2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、UrbanizationinthethirdwldByAnisShivaniTheoverurbanizationintheThirdWldinvolvesboththesheeraggregategrowthoftheproptionofanationalpopulationlivingincitiesaswellastheconcentrationofthepopulationinparticularcities.Themisall

2、ocationoflabourduetooverurbanizationresultsintheredundancyoflabourintheurbansectanincreaseinthecostofprovidingservicesfacountrysgrowingpopulation.Citieshavegrownexplosivelyinthedevelopingwld.Theprojectionwasthatbetween19

3、752000alonetherewouldbeanincreaseof166percent1.32billionnewurbanitesinAfricaAsiaLatinAmerica.Thecentralproblemisthatof“absptivecapacity“:towhatextentcantheurbaneconomyproductivelyemploynewlabourfceentrantsprovidebasicsoc

4、ialservicestoaccommodatethemTheprocessofruralurbantransferinwesterncountriestookplaceoverlongerperiodsoftimesotheabsptionwassmoother.Inadditiontotheabsolutesizeunprecedentedratesofnaturalpopulationincreaseintheruralareas

5、ofdevelopingcountriesthesheervolumeofinternalurbanmigrationputsenmousstrainsontheurbanlabourmarket.Meoverbecauseofthedependenceofdevelopingnationsonimptedcapitalintensivetechnologiesofproductionlackoftrainingmanagementex

6、pertisefinancialresourcestosuccessfullymountasustainedprogrammeofindigenoustechnologicalresearchdevelopmentindustrialemploymentgrowthindevelopingcountrieshaslaggedbehindoutputgrowth.Giventheuncertaintiesfacedbydeveloping

7、nationsintheeraofglobalizationtheresultantdifficultyinfmulatingcoherentnationaldevelopmentstrategiesitseemsallthemeobviousthattheabsptivecapacityofurbanareashasbeenoverstretched.Theproblemofsubstantialsurpluslabourexists

8、invariousguisesincitiesindevelopingcountries.TotheextentthatruralurbanNationalpoliciesdoindeedcontributetooverurbanization.Whensevereimbalancesinincomeearningopptunitiesexistbetweencitycountrysidepeoplearefcedtoleaveinse

9、archofurbanjobs.Nationalpoliciesbringingthisaboutincludeinstitutionallyrigidminimumurbanwagepoliciesovervaluedfeignexchangeratesthatlowerthepriceofcapitalbelowitsrealvaluepercapitadisproptionateprovisionofurbanservicessk

10、ewedpublicinvestmenttaxprogrammesthatprovideincentivesfbothdomesticfeigninveststolocateinmajurbanareastransptationwksthatcentreonthemetropolisitsimmediatesurroundingareastotheneglectofthehinterl.Someofthesepolicieshavebe

11、enthetargetofinternationaldevelopmentaidagenciesinthelasttwodecadesundertheimpetusprovidedbyliberalizationtheistslikeJagdishBhagwatiAnneO.KrugerDeepakLalbutotherelementsofthe“urbanbias“remaininplace.Governmentpolicyneeds

12、tocreateameviablebalancebetweenruralurbaneconomicopptunitiesbystressingarealisticcombinationofruraldevelopmentdispersedurbanizationstrategies.Specificshtmediumlongtermpolicytoolsareavailabletoaccomplishthisgoal.Shttermpo

13、liciesmightincludetryingtogenerateruralemploymentrelatedincomeearningopptunitiesaswellasmodifyingrationalizingthepatternofinternalmigration.Thiscouldbedonewiththehelpofruralpublicwksprogrammesfthellessunskilledsemiskille

14、dfarmpricesupptsincludingcropinsuranceschemesguaranteeslessovervaluedexchangeratestopromoteagriculturalexptssupervisedcreditprogrammesfsmallfarmersincludingtheintroductionoflocallyadaptedagriculturalinputsextensionservic

15、esafreezeonurbanrealwageratesparticularlyinthepublicsecteitherthroughamodificationofcivilservicesalaryscalesbylettingurbanpricestaxesacceleratedisproptionatelytoruralpricestaxesexplationsofthefeasibilityofutilizinglabour

16、exchangesemploymentinfmationsystemsinruralareasinanattempttobettermatchurbanemploymentopptunitieswithbothurbanruraljobseekers.Overthemediumtermmefundamentalinstitutionalstructuralchangeshavetobeinitiated.Thesewouldinclud

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