[雙語翻譯]--外文翻譯--探究服務貿(mào)易界限

1、中文 中文 3350 字， 字，2000 單詞， 單詞，10500 英文字符 英文字符出處： 出處：Gomtsyan D. Exploring the boundaries of services trade[J]. Applied Economics Letters, 2016(17):1-4.Exploring the boundaries of services tradeDavid GomtsyanABSTRACT The le

2、vel of international trade in services is relatively low. This can be the consequence of policy barriers and regulations or it may be due to the nature of products produced in the services sector. To understand the rela

3、tive importance of both factors, this article uses data for Scottish bilateral services exports and imports to the UK to estimate theory-based trade costs for a wide range of sectors for two economic regions that are a

4、lmost perfectly integrated. The results of this analysis provide important insights for future trade policy by identifying those narrowly defined industries which are more tradable by nature and have the potential to e

5、xpand internationally.KEYWORDS: Trade policy; trade in servicesI. IntroductionAs the growth rate in international trade shows signs of deceleration, many economists are looking for new policies that can boost trade

6、 and further increase international integration. One area that may have a large growth potential is trade in services. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United

7、States recognizes this and puts significant emphasis on the liberalization of services trade. The importance of trade in services is evident because in most advanced countries services account for the signifi

8、cant share of GDP and as the structural change literature argues its share is increasing with the level of income. Despite this fact, international trade in goods still dominates services trade. Eliminating existing ba

9、rriers is likely to have a positive effect on services trade but one has to admit that the low level of international trade in services may persist even in an ideal world without artificial barriers. Consequently, a ce

10、ntral question to be answered is: how far services trade can go?In this article, I try to answer to that question by exploring trade between Scotland and the rest of the UK. The Scottish Government provides dat

11、a on its bilateral exports and imports to the UK which present a unique opportunity to estimate theory-based trade costs for a wide range of sectors for two economic regions that are almost perfectly integrated.

12、To my knowledge, Anderson, Milot, and Yotov (2014) is the only paper that uses services trade data between Canadian provinces to calculate intra-national trade costs for eight services categories. The Scottish data a

13、llow me to calculate trade cost for 97 product categories (54 of them services) and draw implications on the size of internal services trade costs.The results reveal that there is a huge unexploited potential in servi

14、ces trade and the median trade cost between Scotland and the rest of the UK is around 50% ad valorem equivalent, which is more than twice lower than that between the UK and OECD countries. Costs are especially low

15、in computer, information, financial, business, advertisement, research and other professional services sectors. The results presented in my analysis provide important insights for future trade policy by identifying th

16、ose narrowly defined industries which are more tradable by nature and have the potential to expand internationally.II. Methodology and dataTo measure trade cost, I use the Head and Ries index which is given in Eq

17、uation (1). As shown by Novy (2013), this index can be derived from a broad range of theoretical models of trade.Table 1. Trade costs in services (percent at ad valorem equivalent).SIC Product group/industry Costs

18、SIC Product group/industry Costs33 Repair & maintenance 50.8 68.3 Real estate – fee or contract 71.835.1 Electricity 61.6 69.1 Legal activities 42.135.25 Gas etc. 43.7 69.2 Accounting & tax services 49.336.5 Wate

19、r and sewerage 70 Head office & consulting services 4838.5 Waste management 36.9 71 Architectural services etc. 45.742 Construction 74.2 72 Research & development 34.845 Wholesale & retail – vehicles 70.2 73

20、Advertising & market research 24.446 Wholesale – excl vehicles 54.2 74 Other professional services 29.347 Retail – excl vehicles 75 Veterinary services49.15 Rail transport 70.9 77 Rental and leasing services 41.449.

21、4 Other land transport 46.4 78 Employment services 40.450 Water transport 47.5 79 Travel & related services 27.451 Air transport 22.5 80 Security & investigation 4152 Support services for transport 50.9 81 Buildi

22、ng & landscape services 8253 Post & courier 70.7 82 Business support services 25.855 Accommodation 84 Public administration & defence 410.956 Food & beverage services 85 Education 70.458 Publishing servic

23、es 21.6 86 Health 109.159.5 Film video & TV etc. 34.9 87.5 Residential care and social work 262.361 Telecommunications 51 90 Creative services 43.362 Computer services 27.6 91 Cultural services 82.863 Information s

24、ervices 29.8 92 Gambling 177.564 Financial services 21.9 93 Sports & recreation 72.265 Insurance & pensions 59.5 94 Membership organisations66 Auxiliary financial services 18.2 95 Repairs – personal and household

25、 38.768.15 Real estate – own 89.9 96 Other personal services 148.368.25 Imputed rent 97 Households as employersauxiliary financial services which have very low costs. Meanwhile, sectors related to real estate have m

26、uch high costs, which is not surprising because these services are more locally oriented. Consequently, trade policies should focus on more tradable financial activities and in the case trade in the broadly define

27、d finance sector does not increase much should not appear as a disappointment because the share of real estate is quite large in GDP. Trade costs in the insurance and pensions sector are not high in general bu

28、t they are much higher than in the financial services sector. This is somewhat strange because the insurance and financial services sectors are very close and have many similarities. Relatively higher costs in the insu

29、rance and pensions sector may be driven by the significant role that governments play in the provision of pensions. Unfortunately the data do not allow looking at insurance and pensions separately.Many professional s

30、ervices sectors also have low trade costs. Costs are lowest in computer services, information services, research & development, advertising & market research and business support services sectors. In sectors suc

31、h as legal activities, accounting & tax services, head office & consulting services and architectural services costs are some- what higher. In Anderson et al. (2015), international trade costs in all these

32、 sectors are substantial, which means that there is a large potential for trade in those sectors.According to Anderson et al. (2015), the construction sector has one of the lowest trade cost, however, as can be seen

33、 in my analysis trade costs between the UK and Scotland in this sector are relatively high, which means that the potential for further expansion in this sector is not very large compared with the ones mentioned abo

34、ve. The same also applies to the wholesale and retail sectors. Trade costs are also high in the health and education sectors, but here it should be emphasized that the significant share of these services is provid

35、ed by the state, which clearly decreases the room for trade. The role of the state is also evident in the public administration and defence sector. In contrast, trade costs seem to be not very high in utiliti

36、es such as electricity, gas and waste management. The fact that these services sectors are mostly privatized plays an important role in explaining this phenomenon.IV. ConclusionsThis article’s findings suggest that the