[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]養(yǎng)老外文翻譯—英國(guó)的積極老齡化、養(yǎng)老金和退休（節(jié)選）

1、字?jǐn)?shù)：英文 字?jǐn)?shù)：英文 3829 3829 單詞， 單詞，20396 20396 字符；中文 字符；中文 6752 6752 漢字 漢字出處： 出處：Foster Foster L. L. Active Active ageing, ageing, pensions pensions and and retirement retirement in in the the UK[J]. UK[J]. Journal Journal of

2、of population population ageing,2018,11(2):117-132. ageing,2018,11(2):117-132.外文文獻(xiàn) 外文文獻(xiàn) Active Ageing, Pensions and Retirement in the UKAbstract The ageing population has led to increasing concerns about pensions and th

3、eir future sustainability. Much of the dominant policy discourse around ageing and pension provision over the last decade has focussed on postponing retirement and prolonging employment. These measures are central to pro

4、ductive notions of ‘a(chǎn)ctive ageing’. Initially the paper briefly sets out the pension developments in the UK. Then it introduces active ageing and active ageing policy, exploring its implications for UK pension provision.

5、 It demonstrates that a more comprehensive active ageing framework, which incorporates a life-course perspective, has the potential to assist the UK to respond to the challenges of an ageing population. In doing so it ne

6、eds to highlight older people as an economic and social resource, and reduce barriers to older people’s participation in society.Keywords: Active ageing, Extending working lives, UK, Longevity, PensionsIntroductionThe wo

7、rld’s population is ageing. The number of people aged 65 or older worldwide is projected to grow from 524 million in 2010 to nearly 1.5 billion in 2050 (World Health Organisation 2012). The age-based dependency ratio is

8、also changing: in Europe there are four people of working age for every person over 65 and by 2060 In the UK the fate of the aged poor became a public issue in the late nineteenth century and a campaign for the introduct

9、ion of an old age pension began towards the end of 1898. This led to the creation of the 1908 Old Age Pensions Act. Coverage was limited for financial and moral reasons, with the focus on undeserved poverty. The level of

10、 pension was insufficient to tempt those able to continue in full-time work to stop doing so. Following the Second World War, further changes were made to the state pension scheme based on the Beveridge Report (1942). A

11、flat-rate pension, funded through National Insurance (NI) contributions (made by employees and employers), meant older people became more of a distinct social category, defined by age (of pension entitlement) (Walker 198

12、0). This flat-rate pension was supplemented by an occupational pension for those who could afford them or by national assistance for those without further provision.These developments enhanced the connection between agei

13、ng and public policy in the UK and were accompanied by a rise in living standards of older people (Walker 2009). However they also contributed to the perception of older people as requiring economic support and enhanced

14、ageist stereotypes of old age as a period of dependency and frailty (Townsend 1981). The developments meant older people were expected to exit the labour force at fixed ages and exchange wages for pensions. Pensions oper

15、ated as a form of institutionalisation of retirement and management of the labour market (Kohli 2007). Retirement provided a clearly defined ‘normative’ phase of the lifecourse, structurally distinct from paid work, and

16、formed a boundary that produced older people as a distinct group. These developments were underpinned by various types of support created through the welfare state, in addition to the expansion of occupational (defined b

17、enefit) pensions (Phillipson et al. 2016).An Active Ageing FrameworkThe concept of active ageing, which lacks a precise universally agreed definition, is a relatively new one, achieving widespread currency only in the pa