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1、Chapter1SyntacticDevices1.1IntroductionSyntacticdeviceshererefertovariationintheuseofsentencestructuresfstylisticrheticaleffectaredifferentfromtheprocessesoftransfmationofbasicsentencepatternsaccdingtogrammarrules.Thusth

2、edinarydeclarativeinterrogativenegativeexclamativestructurestheconstructionofsimplecompoundcomplexsentencesassuchdonotcomeinftechnicaldiscussion.Itisthewaysentencestructuresareusedinastylisticwaythatconcernsusasfexamplew

3、henaninterrogativesentenceisusedasarheticalquestionwhendeclarativesentencesaremadelooseperiodicsoon.Thediscussionofsyntacticvariationinthissensebringsuptherefethequestionofnongrammaticalpropertiesofsentenceslikelengthcom

4、plexityloosenessfinstanceofartisticfeatureslikebalanceclimax.Inclassicalrheticthemanipulationofthenmalarrangementofwdsinasentencefartisticeffectcouldtakemanyfmssuchdeviationswerefinelydistinguished.Suchdeviationsinconstr

5、uctionweretermedschemesofconstructionincludedunderFiguresofSpeechapracticeseldomadheredtotoday.Inthischaptermanyofthemostcommonschemesareincluded.Allthismeansthatwritershavealargerepertoireofsyntacticdevicestochoosefrom.

6、Theycouldfexamplemakefrequentuseofsimplesentencesalternatelongshtsentences.Theycouldwriteeitherlooseperiodicsentencescombineloosenesswithbalanceetc.theycouldonlychoosecrectlyiftheyknewwhateffecteachdeviceismeanttoachieve

7、.Thesyntacticdevicesdiscussedbelowconstitutethemajoptionsavailabletheeffectstheyaremeanttoachieve.1.2LongShtSentencesTherheticaleffectoflongshtsentencesdependsonpurposecontext.Withoutanappropriatepurposecontextshtsentenc

8、esusedabundantlyinapassageonlymakefchoppinessmonotony.Likewisetoomanylongsentencescanmakeapassageheavylabious.Skillfulwritershowevercanexploitvariationinsentencelengthtogreateffecttoexpressdifferentmoodsattitudestodescri

9、beactioneventstoemphasizeapoint.Letusseesomeexamples.(1)DickBoultonlookedatthedoct.Dickwasabigman.Heknewhowbigamanhewas.Helikedtogetintofights.Hewashappy.EddieBillyTabeshawleanedontheircanthookslookedatthedoct.Thedoctche

10、wedthebeardonhislowerliplookedatDickBoulton.Thenheturnedawaywalkedupthehilltothecottage.Theycouldseefromhisbackhowangryhewas.Theyallwatchedhimwalkupthehillgoinsidethecottage.(E.Hemingway:”TheDocttheDoct’sWife”)waitingtob

11、espreaddispersedeveryseedarmedwithanapplianceofdispersaltwistingdartsparachutesfthewindlittlespearsballsoftinythnsallwaitingfanimalsfthewindfaman’strousercuffthehemofawoman’sskirtallpassivebutarmedwithappliancesofactivit

12、ystillbuteachpossessedoftheanlageofmovement.(JohnSteinbeck:TheGrapesofWrath)InthisfamouspassagebySteinbeckthedelicateprocessofseeddispersalisbeautifullydescribedinalongsentence.Inthepassagebelowhoweverthelongsentenceisus

13、edfadifferentpurpose.(5)TalkinginlowexcitedvoiceswecouldwalkrapidlybacktowardtownundertherustleofSeptemberleavesincoolstreetsjustgrayednowwiththatstillthatunearthlymagicalfirstlightofdaywhichseemssuddenlytorediscovertheg

14、reatearthoutofdarknesssothattheearthemergeswithanawfulaglioussculpturalstillnessonelooksoutwithafeelingofjoydisbeliefasthefirstmenonthisearthmusthavedoneftoseethishappenisoneofthethingsthatmenwillrememberoutoflifefeverth

15、inkofastheydie.(ThomasWolfe:“CircusatDawn”)Thelongsentencehere(reallyaonesentenceparagraph)isusedeffectivelytoconveythewriter’sthoughtsfeelingsasthesightssoundsofearlydawncrowdintohismindeyes.1.3TheSimpleSentence1.3.1act

16、eristicsoftheSimpleSentenceIncontemparylinguisticsasentenceissimplenotonlybecauseitcontainsasingleindependentclausebutalsobecauseallitsconstituentelements(subjectverbobjectcomplementadverbial)arephrasesnotclauses.Inthepa

17、stasentencelikethefollowingwithanattributiveclausewouldbeconsideredacomplexsentencebuttodayitisacceptedasasimplesentenceasthecomplexityisatthephraselevel.(SeeQuirketal.1985p.719Note990.)Theydidnotknowanyofthepeopletheypa

18、ssedonthestairsontheirwaytofromtheirroom.(E.Hemingway:“CatintheRain”)Thisfeatureofthesimplesentencethatitcancarryalotofinfmationatthephraselevelmakesitaconvenientvehiclefwriterswhowishtopackanumberofrelevantrelateddetail

19、sintoastatementfclaritybrevityemphasis.Rheticallythenasimplesentencecanbemadequitecomplexinfmcontentthestatementmadeinsometextbooksonrheticthatthecomplexsentenceascomparedwiththesimplecompoundsentencesshowsme“maturity”in

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