[教育]英漢翻譯理論與實(shí)踐

1、英漢翻譯理論與實(shí)踐,,Theory and Practice of English-Chinese Translation,王海萍,,General questions:What is translation?What is the goal of translation?,,,Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a

2、text in one language---the source text---and the production of a new, equivalent text in another language---called the target text, or the translation.The goal of translation is to establish a relationship of equivalenc

3、e between the source and the target texts.,常用翻譯工具書、軟件、網(wǎng)站介紹,教材：1. 張培基《英漢翻譯教程》 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社2. 馮慶華《實(shí)用翻譯教程》 上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 3. 孫致禮《新編英漢翻譯教程》上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社4. 華先發(fā)《新編大學(xué)英譯漢教程》 同上5. 毛榮貴《新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英漢翻譯教程》 上海交通大學(xué)出版社,常用翻譯工具書、軟件、網(wǎng)站介紹,詞

4、典：1.《漢英詞典》（修訂版），外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社2.《新時(shí)代漢英大詞典》吳景榮 程鎮(zhèn)球，商務(wù)印書館3.《現(xiàn)代漢英詞典》，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社4.《英漢大詞典》陸谷孫，上海譯文出版社5.《英漢大詞典補(bǔ)編》陸谷孫，上海譯文出版社6.《新英漢詞典》（世紀(jì)版），上海譯文出版社7.《英漢美英報(bào)刊詞典》周學(xué)藝 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社8.《英語(yǔ)姓名譯名手冊(cè)》 商務(wù)印書館9.《外國(guó)地名譯名手冊(cè)》 商務(wù)印書館,,10.《當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)習(xí)

5、語(yǔ)大辭典》 秦秀白，天津科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社11. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Longman Group Limited12. Longman Contemporary English-Chinese Dictionary, 現(xiàn)代出版社13. The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English wi

6、th Chinese Translation, Oxford University Press (Hong Kong)14.《牛津高級(jí)雙解詞典》 商務(wù)印書館15.《簡(jiǎn)明不列顛百科全書》Concise Encyclopædia Britannica，中國(guó)大百科全書出版社16.《美國(guó)俚語(yǔ)大全》中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司17.《當(dāng)代英漢搭配詞典》現(xiàn)代出版社（臺(tái)灣）建宏出版社,,學(xué)術(shù)刊物：1、《中國(guó)翻譯》Chinese Trans

7、lators Journal 雙月刊2、《外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究》Foreign Language Teaching and Research 雙月刊3、《外國(guó)語(yǔ)》Journal of Foreign Languages 雙月刊4、《現(xiàn)代外語(yǔ)》Modern Foreign Languages季刊5、《外語(yǔ)學(xué)刊》Foreign Languages Research季刊6、《外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué)》Foreign Languages and

8、Their Teaching月刊。7、《外語(yǔ)教學(xué)》 Foreign Language Education雙月刊8、《中國(guó)科技翻譯》Chinese Science & Technology Translation Journal季刊1．《中國(guó)翻譯》》 2．《英語(yǔ)世界》3．《英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)》4．《海外英語(yǔ)》,,網(wǎng)站：Google 網(wǎng) http://www.google.comYahoo網(wǎng) http://cn.yahoo.co

9、m中國(guó)翻譯網(wǎng) http://www.chinatranslate.net中國(guó)翻譯工作者協(xié)會(huì) http://www.tac-online.org.cn/中國(guó)翻譯家聯(lián)盟 http://www.translator.com.cn/中文新詞匯翻譯查詢 http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/vocabulary.shtml英語(yǔ)比薩園地 http://epizza.nease.net/譯叢 http://w

10、ww.renditions.org金橋譯港世界通 http://www.netat.net中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào) http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/vocabulary.shtmlBeijing Review《北京周報(bào)》 http://www.bjreview.com.cn/百科全書 http://www.encyclopedia.com詞典 http://dictionary.reference.com

11、《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》在線英文版 http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/新華網(wǎng) http://www.xinhua.org/ http://xinhuanet.com統(tǒng)一譯名網(wǎng)（新加坡） http://chineseterms.zaobao.com/chineseterms.html超星數(shù)字圖書館 www.ssreader.com,,網(wǎng)上英美報(bào)刊電訊、雜志等《今日美國(guó)》 http://www.usatod

12、ay.com/《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》 http://www.nytsyn.com/《泰晤士報(bào)》 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》The New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/ http://www.times.com/《華盛頓郵報(bào)》The Washington Post http://washpost.com/index.shtml《華盛頓時(shí)報(bào)》 The Wa

13、shington Times http://www.washtimes.com/《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》 The Los Angeles Times http://www.latimes.com/《波士頓環(huán)球報(bào)》The Boston Globe http://search.boston.com/globe/《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》 The Wall Street Journal http://online.wsj.com/,第一章 基本知識(shí),1.

14、翻譯的類型2.中國(guó)譯史、譯家回顧3.重要翻譯原則、方法4. 翻譯過(guò)程,1. 翻譯類型,Roman Jakobson:語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯 intralingual 語(yǔ)際翻譯 interlingual translation符際翻譯 intersemiotic translation,2. 中國(guó)譯史回顧,How did translation start in China? And when?翻譯佛經(jīng)的代表人物：安世高、“三支”（支婁

15、、支亮、支謙）、竺法護(hù)釋道安設(shè)譯場(chǎng)鳩摩羅什 貢獻(xiàn)：主張意譯；改正音譯的弱點(diǎn)；提倡譯者署名真諦唐：玄奘 貢獻(xiàn)：翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“既須求真，又須喻俗”；第一個(gè)把漢文著作向國(guó)外介紹的中國(guó)人明清：林紓（《巴黎茶花女遺事》《黑奴吁天錄》《塊肉余生述》《王子復(fù)仇記》）、嚴(yán)復(fù)“五四”后：魯迅、瞿秋白、林語(yǔ)堂、朱生豪建國(guó)后：傅雷、錢鐘書,,,中國(guó)譯人觀點(diǎn),譯事三難信、達(dá)、雅。求其信已大難矣。顧信矣不達(dá)。雖譯猶不譯也。則達(dá)尚焉。…易曰修

16、辭立誠(chéng)。子曰辭達(dá)而已。又曰言之無(wú)文，行之不遠(yuǎn)。三者乃文章正軌，亦即為譯事楷模。故信達(dá)而外，求其爾雅?！胺彩欠g，必須兼顧兩面，一當(dāng)然力求其易解，一則保持原作的豐姿?！?“以效果而論， 翻譯應(yīng)當(dāng)像臨畫一樣，所求得不在形似而在神似（similarity in spirit）“文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是‘化’。把作品從一國(guó)文字轉(zhuǎn)變成另一國(guó)文字，既不能因語(yǔ)文習(xí)慣的差異而露出生硬牽強(qiáng)的痕跡，又能完全保存原有的風(fēng)味，那就算入于‘化境’。,,1. T

17、he translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. The translation should have all the ea

18、se of the original composition (A. Tytler).2. Translation is the “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)” (J. C. Catford). 3.Translating consist

19、s in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (E. Nida).,翻譯原則與方法,1. 以譯出語(yǔ)為取向的原則（the source-language-orien

20、ted principle）Word-for-word, line-for-line literal translation；foreignization代表人物：竺法護(hù) Pearl BuckAdvantages: 引入外來(lái)語(yǔ)中新鮮的表達(dá)法，豐富漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)Examples:⑴ Nothing could be done.⑵ We saw an acrobat standing on his head.⑶ He al

21、ways lives ahead of his salary.⑷ the Milky Way, the apple of my eye,,2. 以譯入語(yǔ)為取向的原則（the target-language-oriented principle）代表人物：鳩摩羅什; Eugene Nida Adaptation (free translation); domestication適合讀者口味；所譯英語(yǔ)在漢語(yǔ)中無(wú)對(duì)應(yīng)詞語(yǔ)或表達(dá)法E

22、xamples:⑴To his dog, every man is Napoleon. (Solomon) ⑵ He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.⑶ Do you see any green in my eye?⑷ Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.,,3. 以作者和讀者為取向的原則（the author-and-reader-orien

23、ted principle）Combination of literal translation and free translation代表人物：Tytler, 玄奘 嚴(yán)復(fù) 魯迅翻譯三原則 （ Tytler ）A.) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original workB.) The style and mann

24、er of writing should be of the same character as that of the originalC.) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition,,Examples: ⑴ She didn’t like him much, but if she went out with him, it’d be o

25、ne in the eye for Kath.⑵ Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.⑶ Because of this explosive progress, today’s machines are millions of times more powerful than their crude ancestors.(4) Euphem

26、isms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne.,,4. 以美學(xué)為取向的原則（the aesthetics-oriented principle）主要為文學(xué)翻譯家所提倡代表人物：Ezra Pound 傅雷、錢鐘書、許淵沖Examples:1) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 讀書足

27、以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長(zhǎng)才。2) Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 讀書使人充實(shí)，討論使人機(jī)智，筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。3)尋尋覓覓, 冷冷清清, 凄凄慘慘戚戚。  I look for what I miss， I know not what it is： I feel so

28、sad, and so drear, So lonely, without cheer. (許淵沖),appreciation,To be, or not to be, that is the question: (Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms

29、against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?)死后還是存在，還是不存在——這是問(wèn)題；（梁實(shí)秋）生存還是不生存：就是這個(gè)問(wèn)題：（曹 禺）生存還是毀滅，這是一個(gè)值得考慮的問(wèn)題：（朱生豪）活下去還是不活：這是問(wèn)題。（卞之琳）是存在還是消亡，問(wèn)題的所在； (孫大雨）干，還是不干，這就是問(wèn)題。（陳 嘉）存在，還是毀滅，就這問(wèn)題了。 (

30、林同濟(jì)）,,翻譯以下句子： （不同方法，不同風(fēng)格）“Give me liberty, or give me death!” (Patrik Henry),翻譯過(guò)程: 理解、表達(dá)和校核,理解：英譯漢尤為重要而且艱難，廣義與狹義之分 狹義：通常指理解句法，語(yǔ)義和風(fēng)格，一是指詞語(yǔ)的理解，一是指句子的理解。1）正確理解詞義：一詞多義，先天歧義，詞義引申,文化典故等, ⑴ There are now 35 in England,

31、eight in Scotland, two in Northern Ireland and one in Wales.⑵ Clark in “Handle with Care”: A bittersweet case of double identities.,,⑶ I have been to Edinburgh just for two days, and my brothers have followed in the tra

32、in of my trip.⑷ I would rather have his room than his company.⑸ She is now in a delicate condition. [6] Maurice Sendak, US artist, is best known for his illustrations of children’s books. [7] He … was prominent is th

33、e ragged schools movement..,,[8] You look like Al Capone in that suit. [9] Some were whittled to a sharp point, and slightly bent at the upper end, like a lady’s finger.2) 正確理解句子，包括句法、結(jié)構(gòu)、甚至感情色彩，語(yǔ)體風(fēng)格等[1] I have not

34、 heard from him since I lived in Shanghai.[2] His speech was reported at length in the newspapers. At length, his speech was reported in the newspapers.[3] I regret to say that you’ll be held responsible.

35、 I regret saying that you’d be held responsible. [4] John escaped prison. John escaped from prison. [5] His English is anything but correct. His English is nothing but correct.

36、 His English is all but correct.,,,[6] Tom leaped to his feet, moving with surprising agility.[7] It is so easy now to see the irony of smoking: Children do it to be like adults, who smoke but wish they didn’t

37、.[8] The present crisis in that country is no ordinary economic crisis which will pass away in time leaving everything much as it was before. [9] My dear parent has joined the heavenly choir. My dear

38、 father has passed away. My father has died. My old man has just kicked the bucket.[10] To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of deli

39、rium.,,,2. 表達(dá) 提高自己的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力 多練筆 多閱讀⑴ The 20th century witnessed tremendous changes in the mode of human life.⑵ The first centuries of the modern era find the meaning of work divided into that of duty among the mid

40、dle class, and that of forced labor among those without property. ⑶ There is no pot so ugly it can’t find a lid.⑷ Better late than the late. (5) They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mou

41、ntains with their broad swords by their side.(6) It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea.,,3. 校核 包括哪些內(nèi)容？ 1）人名、地名、日期、方位、數(shù)字 2）譯文的段、句、詞（錯(cuò)漏、不妥、生僻罕見或陳腔濫調(diào)）注意： 通常要校核兩遍。第一遍：

42、內(nèi)容 第二遍：文字潤(rùn)飾對(duì)譯者的要求： 明確的政治立場(chǎng) 注意政治色彩的字眼 提高雙語(yǔ)水平 不斷吸收和豐富各種基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) 做一個(gè)“雜家” 掌握常用的翻譯理論和技巧,,理解練習(xí)：They saw him through.They saw through him.I hope he will soon get over it.I hope he will soon get it over. Quiet

43、ly properly he was punished.He was punished quite properly. He is rather a foolish fellow.He is a rather foolish fellow.We were touched by Mary’s confidence. We were touched by Mary’s confidences.,,I am no philosoph

44、er.I am not a philosopher.He may be drowned for all I care.All my advice falls flat on him.You are not playing the game.I know he meant business.She is very pregnant.That picture flatters her.Better not be at all

45、 than not be noble.,表達(dá)練習(xí),1. I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.2. The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather

46、 than with a theme.3. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come—with the people who respect you for who you are.4. You are your own best friend, closest ally and most faithful companion.5. If you feel depressed

47、 at a social gathering, keep it a secret.,,英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)各有特點(diǎn)，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)盡量避免原文語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，特別是對(duì)于一些典型的英語(yǔ)句型更要如此，否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些很別扭的歐式句。1. Your comment is more bravely made than correct.2. Why should it be made longer than is necessary?3. It was a

48、 dry, cold hand, and the grip was severe, with more a feeling of bones in it than friendliness.4. Hitler’s mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory: just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.