adopted code specifying the structural requirements for reinforced concrete.</p><p>　　Concrete is known as the “formable” or “moldable” structural material. Compared to other materials ,it is easy

20、 to make curvilinear members and surfaces with concrete. It has no inherent texture but adopts the texture of the forming material, so it can range widely in surface appearance. It is relatively inexpensive to make, both

21、 in terms of raw materials and labor ,and the basic ingredients of Portland cement are available the world over. (It should be noted, however, that the necessary reinforc</p><p>　　The best structural use of

22、reinforced concrete ,in terms of the characteristics of the material, is in those structures requiring continuity and or rigidity. It has a monolithic quality which automatically makes fixed or continuous connections. Th

23、ese moment-resistant joints are such that many low-rise concrete buildings do not require a secondary bracing system for lateral loads. In essence, a concrete beam joins a concrete column very differently from the way st

24、eel and wood pieces join, and the</p><p>　　Concrete is naturally fireproof and needs no separate protection system. Because of its mass, it can also serve as an effective barrier to sound transmission.</p

25、><p>　　In viewing the negative aspects, concrete is unfortunately quite heavy and it is often noted that a concrete structure expends a large portion of its capacity merely carrying itself. Attempts to make con

26、crete less dense, while maintaining high quality levels, have generally resulted in increased costs. Nevertheless, use of lightweight concrete can sometimes result in overall economies.</p><p>　　Concrete req

27、uires more quality control than most other building materials. Modern transit-mixed concrete suppliers are available to all U.S. urban areas and the mix is usually of a uniformly high quality. Field-or-job-mixed concrete

28、 requires knowledgeable supervision, however. In any type of concrete work, missing or mislocated reinforcing bars can result in elements with reduced load capacities. Poor handing and/or curing conditions can seriously

29、weaken any concrete. For these and other reasons</p><p>　　Proper concrete placement is also somewhat dependent upon the ambient weather condition .Extremely high temperatures and ,more important ,those below