脊柱解剖研究生

1、脊 柱,Vertebral column,基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學院人體解剖教研室,The vertebral column(脊柱)consists of 24 vertebrae(椎體), the sacrum（骶椎）, and the coccyx）(尾椎).,一、Vertebrae 椎骨There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:Cervical

2、vertebrae 頸椎 C.7Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 T.12Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 L.5Sacral vertebrae 骶椎 S.5 sacrum 骶骨Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎 C

3、o.3~4 coccyx尾骨,,,General features of vertebrae,Vertebral body 椎 體Vertebral arch 椎 弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根:lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板spinous process 棘突transverse process 橫突sup. and inf. Vertebral notch

4、 椎上、下切跡sup. and inf. articular processes 上、下關(guān)節(jié)突Vertebral foramen 椎 孔 Intervertebral foramen 椎間孔Vertebral canal 椎 管,,,Regional variations of vertebrae,Cervical vertebraeVertebrae Body（椎體）: small Vertebral

5、foramen（椎孔）: larger and triangularSpinous processes（棘突）: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7Transverse processes（橫突）: short and bifid, transverse foramen橫突孔Articular processes（關(guān)節(jié)突）: horiz

6、ontal,Atypical vertebeae,Atlas寰椎 (C1) Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral massesGroove for vertebral artery 椎動脈溝,,Axis樞椎 (C2): distinguished by dens齒突 which art

7、iculates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas,Carotid tubercle: 頸動脈結(jié)節(jié): anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck f

8、lexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes,Thoracic vertebrae,Vertebrae Body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹Vertebral foramen： smaller, rounder

9、Spinous processes： long, point obliquely downward Transverse processes： transverse costal fovea 橫突肋凹 Articular processes: coronal,Lumbar vertebrae,Vertebrae Body： larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen

10、: larger and triangular Spinous processes: projects horizontally Transverse processes: long Articular processes: sagittal,Sacrum,Anterior surface: promontory岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Po

11、sterior surface: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs)骶后孔，骶孔 sacral hiatus骶管裂孔， sacral cornu 骶角Lateral part: auricular surface耳狀面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆,二、Articulations關(guān)節(jié)

12、of Vertebrae 椎骨的連結(jié),Joints of the vertebral bodies椎體之間的連接,Joints of the vertebral arches椎弓之間的鏈接,,1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎體間的連結(jié),Intervertebral discs 椎間盤 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:

13、Nucleus pulpous髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )Annulus fibrosus纖維環(huán) an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage,Anterior longitudinal ligament 前縱韌帶,Strong band covering t

14、he anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebr

15、al column Posterior longitudinal ligament后縱韌帶Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrumPrevents hyperflexion of the vertebr

16、al column and posterior protrusion of the discs,Hernia疝 of nucleus pulpous 髓核脫出,2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓間的連結(jié),Ligamenta flava 黃韌帶― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the poster

17、ior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnInterspinal ligament 棘間韌帶Supraspinal ligament 棘上韌帶Ligamentum nuchae項韌帶 Intertansverse ligament橫突間韌帶 Zygapophysial joint 關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié),三、Atlant

18、ooccipital joint 寰枕關(guān)節(jié),Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesSupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasAction ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head,四、At

19、lantoaxial joint 寰樞關(guān)節(jié),Three synovial joints between atlas and axisLaterally, paired joints between articulating facesMedian joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas,Supported by ligaments apical ligamen

20、t of dens 齒突尖韌帶alar ligament 翼狀韌帶transverse ligament of atlas寰椎橫韌帶 tectorial membrane 覆膜Action ― allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column,五、Normal Curves of vertebral column,Cervical curvature

21、頸曲 convex（凸出的） forwardThoracic curvature胸曲 convex backward Lumbar curvature腰曲 convex forwardSacral curvature骶曲 convex backward,六、Movement of the vertebral column flexion俯屈 extension伸展 lateral flexion