簡(jiǎn)介:1英美文學(xué)選讀要點(diǎn)總結(jié)精心整理英美文學(xué)選讀要點(diǎn)總結(jié)精心整理只考只考26位作家位作家英國(guó)』英國(guó)』CHAPTER1THERENAISSANCEPERIOD(14世紀(jì)至十七世紀(jì)中葉)文藝復(fù)興世紀(jì)至十七世紀(jì)中葉)文藝復(fù)興1HUMANISMISTHEESSENCEOFTHERENAISSANCE人文主義是文藝復(fù)興的核心。2THEGREEKANDROMANCIVILIZATIONWASBASEDONSUCHACONCEPTIONTHATMANISTHEMEASUREOFALLTHINGS人文主義作為文藝復(fù)興的起源是因?yàn)楣畔ED羅馬文明的基礎(chǔ)是以“人”為中心,人是萬(wàn)物之靈。3RENAISSANCEHUMANISTSFOUNDINTHENCLASSICSAJUSTIFICATIONTOEXALTHUMANNATUREANDCAMETOSEETHATHUMANBEINGSWEREGLORIOUSCREATURESCAPABLEOFINDIVIDUALDEVELOPMENTINTHEDIRECTIONOFPERFECTION,ANDTHATTHEWORLDTHEYINHABITEDWASTHEIRSNOTTODESPISEBUTTOQUESTION,EXPLORE,ANDENJOY人文主義者們卻從古代文化遺產(chǎn)中找到充足的論據(jù),來(lái)贊美人性,并開(kāi)始注意到人類是崇高的生命,人可以不斷發(fā)展完善自己,而且世界是屬于他們的,供他們懷疑,探索以及享受。4THOMASMORE,CHRISTOPHERMARLOWEANDWILLIAMSHAKESPEAREARETHEBESTREPRESENTATIVESOFTHEENGLISHHUMANISTS托馬斯摩爾,克利斯朵夫馬洛和威廉莎士比亞是英國(guó)人文主義的代表。5WYATTINTRODUCEDTHEPETRARCHANSONNETINTOENGLAND懷亞特將彼特拉克的十四行詩(shī)引進(jìn)英國(guó)。6THEFIRSTPERIODOFTHEENGLISHRENAISSANCEWASONEOFIMITATIONANDASSIMILATION英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興初期只是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)模仿與同化的階段。7THEGOALSOFHUMANISTICPOETRYARESKILLFULHANDLINGOFCONVENTIONS,FORCEOFLANGUAGE,AND,ABOVEALL,THEDEVELOPMENTOFARHETORICALPLANINWHICHMETER,RHYME,SCHEME,IMAGERYANDARGUMENTSHOULDALLBECOMBINEDTOFRAMETHEEMOTIONALTHEMEANDTHROWITINTOHIGHRELIEF人文主義詩(shī)歌的主要目標(biāo)是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗的熟練運(yùn)用,語(yǔ)言的力度與氣概,而最重要的是發(fā)展了修辭模式,即將格律,韻腳(式),組織結(jié)構(gòu),意象(比喻,描述)與議論都結(jié)合起來(lái)勾畫(huà)出情感主題,并將其極為鮮明生動(dòng)的表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。8THEMOSTFAMOUSDRAMATISTSINTHERENAISSANCEENGLANDARECHRISTOPHERMARLOWE,WILLIAMSHAKESPEARE,ANDBENJONSON文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期英國(guó)最著名的戲劇家有克利斯朵夫馬洛,威廉莎士比亞與本約翰遜。9FRANCISBACON15611626,THEFIRSTIMPORTANTENGLISHESSAYIST費(fèi)蘭西斯培根是英國(guó)歷史上最重要的散文家。IIIWILLIAMSHAKESPEARE威廉威廉莎士比亞莎士比亞17THEFIRSTPERIODOFHISDRAMATICCAREER,HEWROTEFIVEHISTORYPLAYSHENRYVI,PARTSI,II,ANDIII,RICHARDIII,ANDTITUSANDRONICUSANDFOURCOMEDIESTHECOMEDYOFERRORS,THETWOGENTLEMENOFVERONA,THETAMINGOFTHESHREW,ANDLOVE’SLABOUR’SLOST在他戲劇創(chuàng)作生涯的第一個(gè)階段,他創(chuàng)作了五部歷史劇亨利六世,理查三世,泰托斯安東尼以及四部喜劇錯(cuò)誤的戲劇,維洛那二紳士,馴悍記和愛(ài)的徒勞。18INTHESECONDPERIOD,HEWROTEFIVEHISTORIESRICHARDII,KINGJOHN,HENRYIV,PARTSIANDII,ANDHENRYVSIXCOMEDIESAMIDSUMMERNIGHT’SDREAM,THEMERCHANTOFVENICE,MUCHADOABOUTNOTHING,ASYOULIKEIT,TWELFTHNIGHT,ANDTHEMERRYWIVESOFWINDSORANDTWOTRAGEDIESROMEOANDJULIETANDJULIUSCAESAR在第二階段,他寫(xiě)了五部歷史劇理查三世,約翰王,亨利四世,亨利五世以及六部喜劇仲夏夜之夢(mèng),威尼斯商人,無(wú)事生非,皆大歡喜,第十二夜,溫莎的風(fēng)流娘兒們,還有兩部悲劇羅密歐與朱麗葉和裘利斯凱撒。19SHAKESPEARE’STHIRDPERIODINCLUDESHISGREATESTTRAGEDIESANDHISSOCALLEDDARKCOMEDIESTHETRAGEDIESOFTHISPERIODAREHAMLET,OTHELLO,KINGLEAR,MACBETH,ANTONYANDCLEOPATRA,TROILUSANDCRESSIDA,ANDCORIOLANUSTHETWOCOMEDIESAREALL’SWELLTHATENDSANDMEASUREFORMEASURE第三階段誕生了莎翁最偉大的悲劇和他自稱的黑色喜?。ɑ虮矂。?,悲劇有哈姆雷特,奧賽羅,李爾王麥克白安東尼與克利奧佩特拉特羅伊勒斯與克利西達(dá)及克里奧拉那斯。兩部喜劇是終成眷屬和一報(bào)還一報(bào)。20THELASTPERIODOFSHAKESPEARE’SWORKINCLUDESHISPRINCIPLEROMANTICTRAGICOMEDIESPERICLES,CYMBELINE,THEWINTER’STALEANDTHETEMPESTANDHISTWOPLAYSHENRYVIIIANDTHETWONOBLEKINSMEN最后一個(gè)時(shí)期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜劇伯里克利辛白林冬天的故事與暴風(fēng)雨。他最后兩部劇是亨利八世與魯克里斯受辱記。21SHAKESPEARE’SSONNETSARETHEONLYDIRECTEXPRESSIONOFTHEPOET’SOWNFEELINGS這些十四行詩(shī)都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。33ITSPURPOSEWASTOENLIGHTENTHEWHOLEWORLDWITHTHELIGHTOFMODERNPHILOSOPHICALANDARTISTICIDEAS運(yùn)動(dòng)的主旨便是用當(dāng)代哲學(xué)與藝術(shù)思想的晨光啟迪整個(gè)世界。4ENLIGHTENERSHELDTHATRATIONALITYORREASONSHOULDBETHEONLY,THEFINALCAUSEOFANYHUMANTHOUGHTANDACTIVITIESTHEYCALLEDFORAREFERENCETOORDER,REASONANDRULES啟蒙者主張理性是任何人思想與行動(dòng)的唯一緣由。他們大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。5ASAMATTEROFFACT,LITERATUREATTHETIME,HEAVILYDIDACTICANDMORALIZING,BECAMEAVERYPOPULARMEANSOFPUBLICEDUCATION其實(shí),當(dāng)時(shí)的文學(xué)作品種充滿了說(shuō)教與道德理念,就已經(jīng)成為大眾教育的良好工具。6FAMOUSAMONGTHEGREATENLIGHTENERSINENGLANDWERETHOSEGREATWRITERSLIKEJOHNDRYDEN,ALEXANDERPOPE,JOSEPHADDISONANDSIRRICHARDSTEELE,THETWOPIONEERSOFFAMILIARESSAYS,JONATHANSWIFT,DANIELDEFOE,RICHARDBRINSLEYSHERIDAN,HENRYFIELDINGANDSAMUELJOHNSON英國(guó)著名的啟蒙主義文學(xué)家有約翰德萊頓,亞歷山大蒲柏,約瑟夫艾迪森與理查斯蒂爾(這兩位是現(xiàn)代散文的先驅(qū)),喬納森斯威夫特,丹尼爾迪福,理查B謝立丹,亨利費(fèi)爾丁和塞繆爾約翰遜。7INTHEFIELDOFLITERATURE,THEENLIGHTENMENTMOVEMENTBROUGHTABOUTAREVIVALOFINTERESTINTHEOLDCLASSICALWORKS在文學(xué)領(lǐng)域,啟蒙主義運(yùn)動(dòng)還使人們重新對(duì)古典時(shí)代的著作產(chǎn)生興趣。8THEYBELIEVEDTHATTHEARTISTICIDEALSSHOULDBEORDER,LOGIC,RESTRAINEDEMOTIONANDACCURACY,ANDTHATLITERATURESHOULDBEJUDGEDINTERMSOFITSSERVICETOHUMANITY他們認(rèn)為理想的藝術(shù)應(yīng)基于秩序,邏輯,確切及情感控制的基礎(chǔ)上,而文學(xué)作品的價(jià)值評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)該看它是否為人文主義服務(wù)。9THUSAPOLITE,URBANE,WITTY,ANDINTELLECTUALARTDEVELOPED由此一種溫文爾雅,充滿靈性的知識(shí)分子文學(xué)藝術(shù)發(fā)展起來(lái)。10NEOCLASSICISTSHADSOMEFIXEDLAWSANDRULESFORALMOSTEVERYGENREOFLITERATURE在幾乎所有的文學(xué)形式中,新古典主義者們都設(shè)定了創(chuàng)作的規(guī)矩與條框。11DRAMASHOULDBEWRITTENINTHEHEROICCOUPLETSIAMBICPENTAMETERRHYMEDINTWOLINESTHETHREEUNITIESOFTIME,SPACEANDACTIONSHOULDBESTRICTLYOBSERVEDREGULARITYINCONSTRUCTIONSHOULDBEADHEREDTO,ANDTYPECHARACTERSRATHERTHANINDIVIDUALSSHOULDBEREPRESENTED戲劇必須用英雄體偶劇(抑揚(yáng)五音步的押韻雙行詩(shī))寫(xiě)就;時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),事件三要素必須要遵循;寫(xiě)作的規(guī)矩必須要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一類人,而不是個(gè)性化。12BUTITHADALASTINGWHOLESOMEINFLUENCEUPONENGLISHLITERATURE套話但新古典主義對(duì)英國(guó)文學(xué)史產(chǎn)生過(guò)持久的全面的影響。13THEPOETICTECHNIQUESANDCERTAINCLASSICALGRACESSUCHASORDER,GOODFORM,UNIFIEDSTRUCTURE,CLARITYANDCONCISENESSOFLANGUAGEDEVELOPEDINTHISPERIODHAVEBECOMEAPERMANENTHERITAGE在這一時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的詩(shī)歌技巧與古典氣質(zhì),如秩序,優(yōu)美的格式,統(tǒng)一的結(jié)構(gòu),簡(jiǎn)明的語(yǔ)言都成為永恒的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。14THEMIDCENTURYWAS,HOWEVER,PREDOMINATEDBYANEWLYRISINGLITERARYFORMTHEMODERNENGLISHNOVEL,WHICH,CONTRARYTOTHETRADITIONALROMANCEOFARISTOCRATS,GIVESAREALISTICPRESENTATIONOFLIFEOFTHECOMMONENGLISHPEOPLE十八世紀(jì)中葉,還興起一種嶄新的文學(xué)形式英國(guó)現(xiàn)代小說(shuō),這種文學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)貴族的騎士文學(xué)相反,著重描寫(xiě)英國(guó)普通百姓的生活。15AMONGTHEPIONEERSWEREDANIELDEFOE,SAMUELRICHARDSON,HENRYFIELDING,LAURENCESTERNE,TOBIASGEORGESMOLLETT,ANDOLIVERGOLDSMITH英國(guó)現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)的先驅(qū)有丹尼爾迪福,塞繆爾理查德,亨利費(fèi)爾丁,勞倫斯斯泰思,托比亞斯斯摩萊特以及奧立弗哥爾斯密。16FROMTHEMIDDLEPARTTOTHEENDOFTHECENTURYTHEREWASALSOANAPPARENTSHIFTOFINTERESTFROMTHECLASSICLITERARYTRADITIONTOORIGINALITYANDIMAGINATION,FROMSOCIETYTOINDIVIDUAL,ANDFROMTHEDIDACTICTOTHECONFESSIONAL,INSPIRATIONALANDPROPHETIC從十八世紀(jì)中葉至十八世紀(jì)末,還出現(xiàn)了古典文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)向獨(dú)創(chuàng)性與豐富聯(lián)想性的轉(zhuǎn)移,社會(huì)描寫(xiě)向個(gè)性描寫(xiě)的轉(zhuǎn)移,說(shuō)教向懺悔,鼓勵(lì)及預(yù)示的轉(zhuǎn)移。17GOTHICNOVELSMOSTLYSTORIESOFMYSTERYANDHORROR哥特式小說(shuō)主要講述恐怖神秘的故事。18JONATHANSWIFT’SAMODESTPROPOSALBEINGGENERALLYREGARDEDASTHEBESTMODELOFSATIRE,NOTONLYOFTHEPERIODBUTALSOINTHEWHOLEENGLISHLITERARYHISTORY喬納森斯威夫特的一個(gè)小小的建議被公認(rèn)為英國(guó)文學(xué)史上諷刺作品的經(jīng)典。IIIDANIELDEFOE丹尼爾丹尼爾
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