西方文化導(dǎo)論-課后習(xí)題答案

1、(1)GiveabriefaccountofthemajachievementsofGreekculturesuchasthoseinreligionphilosophyliteraturescience.GreekreligionreallytookshapeduringtheHomericAgefeaturedpolytheismwithgodstakinghumanfmfeeling.Greekreligionmadeagreat

2、contributiontoGreekliteraturephilosophyart.ItisanimptantiginofGreekmythologywhichwasfullydevelopedbythereligioustalesoftheHomericepicthusaffectedthelaterdevelopmentofallkindsofGreekculture.GreekphilosophystartedwithThale

3、s(640BC–547BC)whobelievedthatthematerialwldiginatedinwater.Hisphilosophywasmaterialism.HewasfollowedbyPythagaswhoassumedthatthekeytotheunderstingofthewldisnumbersontheoppositionofthespokesmanfidealism.TheceGreekphilosoph

4、ersareSocratesPlatoAristotle.Socrateshadscantregardfmaterialwealthbutwaskeenonprobingintothedefinitionofsomeethicalbehavialissuessuchas“friendship”“courage”.PlatoestablishedtheAcademy－thefirstGreekinstitutionofhigherlear

5、ning.Hiscontributionsincludedhistheyofideashisargumentson“republic”whichwassupposedtoembracehisidealsaboutafuturestatewherehumanscouldenjoyahappylife.Aristotleisalsoalearnedmanhiswkcoverswiderangingareas.Hisreputationasa

6、philosopherlargelydependsonhisargumentonmetaphysicswhichhetriedtoachieveacompromisebetweenmatterdivinity.LiteraryrepresentationcentredroundthetwoepicpoemsoftheIliadtheOdysseylyricalpoetrybySapphoPindardramabyAeschylusEur

7、ipidesAristophanes.TheirwkscombinedGreekmythssociallifewonmuchappreciationenthusiasmfromthepublic.InsciencethemathematicianEuclidestablishedplanegeometryArchimedesdiscoveredtheratioofradiusofacircletherelationshipbetween

8、thevolumesurfaceofasphere.(2)WhatdoyouthinkoftheinfluenceGreekculturehasexertedonWesterncivilizationasawholeGiveexamples.GreekcultureisoftentermedthecradleoftheWesterncivilizationhashadanenmousimpactonWesternculture.Thes

9、pecificcontributionsarefoundintheareasofphilosophypoliticsliteratureartsciencearchitecture.GreekpoliticswasoneofthegreatestinfluencesontheWesterncivilization.TheGreekswerethefirsttosuccessfullycreateagovernmentbasedonthe

10、consensusofthepeoplethusprovidedafoundationfWesterndemocracy.Thesecondsignificantinfluencewasthatofphilosophy.TheSocraticideaaboutethicsknowledgehelpedtheWesternerscaremeftheeffectofknowledgevalueofmalitybothofwhichgives

11、oundguidancetopeopleinthelateryearstoimprovechangethewldoutsidethemselvesi.e.humansocietythenaturalwld.LatergenerationsofWesternershavebenefitedalotfromGreekculturesuchasthoseinpaintingsculpturearchitecturedramapoetryhis

12、ticalwks.ClassicismhadGreekcultureasoneofthecrucialsourcesthishashelpedWesternerssomuchthattheyribedtheiginoftheRenaissancetoit.ThischangedtheintellectualconditionsofthelatermedievalperiodopenedthewaytothemoderneraintheW

13、est.4)Christianityisalsoakindofcultureitcouldbetoleratedbecausetheirlifepropertycouldthusbesecuredinthechangedcircumstances.2.WhatarethebasicdifferencesbetweenChristianityJudaismInspiteofthefactthatthetworeligionsderived

14、fromJewishculturetherearesomebasicdifferencesbetweenthem.FirstisthedifferentimageofGod.SecondisdifferentviewofGod.JehovahisviewedHeislikefirewind.GodiskindermehelpfulThirdisthedifferentpositioneachreligionislocatedinhenc

15、ewouldmakedifferentcontribution.FourthisJehovahwasimptanttoJewsonlyintheyaffecttheminspiritoccasionallywhileChristianitymovedintosecularlifeftheWesternerasPopechurchesbecameverypowerful.Chapter61.Tellsimplythebackgroundd

16、evelopmentoftheRenaissance.ItwasnoaccidentthatitfirstoccurredinFlenceItalywheretheearlysignsofcapitalismhadappearedatthesametimeassocialchaospoliticaldisputesmilitaryclashesmemepeoplebegantosuspectthejustificationfthosew

17、hoheldthepowerPaintingsculpturewerethefirstareatoreflectthechangeofsubjectstastes.(2)WhatarethemajfeaturesachievementsoftheRenaissanceGiveexamples.TheRenaissanceisacterisedbyseekingideologicalemancipationintellectualfree

18、dompoliticalawarenessbasedonculturalproductionreligiousrefmation.AllthesewereundertakenunfoldedgraduallybutwidelyextendingitsinfluencestoeverycnerofEuropewithmemepeoplegettinginvolved.Theachievementswereseenprincipallyin

19、sixareasnamelypaintingsculpturepoetryfictiondramareligiousrefmationaswellasthechangeintheculturalintellectualclimate.Instancescouldbelocatedintheseareassuchasthehugechangeofsubjectsstylesinpainting.Themedievalpaintinguse

20、dtocentreondepictingJesusChristotherChristiansubjectsnotonlyeffectingsimilarthelimitedsubjectmatterbutalsodepictingstylisticallyfacialexpressionsmanners.ThegreatartistsintheRenaissancestartedtofocusontheimageswithindivid