如何寫醫(yī)學論文英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要

1、如何寫醫(yī)學論文英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要,How to write structured medical Abstract,Introduction,摘要，亦稱文摘（Abstract或Summary），一般置于論文、科研報告或文摘綜述的正文之前，是對整個論文主要內(nèi)容的概括和總結(jié)。它具有獨立性與自含性。 獨立性----- 指讀者無需依賴原文就能準確把握摘要所表達的含義。摘要是一種獨立的文獻類型。 自含性----- 指摘要內(nèi)的名詞術(shù)語、縮略語、

2、符號、代號符合規(guī)范，具有自明性。摘要本身屬于一篇完整的短文。,摘要的種類,非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(Non-structured Abstract)　結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(Structured Abstract),摘要的內(nèi)容,（1）指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract）　指示性摘要，亦稱通報性文摘，一般只提示論文的要點，不涉及其方法、材料、數(shù)據(jù)、結(jié)果等內(nèi)容，有的甚至只用1-2個句子。醫(yī)學文選綜述的摘要多為提示性的。這種摘要為非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要

3、，句中謂語動詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時。,例：論原發(fā)性胃腸道淋巴瘤,本文綜述了治療原發(fā)于胃腸道淋巴瘤的主要經(jīng)驗，并就該病的臨床、病理及治療等問題進行了討論?！　rimary Lymphomas of the Gastrointestinal Tract　　An institutional experience with primary gastrointestinal Lymphoma (PGL) is reviewed. Th

4、e clinical, pathologic, and therapeutic aspects of PGL are discussed.,（2）報道性摘要（Informative Abstract）,報道性摘要，亦稱資料性摘要，內(nèi)容比較具體，一般要列舉關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)，大多醫(yī)學論文的摘要為報道性摘要。一般包括下述內(nèi)容：　　a. 簡介（Brief Introduction）：介紹研究背景（Background）、目的（Objective/P

5、urpose）或解題性說明（Explanation）；　　b. 研究的過程與結(jié)果（Procedure and Result of the Research）；　　c. 結(jié)論（Conclusion）；　　d. 對未來的展望（Future Prospects）；,Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette Smoking,The smoking habit of 48 patients with mali

6、gnant hypertension was compared with those of 92 consecutive patients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when

7、first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were considered separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigare

8、tte smoking.,,將48例高血壓患者與92例非惡性高血壓患者作了吸煙習慣的對比研究。初診時就已吸煙的惡性高血壓患者有33例，非惡性患者34例，兩者之間有明顯差異。即使對男性患者進行比較，或?qū)兹伺c黑人分別進行比較，這種差異也仍然顯著。本研究表明：惡性高血壓是一種與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病。,,醫(yī)學論文摘要的格式目前主要采用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要(structured abstract)，它是由加拿大Mc Master大學臨床流行病學和生物統(tǒng)計學教授

9、Haynes博士于1990年4月首先提出的。 而幾乎在同年，美國《內(nèi)科學紀事》(Annals of Internal Medicine'Ann Intern Med)在國際上率先應(yīng)用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要,隨之，世界各國的醫(yī)學期刊都采用了結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。,,這些結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要有8段式、7段式、6段式、5段式、4段式及3段式等，內(nèi)容主要包括研究目的、研究設(shè)計、研究單位、研究對象或病人、處理方法、檢測方法、結(jié)果及結(jié)論共8項。而在實際應(yīng)用中，

10、8段式結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要逐漸簡化為4段式。我國大多數(shù)醫(yī)學期刊都采用了4段式結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要，即目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。,,1）目的(objective)：簡要說明研究的目的，表明研究的范圍、內(nèi)容和重要性，常常涵蓋文章的標題內(nèi)容。（2）方法(methods)：簡要說明研究課題的設(shè)計思路，使用何種材料和方法，如何對照分組，如何處理數(shù)據(jù)等。（3）結(jié)果(results)：簡要介紹研究的主要結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)，有何新發(fā)現(xiàn)，說明其價值及局限。此外，還要給出結(jié)果的置信值，

11、統(tǒng)計學顯著性檢驗的確切值。（4）結(jié)論(conclusion)：簡要對以上的研究結(jié)果進行分析或討論，并進行總結(jié)，給出符合科學規(guī)律的結(jié)論。,Abstract,本文主要介紹醫(yī)學論文英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的四個部分：目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論，并探討其寫作內(nèi)容與方法、時態(tài)與語態(tài)和常用句型。,,為了便于討論的展開，我們先看摘自一篇被SCI收錄的醫(yī)學論文英文結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要。例一：Objective: To investigate the relationship

12、 between the mast cell density (MCD) and the context of clinicopathological parameters and expression of p185, estrogen receptor (ER), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in gastric carcinoma.,,Methods: Mast ce

13、ll, p185, ER, and PCNA were detected by using immunohistochemical S-P labeling method. Mast cell was counted in tissue of gastric carcinoma and regional lymph nodes respectively, and involved lymph nodes (ILN) were exami

14、ned as usual.,,Results: MCD was significantly related to both age and depth of penetration (x2 = 4.688, P 21/0.03mm2 and MCD≤21/0.03 mm2 in 100 patients. MCD in 1-6 ILN group patients was significantly higher than that i

15、n 7-15 ILN or >15 ILN group patients (u=6.881, 8.055, P21/ 0.03 mm2 and MCD≤21/0.03 mm3 in 100 patients.,,Conclusion: Mast cell may have an effect on inhibiting invasive growth of tumor, especially in the aged patient

16、s. The number of mast cells, in certain degree, may predicate assessment of prognosis. MCD was related to the expression of p185, ER, and PCNA in gastric carcinoma. It suggests that mast cell accumulation may inhibit the

17、 proliferation and the dissemination of gastric carcinoma.,,這種格式是國際醫(yī)學期刊編輯委員會制定的《生物醫(yī)學期刊投稿統(tǒng)一要求》（溫哥華格式，1997年第五版）所規(guī)定的四層次摘要，包括：目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論，并在文字上要求結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的英文不超過250詞(我國編輯標準要求中文摘要為200-300字)。,,不同期刊對摘要的長度有不同要求，例如：JAMA（美國醫(yī)學協(xié)會雜志）規(guī)定摘要不

18、得超過135詞； American Journal of Medical Sciences (美國醫(yī)學雜志)規(guī)定不宜超過200詞。,1 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的目的部分,1.1 目的部分的寫作內(nèi)容與方法 摘要中目的部分是說明論文要解決的問題。目的的英文稱Objective，Purpose或 Aim, 一般用單數(shù)形式。單表目的主要用動詞不定式短語。如例一中Objective部分只用不定式短語表達。,1.2 目的部分的常用句型,

19、研究/探討：study/explore/ examine/investigate；確定：decide/determine/ characterize；評價：evaluate/ assess/judge/validate/appraise/estimate/calculate/ appreciate；證實：testify/ verify/prove/test/support/ confirm；闡明/弄清：indicate/ show/de

20、monstrate/ document/illustrate/explain/find out/ elucidate；介紹/報道：report/present/describe；尋找： seek/find/look for/search for；建立：develop/ establish /set out；比較/對比：compare/correlate/associate /contrast…with；區(qū)別/識別：identify/di

21、fferentiate/ discriminate,2 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的方法部分,2.1 方法部分的寫作內(nèi)容與方法論文的材料與方法(Materials and Methods)、對象和方法（Patients / Participants / Subjects and Methods）等在結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要中簡稱為方法，英文稱Methods，常用復數(shù)形式。方法部分應(yīng)具體而真實地陳述研究設(shè)計、研究對象、處理與測定方法和統(tǒng)計學分析。方法部分一般用過去

22、時，多用被動語態(tài)。有時，敘述方法也可用過去完成時，說明研究前或研究中某一時間之前發(fā)生的情況。如例一中Methods部分，句中動詞使用過去時被動態(tài)。,2.2 方法部分的常用句型,1）研究對象的選擇、分組及標準：inclusion/entry criteria consisted of/were（入選的標準是）；selection was based on/were selected based on; were selected rand

23、omly from；the major criteria for inclusion in the study were； were considered ineligible for；were excluded from the study/ participation/ enrollment were randomized into/were randomly allocated to/were divided randomly i

24、nto；were divided/grouped/stratified/allocated/ classify- ed/assigned into/to（被分成）,,2）材料來源：was provided by；was purchased by（購自）；was obtained from；using Osteo Analyzers (Simens - Osteorn, Wahiwas, Hawaii)用骨分析器（由夏威夷西門子奧斯汀公司

25、生產(chǎn)）,,3）實驗動物處置：was bred/fed in；was fasted/starved 12 hours before operation；…white rabbits weighing between…and…were used；was killed by decapitation/cervical dislocation / exsanguinations (被斷頭/放血/處死); was anesthetized wit

26、h,,4）借鑒他人實驗方法：was isolated by the procedure of; was prepared according to the methods described by; was carried out as previously described; was separated by the technique previously；was done with a modified method of； w

27、as determined/measured by/with,,5）實驗標本制備：samples of … were obtained/ taken from；was fixed with/in; was stained with（用…染色 ）；was embedded in/with（被包埋在）; was dehydrated by/in（用…脫水）；was sectioned at a thickness of（切成…薄片）；was

28、 sliced into 1mm sections（切成1mm厚?。? was cut on a …ultramicrotome into（在…超薄切片機上切成）； was diluted to（被稀釋到）,,6）年齡與性別：在某一年齡，如一個45歲病人：a 45-year-old patient/a patient aged 45 (years)/a patient at 45 years of age/a patient at th

29、e age of 45 years (old)；在某一年齡以上或以下：a patient /more than the age of 45 years; older than 45 years; more than 45 years of age; patients aged 45±3 years; 45 years of age /or older; a patient under/before/below/less tha

30、n/after the age of 45 (years); 45 years of age and under/or less; less than/younger than 45 years;,,在某一年齡范圍及平均年齡：patients range in age from 45 to 50/have an age range of 45 to 50/with a mean (average) age of 45±3 ye

31、ars； 性別比例：male-to-female ratio/with female-male ratio of 2:1/rats of both sexes/mixed-bred dogs ratio of either sex,,7）診斷與治療：was diagnosed as/by/with/ according to/on the basis of; was misdiagnosed as/was mistaken as

32、(for)；was suspected as/of having…/ to be； treated for；was the treatment of the first choice； was referred/transferred to,3．結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的結(jié)果部分,3.1 結(jié)果部分的寫作內(nèi)容與方法結(jié)果在摘要中英文稱Results，常用復數(shù)形式。該部分主要表述研究所獲得客觀的、與研究結(jié)論有關(guān)的重要結(jié)果。如有可能，應(yīng)提供具體數(shù)據(jù)和統(tǒng)計學

33、資料。由于研究實驗結(jié)果是回顧性陳述，因此，常用一般過去時，使用被動語態(tài)較為普遍。如例一中Results部分，句中動詞使用過去時。,3.2 結(jié)果部分的常用句型,1）結(jié)果表明：the results showed/suggested/ indicated/revealed/documented/demonstrated that …; We found that; was/were found to / that…2) 與…有關(guān)：was

34、in relation to; was correlated/associated/ connected with; there was a relationship/correlation/ association between A and B; was found to be correlated/associated with…; there was a relation/correlation of A and B,,e ti

35、mes; two or three times/2 or 3 times；twice as much as；increased（decreased）by 3 fold/times; A was 3 fold/times as … as B（A是B的3倍）; was decreased/reduced/dropped/lowered/declined by/to; with an overall increase of（總的增加）；wi

36、th a mean/average increase of（平均增加）; the ratio of A to B,,4) 比較與對比：was equal to; …of A was similar/analogous to that/those of B（A…與B…相似）was compared to/with; was consistent/comparable with；in contrast/on the contrary/whe

37、reas5）統(tǒng)計學上的區(qū)別：There was very/highly significant difference in … between A and B; no significant/insignificant/non significant was found/observed/noted in … between A and B,4．結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的結(jié)論部分,4.1 結(jié)論部分的寫作內(nèi)容與方法結(jié)論部分是作者對研究發(fā)現(xiàn)或?qū)嶒灲Y(jié)

38、果得出的主要結(jié)論,包括理論意義、直接的（可能的）臨床意義或應(yīng)用價值。結(jié)論的英文稱Conclusion (s)。敘述結(jié)論時，如果作者認為本研究結(jié)論具有普遍意義，用一般現(xiàn)在時；如果作者認為自己的結(jié)論僅僅是一種可能性或只表示當時的研究結(jié)果和研究范圍，則用一般過去時。例如：Conclusion: The majority of the results demonstrate the effectiveness of Ticlopidine a

39、s an antiaggregation.,4.2 結(jié)論部分的常用句型,1）用于引出研究結(jié)果的詞語也可用于引出研究的結(jié)論，但在時態(tài)的使用上不同，前者用一般過去時，后者用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：data/results show/ suggest/demonstrate/confirm/indicate（數(shù)據(jù)(結(jié)果)/說明/證實/提示/揭示…）,,2) 在結(jié)論部分，作者客觀、委婉地陳述自己的看法和建議，推測或評論某種情況，很難作出非?？隙ɑ蚍穸?/p>

40、的觀點時，除了用may/might/can/could/ probably/presumably/should等詞語表達外，還可用以下句型：(not) appear to/seem to/It is likely (unlikely) that/there is (no) evidence that /may prove (to be),,3) 具有…意義：be of great/some/little/no clinical sign

41、ificance in …/to …; be of great/little/no limited use/ application/value in …/ to …4) 支持或反對某種觀點、理論、假說等： support/fail to support the idea (theory/proposal/ hypothesis/findings of previous studies) that; supply/ offer a b

42、asis for；pose a challenge to; are consistent/in accord/with the theory/ proposal/hypothesis/previous studies that；be similar to that reported/described/ documented by (與…報道/描述/證明相似); be contrasted with/different from。,,5

43、) 分析（可能的）原因：may be caused by; may lead to/result in/account for/be the cause/result of; be responsible for; be due to; contribute to; give rise to6) 前瞻性說明：remains to be proved; needs to be further investigated / examine

44、d / studied / assessed/ evaluated; remains to be uncertain綜上所述，結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要層次清楚，簡明扼要，信息豐富，便于寫作，文獻檢索和信息交流,摘要寫作與翻譯中應(yīng)注意的問題,文章標題文章標題具備信息功能（提供文章的主要內(nèi)容）、祈使功能（吸引讀者閱讀和購買）、美感功能（簡單明了、新穎、醒目）和檢索功能（方便讀者和科技工作者檢索、查閱及引用）。醫(yī)學論文的標題還有它自己的特點，即有較多的專

45、業(yè)術(shù)語和較長的字數(shù)。對于它們的翻譯，要忠實于原文，一般都采用直譯方法，并且要注意各成分之間的關(guān)系。,請看下例,“針刺對冠心病心絞痛患者左心功能狀態(tài)的影響” The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris Note：層層修飾關(guān)系在譯文中均以介詞連接，

46、譯文簡潔而明晰。,,語態(tài)在英語中，被動語態(tài)的使用遠不及主動語態(tài)廣泛。然而，在翻譯醫(yī)學論文摘要時，卻常常采用第三人稱的被動語態(tài)。這是因為醫(yī)學研究著重于客觀事物和過程的描述，使得整項活動更顯出科學性。同時，被動語態(tài)的句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上有較大的調(diào)節(jié)余地，有利于采用必要的修辭手段，擴大句子的信息量，從而突出重要的概念、問題、事實、結(jié)論等內(nèi)容,請看下例,“采用Western blotting技術(shù)檢測37例食管鱗狀細胞癌組織、癌旁組織、區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)和相應(yīng)正

47、常食管組織中P73蛋白的表達，并探討與食管臨床病理特征的關(guān)系。” The expression of P73 protein was detected by Western blotting in 37 cases of esophageal tumor tissues，para-cancer tissues，regional lymphnodes and matched esophageal normal tiss

48、ues and their relation to clinical pathologic characteristics of esophageal cancer was explored.,,時態(tài)時態(tài)是大多數(shù)作者遇到的一大難題，他們不知何時該用何種時態(tài)。有時全文從頭到尾只用一種時態(tài)，或幾種時態(tài)雜亂交錯，給人不知所云的感覺。醫(yī)學論文摘要中所采用的時態(tài)主要是一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時，偶爾也會出現(xiàn)完成時。而它們的功能也很明確，即，一般現(xiàn)在時

49、（偶爾有現(xiàn)在完成時）使用于摘要的目的與結(jié)論當中。對于摘要的目的，現(xiàn)在常常省略主語，只用不定式短語進行表達。,請看下例,“106例宮頸癌均行廣泛性子宮切除和盆腔淋巴結(jié)清除術(shù)，其中78例行術(shù)前放療（體外加腔內(nèi)放療），16例采用腔內(nèi)放療加手術(shù)，12例術(shù)后放療?！?A total of 106 patients with cervical carcinoma were all treated by radical hyst

50、erectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, of whom 78 had preoperative radiotherapy(external radiation and brachytherapy), 16 combination of brachytherapy and radical operation and 12 adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy.,Bette

51、r?,Of 106 patients with cervical carcinoma treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, 78 had preoperative radiotherapy(external radiation and brachytherapy), 16 had combination of brachytherapy and radi

52、cal operation and 12 had adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy.,Best?,Of 106 patients with cervical carcinoma treated by radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, 78, 16, 12 had preoperative radiotherapy(external r

53、adiation and brachytherapy), combination of brachytherapy and radical operation and adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy respectively.,,“初步結(jié)果顯示肝素酶基因表達可能為肺癌細胞獲得轉(zhuǎn)移活性的可靠標志之一，其檢測可用于輔助判斷肺癌患者預后?！?The preliminary results

54、suggest that the expression of heparanase gene may be one of the reliable markers for the metastastic activity gained by the lung cancer cells and can be used clinically in predicting the prognosis of patients.,長、難句的翻譯,管

55、是英語還是漢語醫(yī)學文章，都有一個共同的特點，即它們的句子通常較長，結(jié)構(gòu)較復雜，有時，長長的一段文字僅由一句話組成。在醫(yī)學論文摘要中更是如此，要做好它們的互譯還真不容易。這是因為漢語句子建構(gòu)在意念主軸(thought pivot)上英語句子建構(gòu)在形式（或主謂）主軸(form pivot or subject predict pivot)上。也就是說，雖然句子是表達完整意義的語言單位，漢語強調(diào)的是意義，不太強調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，許多句子沒有主語，還

56、有的句子主語不明顯，但意義是明確的；而英語句子特別強調(diào)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，絕大多數(shù)句子需要主語和謂語。這就要求在漢譯英過程中注意句意的轉(zhuǎn)換，學會抓找中心詞和使用英語中的各個關(guān)聯(lián)詞。,,“以BPDE誘導惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的人支氣管上皮細胞株16HBE為模型，采用cDNA代表性差異分析方法，比較轉(zhuǎn)化細胞及正常對照細胞間基因表達的差異，分離惡變細胞中差異表達的cDNA片段。” Note:根據(jù)句意和英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，將原文分成兩層意思，按照兩個句子去翻譯。,,T

57、he malignant transformation of human bronchial cell line 16HBE induced by BPDE was used as a model for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was p

58、erformed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cells.,,“這些感受器是神經(jīng)末梢，它們嵌入血管壁，根據(jù)該血管擴張的程度發(fā)出沖動?！?These receptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch

59、 in the wall of the vessels in which they are imbedded. Note:本句中采用的是定語分譯法'即用一個主句帶上一個定語從句'該定語從句又帶上它自己的定語從句'這不僅符合英文習慣'而且邏輯性很強。,Summary,(1)英文摘要的時態(tài)與語態(tài)1)說明研究目的,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時。2)說明方法和結(jié)果,一般用一般過去時、第三人稱的被動語態(tài)

60、表達。3)結(jié)論通常用一般現(xiàn)在時、被動語態(tài)表達,也可用主動語態(tài)表達。,(2)常用句型,1)表達論文內(nèi)容的常用句型 A 第三人稱主動態(tài) ①This paper(article,report)describes…本文敘述… ②This paper (article)reports…本文報告… ③This report(paper,article)presents…本文介紹… ④This paper(article,report)discu

61、sses…本文討論… 常用的動詞還有analyze(分析),evaluate(評價),compare(比較),describe(描述)等。 B 第一人稱主動態(tài) ⑤We report(on)…我們報告… ⑥We describe a case of… 我們描述1例… ⑦In this paper,we present… 本文介紹… ⑧In this paper,we report… 本文報告… 主語除we之外,還可用the authors

62、(作者)等。 C 一般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài) ⑨A case is reported in which… 本文報告1例… ⑩A study of…is reported本文報告…的研究 ⑧…is(are)described. 本文描述… ⑥In this paper.…is(are)presented. 本文介紹…,,2)表達目的常用句型 A 一般過去時、被動語態(tài) ①The purpose(aim,objective) of this stud

63、y was to… 本研究旨在… ②The goal(aim) of this investigation was to… 本研究旨在… ③This study was designed to… 本研究旨在… ④This study was undertaken to… 本研究旨在… ⑤This prospective study was performed to… 本前瞻性研究的目的是… ⑥A study to…was carried

64、 out(during) (在…期間)所作研究的目的是… ⑦An attempt has been made to… 為了…而作試驗 B 動詞不定式短語 To evaluate,report,investigate,study,analyze… C 一般過去時、主動語態(tài) ⑧We(the authors)conducted a study to… 為了…我們進行了研究,,⑨To determine…,we studied… 為了確定…,我

65、們研究了… ⑩In an attempt to…,in an effort to…或in order to…,we carried out a pilot study… 為了…,我們進行了…的初步研究 表示目的的常用動詞有:evaluate(評價),examine(檢查,觀察),determine(確定,查明),elucidate(闡明),explore(探索),test(測試),compare(比較),estimate(評估),ass

66、ess(估價),investigate(調(diào)查)等。,,3)表達方法的常用句型 A 方法 表達研究類型 Prospective, Retrospective, Cohort,Case-control,in vivo, in vitro ①Using…(technique),we studied… 我們用…(技術(shù))研究了… ②Using…,it was found that… (我們)用…發(fā)現(xiàn)了… ③…was(were)measured u

67、sing… (我們)用…測定了… ④…was(were)analyzed (reviewed) by… (我們)用…分析(回顧)了… ⑤…was(were)treated with… (我們)用…治療了… ⑥…measurements were made of… 測定了… 常用的動詞還有:study,measure,determine, investigate,isolate,demonstrate,examine,identify等。

68、 B 分組(主語通常為patients,subjects,animals) ⑦…were randomly divided (grouped) into…groups …被隨機分成…組,,⑧…were separated into…groups based on… 根據(jù)…,將…分成…組 ⑨The groups were as follows: 分組如下: C 治療或檢查方法 ⑩… was performed(used) in (on)…