化工與環(huán)保

1、化工與環(huán)保,Subject English forChemical Engineering and Enviromental Protection,Contents,I. ChemistryII. Unit Operation and EquipmentIII. Chemical Technologies（ Important Industrial Chemical Products ）IV Enviromental Prote

2、ctionV Scientific Writing and Literature Search,Lect. One Elements and Compounds,Elements are pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical changesAt presnt time there are 109

3、 known elements. Some common elements that are familiar to you are carbon, oxygen, aluminium, iron, copper,nitrogen, and gold.The elements are the building blocks of matter just as the numerals 0 through 9 are the buil

4、ding blocks for numbers.,To the best of our knowledge, the elements that have been found on the earth also comprise the entire universe.About 85% of the elements can be found in nature, usually combined with other eleme

5、ntsCopper, Silver, gold, and about 20 other elements can be found in highly pure forms. Sixteen elements are not found in nature; they have been produced in generally small amounts in nuclear explosions and nuclear rese

6、arch. They are man-made elements.,Pure substances composed of two or more elements are called compounds.Compounds exist either as molecules which consist of two or more elements bonded together or in the form of positiv

7、e and negative ions held together by the attractive force of their positive and negative charges.The compound carbon monoxide (CO) is composed of carbon and oxygen in the ratio of one atom of carbon to one atom of oxyge

8、n.,Hydrogen chloride (HCl) contains a ratio of one atom of hydrogen to one atom of chlorineWater is a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that can be changed to a solid, ice, at 0 ℃ and to a gas, steam, at 100 ℃ . It

9、is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oygen per molecule, which represents 11.2 percent hydrogen and 88.8 percent oxygen by weight. Water reacts chemically with sodium to produce hydrogen gas and sodium hy

10、droxide, with lime to produce calcium hydroxide, and with sulfur trioxide to produce sulfuric acid.,No other compounds has all these exact physical and chemical properties, they are charactristic of water alone.Compound

11、s consisting of ions do not exist as molecules. Sodium chloride is an example of a non-molecular compound. Although this type of compound consists of large numbers of positive and negative ions, its formula is usually re

12、presented by the simplest ratio of the atoms in the compound. Thus, the ratio of ions in sodium chloride is one sodium ion to one chlorine ion.,Mixtures are formed simply by blending two or more substances together in so

13、me random proportion without chemically changing the individual substances in the mixtures. Homogeneous mixtures, usually called solutions, have a constant composition throughtout. Air is a gaseous solution of oxygen an

14、d nitogen, seawater is a liquid solution (primarily) sodium chloride dissolved in water, and brass is a solid solution of copper and zinc.Heterogeneous mixtures have regions with differing compositions. Salt with sugar,

15、 Water with gasoline, and dust with air, are all heterogenous mixtures.,Matter,Mixtures,Pure substances,Heterogeneous,Homogeneous,Elements,Chemical compounds,,,,,,,,,,,,,專業(yè)英語的特點,詞匯特點 用詞明確專一：如valve（閥），vapor（蒸汽），synthes

16、ize（合成）句子特點 句子結(jié)構(gòu)復雜，且長句較多。文體結(jié)構(gòu)特點（1）描述具體、準確。如：Water is a colorless…（2）用詞造句簡潔、明了。如：This construction is practicable only for small shells.（3）運用圖表、公式、符號、縮寫詞語等來替代和簡化文字描述。如：LNG, e.g.,(4)使用復合詞較多，如：chlor-alkali, by-produ

17、cts.如何學好專業(yè)英語：必須學好基礎英語和專業(yè)課。經(jīng)?？磳I(yè)英語短文、產(chǎn)品說明書、產(chǎn)品廣告等多讀、多記、多寫、多問。,HW1,1. Put the following into Chinese Hydrogen is an important energy source as it reacts with oxygen to release energy with the only by-product being

18、water. However, at atmospheric pressure it is gaseous, and needs to be stored at high pressure to keep storage volumes down. Using a solid material with a high hydrogen content to store the gas can cut the amount of spac

19、e required and eliminate the need for high pressures.2. Put the following into English 硫酸，硝酸，鹽酸，硫酸銅，氧化鐵，氯化鈉，共價鍵，離子鍵，離子化合物，共價化合物,3. Put the following into ChineseSell yourself How to persuade employers Being the

20、right person for the job isn’t enough; you’ve got to make it clear you’re the right person. Interview skills are essentials, and our careers advisor has plenty of tips. A good publication record might also be crucial-whi

21、ch is challenging enough for native English speakers, but worse for non-native speakers needing to publish in English-language journals. We meet the leader of an English-language writing course in the Netherlands….Conte

22、ntsWho’s who: The brewing industry, p78The educated chemist: Writing scientific papers, p79Careers clinic: Interview skills, p80,Common Elements,碳 carbon氫 hydrogen硫 sulfur, sulphur氮 nitrogen氧 oxygen氟 fluori

23、ne氯 chlorine溴 bromine碘 iodine,砷 arsenic硅 silicon磷 phosphorus金 gold 銀 silver鐵 iron鈷 cobalt鎳 nickel釩 vanadium,,銅 copper鋁 aluminum, aluminium鉀 potassium鈉 sodium鎂 magnesium鈣 calcium鉛 lea

24、d鋅 zinc鉑 platinum,Compounds-Alkanes,碳數(shù) 名稱 英文名稱,1 甲烷2 乙烷3 丙烷 4 丁烷 5 戊烷6 己烷7 庚烷,methaneethanepropanebutanepentanehexaneheptane,碳數(shù) 名稱 英文名稱,8 辛烷9 壬烷10 癸烷 11 十一烷

25、 12 十二烷13 十三烷14 十四烷,octanenonanedecaneundecanedodecanetridecanetetradecane,,碳數(shù) 名稱 英文名稱,15 十五烷16 十六烷17 十七烷 18 十八烷 19 十九烷20 二十烷,pentadecanehexadecaneheptadecaneoctadecane

26、nonadecaneicosane,,碳數(shù) 名稱 英文名稱,28 二十八烷29 二十九烷30 三十烷 31 三十一烷 32 三十二烷33 三十三烷34 三十四烷,octacosanenonacosanetriacontanehentriacontanedotriacontanetritriacontanetetratriacontane,碳數(shù) 名

27、稱 英文名稱,35 三十五烷36 三十六烷37 三十七烷 38 三十八烷 39 三十九烷40 四十烷,pentatriacontanehexatriacontaneheptatriacontaneoctatriacontanenonatriacontanetetracontane,碳數(shù) 名稱 英文名稱,10 癸烷20 二十烷30

28、 三十烷 40 四十烷 50 五十烷60 六十烷70 七十烷80 八十烷90 九十烷100 一百烷,decaneicosanetriacontanetetracontanepentacontanehexacontaneheptacontaneoctacontanenonacontanehectane,烯烴（尾綴-ene）,名稱 英文名稱

29、,乙烯丙烯丁烯異丁烯2-丁烯戊烯 2,4-二甲基-2-己烯,ethene, ethylenepropene, propylenebutene, butyleneiso-butene2-butenepentene 2,4-dimethyl-2-hexene,多烯烴（尾綴-adiene, -atriene）,1,3-丁二烯1,4-戊二烯2-甲基- 1,3-戊二烯2-甲基-1,3,5-庚三烯,1,3-butadi

30、ene1,4-pentadiene2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene2-methyl-1,3,5-heptatriene,名稱 英文名稱,炔烴（尾綴-yne）,名稱 英文名稱,乙炔丙炔2-丁炔4-甲基-2-戊炔,ethyne (acetylene)propyne2-butyne4-methyl-2-pentyne,環(huán)烴（前綴cyclo-）,名稱

31、 英文名稱,環(huán)丙烷環(huán)己烷甲基環(huán)戊烷3-甲基環(huán)己烯1,4-環(huán)己二烯2-甲基-1,3-環(huán)己二烯,cyclopropanecyclohexanemethyl-cyclopentane3-methyl-cyclohexene1,4-cyclohexadiene2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene,醇（尾綴-ol, ~ alcohol）,名稱 英文名稱,甲醇乙醇2

32、-丙醇1,3-丁二醇1,2,3-丁三醇1,2-乙二醇,methanol, methyl alcoholethanol, ethyl alcohol2-propanol1,3-butanediol1,3-butanetriol1,2-ethanediol, glycol, ethylene glycol,醛（~ aldehyde, 尾綴-al）,名稱 英文名稱,甲醛乙醛丙醛丁醛戊醛己醛

33、苯甲醛,methanal, formaldehydeethanal, acetic aldehydepropanal, propyl aldehydebutyl aldehyde, butanalpentanal, valeraldehydehexanal, hexaldehydebenaldehyde, benzoic aldehyde,丙醛,醛（~ aldehyde, 尾綴-al）,Propylaldehyde, pro

34、pyl aldehyde, Propanal, Propanaldehyde, Propin, Propionaldehyde, Aldehyde propionique, fema number 2923, Methylacetaldehyde, Propaldehyde, Propional, Propionic aldehyde, Propylaldehyde,酮（~ ketone, 尾綴-one）,名稱

35、 英文名稱,丙酮丁酮戊酮 2,4-己二酮1,4-環(huán)己二酮,propanone, acetonebutanone, methyl ethyl ketonepentanone, methyl propyl ketone 2,4-hexanedione 1,4-cyclohexanedione,羧酸（尾綴-ic acid）,名稱 英文名稱,甲酸乙酸丙酸異丁酸戊二酸,methanoic aci

36、d, formic acidethanoic acid, acetic acidpropanoic acid, propionic acid, ethylformic acidi-butanoic acid, isobutyric acid, 2-methyl…pentanedioic acid,羧酸（尾綴-ic acid）,名稱 英文名稱,苯甲酸苯乙酸苯丙酸對氯苯丙酸對羥基苯乙酸,benzo

37、ic acidphenylacetic acidbenzenepropanoic acidp-chlorophenyl propionic acid, p-chlorobenzenepropanoic acidp-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid,羧酸鹽（~ ester, 尾綴-ate）,名稱 英文名稱,甲酸乙酯乙酸異丙酯丙酸鈣丁酸丁酯苯甲酸乙酯異丁酸鈉,ethyl fo

38、rmateisopropyl acetatecalcium propionatebutyl butanate, butyl butyratebenzoic acid ethyl ester, ethyl benzoatesodium isobutyrate,無機化合物某化物（尾綴-ide）,名稱 英文名稱,氧化物硫化物氮化物 碳化物氫氧化物,oxidesulfidenitridecarbid

39、ehydroxide,某化物（尾綴-ide）,名稱 英文名稱,氟化物氯化物溴化物 碘化物,fluoridechloridebromideiodide,氧化物,名稱 英文名稱,一氧化碳二氧化碳二氧化硫 三氧化硫五氧化二氮,carbon monoxide carbon dioxidesulfur dioxidesulfur trioxidedinitrogen pento

40、xide,氧化物,名稱 英文名稱,氧化銅氧化亞銅氧化鐵氧化亞鐵,copper oxide, cupric oxide, copper monoxidecuprous oxide, copper(I) oxide, copper hemioxideiron oxide, ferric oxide ferrous oxide,硫化物,名稱 英文名稱,硫化氫二硫化碳硫化鈉氧化亞鐵,

41、hydrogen sulfide carbon disulfidesodium sulfideferrous sulfide,氯化物,名稱 英文名稱,氯化氫四氯化碳氯仿，三氯甲烷氯化鈉,hydrogen chloride carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloromethanetrichloromethane, chloroformsodium chloride,氯化物,名

42、稱 英文名稱,氯化銨氯化鋁氧化銀氯化亞鐵,ammonium chloridealuminium chloride, aluminium trichloridesilver chlorideferrous chloride, iron(II) chloride, iron dichloride,氫氧化物,名稱 英文名稱,氫氧化鈉氫氧化鋁氫氧化鎂氫氧化銅,sodium hydrox

43、idealuminium hydroxidemagnesium hydroxidecupric hydroxide, copper hydroxide, copper(II) hydroxide,非含氧酸（尾綴-ic acid）,名稱 英文名稱,氫氟酸氫氯酸，鹽酸氫溴酸 氫碘酸氫硫酸,hydrofluoric acidhydrochloric acidhydrobromic acidhydroio

44、dic acidhydrosulfuric acid,含氧某酸（尾綴-ic acid）,名稱 英文名稱,碳酸硝酸硫酸 磷酸硼酸硫代硫酸,carbonic acidnitric acidsulfuric acidphosphoric acidboric acidthiosulfuric acid,含氧某酸（尾綴-ic acid）,名稱 英文名稱,氯酸溴酸碘酸 鉻酸重鉻酸

45、,chloric acidbromic acidiodic acidchromic aciddichromic acid,含氧亞某酸（尾綴-ous acid）,名稱 英文名稱,亞硝酸亞硫酸 亞磷酸亞硼酸亞氯酸亞溴酸,nitrous acidsulfurous acidphosphorous acidborous acidchlorous acidbromous acid,含氧次某酸（前綴h

46、ypo-, 尾綴-ous acid）,名稱 英文名稱,次磷酸次氯酸次溴酸次碘酸次硝酸次硫酸,hypophosphorous acidhypochlorous acidhypobromous acidhypoiodous acidnitroxylic acidsulfoxylic acid,含氧偏某酸（前綴meta-, 尾綴-ic acid）,名稱 英文名稱,偏硼酸偏磷酸偏硅

47、酸 偏釩酸,metaboric acidmetaphosphoric acidmetasilicic acidmetavanadic acid,含氧高某酸（前綴per-, 尾綴-ic acid）,名稱 英文名稱,高氯酸高碘酸高錳酸 高鐵酸,perchloric acidperiodic acidpermanganic acidferric acid,無機酸對應的鹽,以-ic acid結(jié)尾的，-at

48、e以-ous acid結(jié)尾的，-ite,硫酸鈉亞硫酸鈉次硫酸鈉次磷酸鈉偏磷酸鈉,sodium sulfatesodium sulfitesodium sulfoxylatesodium hypophosphitesodium metaphosphate,單元操作--傳質(zhì)過程,名稱 英文名稱,蒸餾吸收吸附 萃取離子交換膜分離,distillationabsorptionadsorptio

49、nextractionion exchangemembrane separation,傳熱過程,名稱 英文名稱,換熱蒸發(fā),heat exchange/transferevaporation, vaporization,傳質(zhì)、傳熱過程,名稱 英文名稱,干燥結(jié)晶增濕減濕,dry, drying, desiccationcrystallizationhumidificationde

50、humidification,動量傳遞,名稱 英文名稱,沉降過濾攪拌 流態(tài)化,sedimentation, settlementfiltration, filteringstir, agitate, mixingfluidization,塔類型,名稱 英文名稱,氣泡塔噴霧塔填料塔板式塔,bubble columnspray towerpacked/filled column

51、plate/tray tower,反應工程-化學反應,名稱 英文名稱,宏觀反應微觀反應分子反應 可逆反應不可逆反應,macroscopic reactionmicroscopic reactionmolecular reactionreversible reactionirreversible reaction, non-reversible reaction,化學反應,名稱 英文

52、名稱,均相反應非均相反應吸熱反應 放熱反應基元反應,homogeneous reactionheterogeneous reactionendothermic reactionexothermic reactionelementary reaction,化學反應,名稱 英文名稱,主反應副反應理想反應非理想反應一次反應二次反應,main reactionside reactionideal

53、 reactionnon-ideal reactionprimary reactionsecondary reaction,化學反應,名稱 英文名稱,簡單反應復雜反應平行反應 順序反應歧化反應,simple reactioncomplex reactionparallel reactionsequential reactiondisproportionation reaction,化學反應,名稱

54、 英文名稱,氧化反應 還原反應加成反應重排反應裂化反應鏈/連鎖反應,oxidation reactionreduction reactionaddition reactionrearrangement reactioncracking reactionchain reaction,反應動力學,名稱 英文名稱,反應動力學反應速率快速反應慢反應 瞬間反應,reaction

55、kineticsreaction ratequick reactionslow reactioninstant reaction,名稱 英文名稱,反應動力學,反應級數(shù)一級反應二級反應準/擬一級反應零級反應,reaction orderfirst order reactionsecond order reactionpseudo-first order reactionzero order re

56、action,反應動力學,名稱 英文名稱,活化能頻率因子，指前因子反應速率常數(shù) 表觀活化能阿累尼烏斯,activation energyfrequency factor, pre-exponential factorreaction rate constantapparent activation energyArrhenius equation,反應動力學,名稱 英文名稱,反應溫

57、度反應時間反應壓力反應物濃度 原料轉(zhuǎn)化率反應選擇性,reaction temperaturereaction timereaction pressurereactant concentrationconversion of feedreaction selectivity,反應機理,名稱 英文名稱,反應機理 反應途徑自由基正碳離子,reaction mechanismreaction pa

58、thwayfree radicalcarbonium ion,化學反應相態(tài),名稱 英文名稱,氣相反應氣-液反應氣-液-固反應液-液反應,gas phase reactiongas-liquid reactiongas-liquid-solid reactionliquid-liquid reaction,化學反應器,名稱 英文名稱,平推流/活塞流反應器全混流串聯(lián)反應器 并聯(lián)反

59、應器連續(xù)攪拌反應釜/槽式反應器,piston/plug flow reactorperfect mixing flow reactors in seriesreactors in parallel continuous stirred tank reactor, CSTR,化學反應器,名稱 英文名稱,固定床反應器流化床固定流化床移動床 鼓泡床懸浮床/漿態(tài)床,fixed bed reactorfl

60、uidized/fluid bedconfined fluidized bedmoving bedebullated bed slurry/suspension bed,化學反應器,名稱 英文名稱,滴流床快速床輸送床 管式反應器塔式反應器,trickle bedfast bedtransport bedtubular reactor column/tower reactor,Lect. 2

61、Chemical Reactions,Concept: Chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Chemical reactions can be either spontaneous, requiring no input of energy, or non

62、-spontaneous, often coming about only after the input of some type of energy, heat, light or electricity.,Chemical reactions involve the rupture or rearrangement of the bonds holding atoms togther, never atomic nuclei. T

63、he total mass and number of atoms of all reactants equals those of all products, and energy is almost always consumed or librated.Understanding their mechanisms lets chemists alter reaction conditons to optimize the rate

64、 or the amount of a given product; the reversibility of the reacion and the presence of competing reactions and intermediate products complicate these studies.,Reactions can be syntheses, decompositions, or rearangements

65、, or they can be additions, eliminations, or substitutions. Examples include oxidation-reduction, polymerization, ionization, combustion(burning), hydrolysis, and acid-base reactions.,Essentially, a chemical reaction is

66、the result of collisions between molecules. According to this collision model, if the colision is strong enough, it can break the chemical bonds in the reactants, resulting in the rearrangement of the atoms to form produ

67、cts. The more the molecules collide, the faster the reaction. Increase in the numbers of collisions can be produced in two ways: either the concentrations of the reactants are increased, or the temperature is increased.

68、In either case, more molecules are colliding.,Increase of concentration and temperature can be applied together to produce an even faster reaction, but the rates of reaction can also be increased by use of a catalyst, a

69、substance that speeds up the reaction without partcipating in it either as a reactant or product. Catalysts are thus not consumed in the reaction. One very important example of a catalyst is an enzyme, which speeds up co

70、mplex reaction in the human body. At ordinary body temperatures, these reactions are too slow, but the enzyme hastens them along. Thus human life can be said to depend on chemical reactions aided by a wondrous form of ca