分子生物學復習題郭潔

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21、terimmeasuresf2005thecityssystemofGovernmentAdministrationinfmatizationconstructiontaskstatementotherdocuments.BefetheGeneralAssemblyganizationofcounties(districts)ofthescenetoobservetheGovernmentOfficeachievethepurposeo

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38、ole.WkingaroundGovernmentCenterimplementationsupervisionintensifiedbroadenedimprovedefficiencydocheckthefruitfruitassistingtheGovernmentinimplementationoftheAssistantroletoplayapowerfulimpetustotherealizationoftheobjecti

39、vesoftheGovernment.2theserviceareastofurtherexp.Thefullimplementationoftheopengovernmentpilotprojectstrengtheningcarrierconstructioninnovativefmsofpublicdeepeningpubliccontentextendstheopenrangeregulatepublicprocedureses

40、tablishmentofacityCountyTownshipvillageleveladministrationsystemtomeetthepeoplesrighttoknowcreatesconditionsftheeffectiveexerciseofsupervision.DevelopmentissuedtheXXmattersofsignificantpublicpolicyimplementationmeasuress

41、uchasthequestionofhearing6systemopenGovernmentcontinuestopromoteindepth.Establishedopenedthecity(County)longpublicphonessolvinganumberofconcernpeoplesimmediateinterestsproducehotspotsdifficultproblemsinlifebyallsectsofth

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44、overnmentOfficeputpursuitqualityefficiencyasmeasureOfficeoverallwklevelofimptantstardpenduluminhighlightlocationaroundserviceoverallpaycloseattentiontotheimplementationthiscentralrightprocessinginheritedinnovationfullfoc

45、usonShangserviceonXiaserviceofrelationshipboldinnovationfocusedoneffectivenesspresentationofpolicysextargeted2013年分子生物學（分子遺傳學）碩士生復習題1闡述你對基因概念的理解和詮釋?；蚴蔷幋a蛋白質或RNA等具有特定功能產物的遺傳信息的基本單位，是染色體或基因組的一段DNA序列（對以RNA作為遺傳信息載體的ＲＮＡ病毒而言則是

46、ＲＮＡ），包活編碼序列（外顯子）、編碼區(qū)前后對于基因表達具有調控功能的序列和單個編碼序列間的間隔序列（內含子）?；蚴巧矬w傳遞和表達遺傳信息的基本單位，基因通過復制把遺傳信息傳遞給下一代，使后代出現(xiàn)與親代相似的性狀。１）染色體水平上的基因概念：孟德爾的豌豆雜交試驗總結出生物的遺傳性狀是由遺傳因子控制的，肯定遺傳的物質性?；蛞辉~由丹麥生物學家約翰遜提出。著名遺傳學家摩爾根對基因做出定義：基因在染色體上呈直線排列，基因是遺傳物質的基因單

47、位和突變單位，基因是控制性狀的功能單位，它能產生對立的表現(xiàn)型，這意味基因是染色體上的一個特定區(qū)域。２）代謝水平上的基因概念：比德爾和塔特姆提出“一個基因一個酶”學說，只適用于同源多聚體構成的酶類。本柔進行了經典的基因精細結構分析，將比德爾提出的學說發(fā)展為“一個基因一條多肽鏈”的概念，把遺傳功能單位稱為順反子。3）DNA分子水平的基因概念：Avery的細菌轉化實驗中指出：攜帶遺傳信息的是DNA而非蛋白質，Hershey和Chase對T4噬

48、菌體感染大腸桿菌證實遺傳的分子基礎是核酸，Waltson和Crick提出DNA雙螺旋結構模型，從分子水平揭示了基因的結構。Blake進一步提出可能每一個外顯子相當于蛋白質的一個結構單位，“一個外顯子，一個結構域”的精細表達。分子生物學的發(fā)展進一步擴展了基因的概念，證明了基因不僅可以重疊，而且可被分離，有的基因并不被轉錄或不完全轉錄，而作為一個單位轉錄的也往往不是一個基因。以前認為基因是在染色體上成直線排列的獨立單元，現(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些相關的基

49、因在染色體上的排列并不是隨意的，而是由相關功能的基因構成一個小的“家族”或基因群。隨分子水平上基因結構與功能的研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)了移動基因、斷裂基因、假基因、重疊基因等。DNA分子上有遺傳效應的節(jié)段可以分兩類：一類能轉錄，產生RNA分子，稱為轉錄基因；另一類不能轉錄，但對轉錄能起調節(jié)控制作用，稱為操縱基因。轉錄基因有mRNA基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因和調節(jié)基因。其中mRNA基因通過轉錄和翻譯，能產生對應的蛋白質，這種蛋白是細胞中重要的結構

50、和功能物質，mRNA基因稱為結構基因。調節(jié)基因通過轉錄和翻譯也能產生對應蛋白，對轉錄基因有調節(jié)作用。tRNA基因、rRNA基因能轉錄，但不能翻譯成對應的蛋白，只能在合成蛋白的過程中發(fā)揮特定作用，如果沒有tRNA基因、rRNA基因，蛋白質的合成是不能進行的。啟動基因是RNA轉錄酶識別盒結合的序列，操縱基因是阻遏蛋白結合的序列，他們雖不能轉錄、翻譯成多肽，但這兩種特定的核苷酸序列發(fā)生改變，就會改變相應結構極影的活性，就此意義上講，他們也具有

51、特定的遺傳效應，所以也稱為基因。2舉例解釋蛋白質二級結構、超二級結構（MOTIF）、三級結構、DOMAIN和四級結構。蛋白質二級結構（secondarystructureofprotein）指它的多肽鏈中有規(guī)則重復的構象，限于主鏈原子的局部空間排列，不包括與肽鏈其他區(qū)段的相互關系及側鏈構象。二級結構主要有α螺旋、β折疊、β轉角。常見的二級結構有α螺旋和β折疊。二級結構是通過骨架上的羰基和酰胺基團之間形成的氫鍵維持的，氫鍵是穩(wěn)定二級結構的

52、主要作用力。α螺旋(αhelix)：蛋白質中常見的一種二級結構，肽鏈主鏈繞假想的中心軸盤繞成螺旋狀，一般都是右手螺旋結構，螺旋是靠鏈內氫鍵維持的。每個氨基酸殘基（第n個）的羰基氧與多肽鏈C端方向的第4個殘基（第n4個）的酰胺氮形成氫鍵。在典型的右手α螺旋結構中，螺距為0.54nm，每一圈含有3.6個氨基酸殘基，每個殘基沿著螺旋的長軸上升0.15nm。螺旋的半徑為0.23nm。β折疊(βsheet)是蛋白質中的常見的二級結構，是由伸展的多

53、肽鏈組成的。折疊片的構象是通過一個肽鍵的羰基氧和位于同一個肽鏈或相鄰肽鏈的另一個酰胺氫之間形成的氫鍵維持的。氫鍵幾乎都垂直伸展的肽鏈，這些肽鏈可以是平行排列（走向都是由N到C方向）；或者是反平行排列（肽鏈反向排列）。超二級結構也稱之基元（motif）。是指在球狀蛋白質分子的一級結構的基礎上，相鄰的二級結構單位（α螺旋β折疊等）在三維折疊中相互靠近，彼此作用，在局部形成規(guī)則的二級結構組合體，這種組合體就是超二級結構。αα組合形式：若干二級

54、結構可以特殊的幾何組合出現(xiàn)在蛋白質結構中，這些組合起來的結構單元稱作超二級結構或花樣。超二級結構可與某些特殊的生物功能相聯(lián)系，也可僅作為結構的組裝塊。α環(huán)α花樣是含有兩個α螺旋，并以一個環(huán)區(qū)域相連接的具有特殊功能的超二級結構。在已知的蛋白質結構中觀察到兩種這樣的花樣，一種是DNA結合花樣，另一種是鈣結合花樣又稱EF手，每種都有自己的幾何形狀和所需的氨基酸殘基序列。EF手出現(xiàn)在來自肌肉的蛋白Parvalbumin，troponin以及ca

55、lmodulin等結構中，它們通過結合鈣來調節(jié)細胞功能的變化。EF手提供了一個維持鈣配基的支架用于結合和釋放鈣，這是人們在蛋白質結構中首先認識的功能花樣之一。ββ組合形式：發(fā)夾β或β環(huán)β花樣是兩條反平行的β鏈，通過一個環(huán)相連接構成的超二級結構，在蛋白質結構中頻繁出現(xiàn)。Β回折中相鄰近的兩條β鏈易形成這種發(fā)夾β花樣。兩條β鏈之間的環(huán)的長度不等，一般為25個殘基。與α環(huán)α花樣不同的是，發(fā)夾β花樣無特殊的功能。蛋白質的三級結構是指球狀蛋白質的多