實施動植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的協(xié)議匯總

1、Chapter 5 the WTO Agreements (4) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (P75) Agreement on the Application of Technical Barriers to Trade (P83),By Li Xuefeng,,www.renwodown.com,Review,R

2、ules of originAutomatic import licensingSix methods of customs valuation Adverse notificationStipulatePositive standards,,Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary實施動植物衛(wèi)生檢疫措施的協(xié)議,the SPS,www.renwodo

3、wn.com,Contents of the SPS,I. BackgroundII. The substantive provisions III. Institutional and Procedural provisions,www.renwodown.com,I. Background,SPS※ health and trade,World Trade※ expanded significantly,,1). Why

4、 an SPS Agreement?,www.renwodown.com,World food & agriculture trade,★ Over US$ 600 billion agricultural products★ Over US$ 400 billion food trade per year★ About 500 million tons of food products,www.renwodown.com

5、,,Expanded international trade = movement of products that may pose health risks,,www.renwodown.com,From the news...,Example 1: BSE Disease since 1997 resulted in massive cattle slaughter in the

6、UK and severely affects European exports of meat and cattle…Example 2: Massive chicken slaughter carried out in Belgium over Bird Flu; Dutch Workers involved treated for related infection…,www.renwodown.com,As a resu

7、lt...,Heavy producers’ and exporters’ economic losses Trade bans followed by more severe import controls Loss of confidence of trading partners & consumers’ confidence!!!,www.renwodown.com,SPS Agreement:h

8、ealth and international trade,health aspect allows ”measures necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health”sanitary measures:relating to human or animal life or healthphytosanitary measures: relating to

9、 plant life or health,international trade aspect in seeking to protect health, measures must not be unnecessary or which constitute a disguised restriction to trade (protectionism)objective, science-based, transparen

10、t, non-arbitrary, non-discriminatory, predictable rules applied only to the extent sufficient to protect human, animal, plant life or health,植物檢疫,衛(wèi)生措施,www.renwodown.com,2）. Scope and coverage of the SPS Agreement,（a）保護(hù)成

11、員境內(nèi)的人類或動物的生命或健康免受食品、飲料或飼料中的添加劑、污染物、毒素或致病有機體所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險；（b）保護(hù)成員境內(nèi)的動物或植物的生命或健康免受蟲害、病害、帶病有機體或致病有機體的傳入、定居或傳播所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險；（c）保護(hù)成員境內(nèi)的人類的生命或健康免受動物、植物或動植物產(chǎn)品攜帶的病害，或蟲害的傳入、定居或傳播所產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險；,www.renwodown.com,An important footnote,“animals” inclu

12、des fish and wild fauna(動物群) “plants” includes forests and wild flora（植物群） “pests” includes weeds“contaminants” includes pesticide and veterinary drug residues（農(nóng)藥殘留） and extraneous matter （異物）,www.renwodown.com,II.

13、The Key Provisions of the SPS,1). Basic rights and obligationsRights---Members shall take SPS measuresnecessary for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health. Obligations--- exercise is subject to the d

14、isciplines set out in the rest of the SPS Agreement.,www.renwodown.com,,2). Scientific justification Countries may adopt SPS measures provided the measures: are applied only to the extent necessary to protect life or

15、 health;do not unjustifiable discriminate between national and foreign, or among foreign sources of supply; are based on scientific principles and not maintained without sufficient scientific evidence.,Necessity Test,a

16、 riskassessment,prohibits arbitrary distinctionsin the levels of protection,www.renwodown.com,,3) Two options show the scientific measures:,international standards,scientific risk assessment,,,,www.renwodown.com,,Harmo

17、nization協(xié)調(diào)原則--------Basing measures on international standards (1) The SPS Agreement encourages Members to base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations, where they exist.,the intere

18、sts of domestic industries, consumers’ tolerance of risk, climatic and geographical conditions, level of technological developmentand the economic resources available,The WTO is not a regulatory body,Standard-setting bo

19、dies,聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織和世界衛(wèi)生組織所屬的食品法典委員會,國際獸疫組織,國際植物保護(hù)公約,www.renwodown.com,,3 . Equivalence等效原則—when different measures achieve the same level of health protectionMembers shall accept the SPS measures of other Members are equi

20、valent, even if these measures differ from their own or from those used by other. Members trading in the same product, if the exporting Member objectively demonstrates to the importing Member that its measures achieve th

21、e importing Member’s appropriate level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection.,www.renwodown.com,,4. Regionalization病蟲害非疫區(qū)和低度流行區(qū)適用地區(qū)的條件---adapting measures to disease-free areasPest-and disease-free areas The impor

22、ting members-----Not deny to access to goods from such areas The exporting members:-----Prove the disease-free status-----Grant access to investigation of the claim,www.renwodown.com,,5. TransparencyGovernments are

23、 required to notify other countries of any new or changed SPS measure which affects trade. They have to set up Enquiry Points to respond to requests for more information on new or existing measures.,complex andsubject

24、 to changea costly and burdensomeprocess for exporters,www.renwodown.com,III. Institutional and Procedural provisions,technical assistance: assistance to fulfill SPS requirements of export markets and allow developing

25、 countries to maintain and expand market access. special and differential treatment: longer time frames for compliance for developing countries.the SPS Committee: ensures the implementation of the SPS Agreement. m

26、eets three times per year makes the decisions by consensus,www.renwodown.com,,dispute settlement: secure compliance with the covered Agreements; preserve the rights and obligations of Members under the covered agreeme

27、nts ■ secure a “positive solution” to the dispute. ■ preferred outcome: ---To reach a mutually agreed solution ■ if not, ---Panel Proceeding …. --- [….and AB review.],The Agreement on

28、 the Application of Technical Barriers to Trade技術(shù)性貿(mào)易壁壘協(xié)議,,the TBT,the use of the domesticregulatory process as a means of protecting domestic producers.,www.renwodown.com,Contents related to the TBT Agreement,Key conce

29、pts Basic PrinciplesOther principles,www.renwodown.com,,The purposes of the TBT Agreement can be broadly described as: (1) assuring that technical regulations, standardsand conformity assessment procedures, do not cr

30、eate unnecessary obstacles to international trade, while (2) leaving Members adequate regulatory discretionto protect human, animal and plant life and health, national security, the environment, consumers, and other po

31、licy interests.,,The TBT Agreement seeks to assure that:(1) mandatory product regulations,(2) voluntary product standards, and(3) conformity assessment procedures (procedures designed to test a product’s conformity w

32、ith mandatory regulations or voluntary standards)do not become unnecessary obstacles to international trade and are not employed to obstruct trade.,www.renwodown.com,I. Key concepts,Technical regulations 技術(shù)法規(guī) Documen

33、t which lays down product characteristics or their related processes and production methods, including the applicable administrative provision, with which compliance is mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively

34、with terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labeling requirements as they apply to a product, process or production method.那些規(guī)定強制執(zhí)行的產(chǎn)品特性或相關(guān)工藝和生產(chǎn)方法、包括適用的管理規(guī)定在內(nèi)的文件。該文件還可包括專門涉及適用于產(chǎn)品、工藝或生產(chǎn)方法的專門術(shù)語、符號、包裝、標(biāo)志或標(biāo)簽要求。如《食品、藥

35、品和化妝品法》、《消費產(chǎn)品安全法》 《高頻設(shè)備干擾法》,www.renwodown.com,,Example 1: A law stating that only refrigerators that are one meter high can be sold in State X is a technical regulation.Example 2: A law stating that all product packagi

36、ng must be recyclable is an example of a technical regulation.歐美等國的環(huán)保法規(guī)對商品包裝材料的易處理性、可回收率及動植物檢疫有較高的要求和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不提倡重復(fù)包裝和過度包裝，以利于資源的節(jié)約。,www.renwodown.com,,（2）Technical standards 技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Document approved by a recognized body, that

37、 provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for products or related processes and production methods, with which compliance is not mandatory. It may also include or deal exclusively with

38、terminology, symbols, packaging, marking or labeling requirements as they apply to a product, process or production method.經(jīng)公認(rèn)機構(gòu)批準(zhǔn)的、規(guī)定非強制執(zhí)行的、供通用或重復(fù)使用的產(chǎn)品或相關(guān)工藝和生產(chǎn)方法的規(guī)則、指南或特性的文件。該文件還可包括或?qū)ｉT涉及適用于產(chǎn)品、工藝或生產(chǎn)方法的專門術(shù)語、符號、包裝、標(biāo)志或標(biāo)簽要

39、求。,www.renwodown.com,,Example 1: A government guideline saying that all eggs weighing 62 grams or more are entitled to be labelled “Grade A” is a standard (provided that eggs weighing less may still be sold).Example 2:

40、 A guideline defining what products can display a “recyclable symbol” is a standard (provided that products that do not bear the symbol may still be sold).,www.renwodown.com,,(3) Conformity assessment procedures 合格評定程序

41、 Any procedure used, directly or indirectly, to determine that relevant requirements in technical regulations or standards are fulfilled. Conformity assessment procedures include, inter alia, procedures for sampling,

42、testing and inspection; evaluation, verification and assurance of conformity; registration, accreditation and approval as well as the combinations thereof. 任何直接或間接用以確定是否滿足技術(shù)法規(guī)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的相關(guān)要求的程序。特別包括：抽樣、檢驗和檢查；評估、驗證和合格保證；注冊、認(rèn)

43、可和批準(zhǔn)以及前述各項的組合。 ISO9000質(zhì)量管理體系認(rèn)證和ISO14000環(huán)境管理體系認(rèn)證,www.renwodown.com,,Example: Assume a country requires as a condition for the sale of spirits that the correct alcoholic content be displayed on the bottle. An official test

44、 of the beverage to determine that the correct alcoholic content is displayed would be a conformity assessment procedure implemented to verify compliance with a technical regulation.,www.renwodown.com,,例如，２００２年日本單獨將我國蔬菜的

45、檢驗方式升級，由一般的抽樣檢驗改為罕見的逐批檢驗。這種歧視性合格評定程序使我國出口產(chǎn)品蒙受嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。首先，由于檢驗費用、滯港費用劇增，產(chǎn)品的成本上升。如每批菠菜的平均檢驗費用從５萬日元上升到８０萬日元，增長率為１６００％。其次，由于通關(guān)速度緩慢，產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量下降，寶貴的商機貽誤。活鰻因日本當(dāng)局實行機場４８小時吊水檢驗而大量死亡，蔬菜因在海關(guān)滯留時間太長而腐爛變質(zhì)。２００３年下半年，山東一批冷凍菠菜在日本通關(guān)花費的時間接近一個月。結(jié)果，我

46、國的產(chǎn)品通過了耗費大量金錢和時間的檢驗檢疫程序后，在日本市場上原有的價格競爭優(yōu)勢和質(zhì)量競爭優(yōu)勢已經(jīng)喪失殆盡。,www.renwodown.com,,The principle difference between a technical regulation and a standard is that compliance with a technical regulation is mandatory, while complian

47、ce with a standard is voluntary.Conformity assessment procedures are used to determine whether a technical regulation or standard has been complied with.,www.renwodown.com,II. Key principles,1. Harmonization (1)Advant

48、ages : for Producers’ benefits and Consumers’ benefits(2) Important roles taken by : ISO, IEC, ITU ISO: the International Standardization OrganizationIEC: the International Electrotechnical CommissionITU: the Interna

49、tional Telecomunication Union,www.renwodown.com,,2 . EquivalenceMembers accept that technical regulations different from their own fulfill the same policy objectives even if through different means. －－－ Very few agre

50、ements,www.renwodown.com,,3. Mutual recognition The TBT Agreement strongly encourages WTO Members to enter into negotiations with other Members for the mutual acceptance of conformity assessment results.,www.renwodown.c

51、om,Other principles,1. Transparency ---Notifications all proposed, new and changed measures are to be notified by members to the TBT Committee of WTO Secretariat, give sufficient notice to allow for adapting to th

52、ese reqts. If technical regulation differs from international standards, need to also take into account comments of exporter---Enquiry Points ---a focal point,www.renwodown.com,2. The Code of Good Practice1). Why a co

53、de of good practice?The TBT Agreement provides disciplines, including those related to transparency, for the preparation, adoption and application of standards by all central government, local government, non-government

54、al and regional standardizing bodies.The Code is open for acceptance by any of these standardizing bodies.,www.renwodown.com,,3. Technical assistance provided to developing countries in the area of setting up NTBs, par

55、ticipation in int standardization, preparing technical regulations4. Special & Differential Treatment more favorable treatment to be provided to developing countries take into account their special developmental,

56、financial & trade needs when developing tech regulations, standards and CA procedures so that no unnecessary obstacles created to exports from developing countries.,www.renwodown.com,,5. Committee on TBT established

57、having representatives from each members meet 2-3 times a year, for discussing operation of Agreement or furtherance of objectives6. Consultations & settlement of disputes shall be under auspices of Dispute Settlem

58、ent Body of WTO. However a provision for technical expert groups to assist in issues of technical nature has been provided,www.renwodown.com,Language points,Key words Key terms L

59、anguage points,www.renwodown.com,Key words,prevail (written)To exist or be very common at a particular time or in a particular place 普遍存在，盛行，流行e.g They should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between coun

60、tries where identical or similar conditions prevail. (P75 ),www.renwodown.com,Key terms,The SPS AgreementThe TBT AgreementHarmonization Risk assessmentEquivalenceTechnical regulationTechnical standardCA,The FAOIP