中英文化中的隱喻---畢業(yè)論文

1、<p>　…………………………. ………………. ………………山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)畢 業(yè) 論 文題 目 The Cultural Connotations and Translation of Metaphor 學(xué) 院 外國語學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級 英語雙專業(yè)20011級 1班屆 次 2014屆 學(xué)生姓名 陳仕文 學(xué) 號 201

2、06209 指導(dǎo)教師 曹慧 教授 二零一四年六月十六日</p><p>　裝訂線</p><p>　……………….……. …………. …………. …………………. …………</p><p><b>　　說 明</b></p><p>　　一、指導(dǎo)教師評語根據(jù)學(xué)生實(shí)習(xí)及撰寫論文

3、情況進(jìn)行評定：</p><p>　　1、對待實(shí)習(xí)的態(tài)度及實(shí)習(xí)紀(jì)律的遵守情況；</p><p>　　2、能否準(zhǔn)確熟練地進(jìn)行觀察記載、搜集整理、查閱資料及運(yùn)用數(shù)據(jù)的水平；</p><p>　　3、能否準(zhǔn)確熟練地進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)操作，并運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識解決實(shí)際問題；</p><p>　　4、能否很好地完成任務(wù)書規(guī)定的工作量。</p><p&

4、gt;　　二、評閱教師意見參照以下幾方面進(jìn)行評定：</p><p>　　1、論文選題的實(shí)用性、分析的科學(xué)性和體系的完整性；</p><p>　　2、獲取資料是否豐富，處理資料是否科學(xué)、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)；</p><p>　　3、綜合運(yùn)用基礎(chǔ)理論和專業(yè)知識的深度及歸納、概括的能力；</p><p>　　4、文字表達(dá)能力，文章的邏輯性。</p>

5、<p>　　三、論文答辯成績由答辯小組根據(jù)學(xué)生語言表達(dá)能力及回答問題的準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行評定。</p><p>　　四、論文綜合評定成績按優(yōu)秀、良好、中等、及格和不及格五級計(jì)分。</p><p>　　五、畢業(yè)論文的成績評定按照《畢業(yè)論文評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》綜合評定。</p><p>　　六、論文由學(xué)生本人按照《畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）規(guī)范》用計(jì)算機(jī)排版、打印, 一律使 用統(tǒng) 一

6、封面（A4）。</p><p>　　七、學(xué)生的論文文本（含任務(wù)書、圖片等）由學(xué)院按學(xué)校規(guī)定存檔。</p><p>　　八、學(xué)生論文文責(zé)自負(fù)。</p><p>　　Concluding,銜接，bibliography，改錯(cuò)全文，刪減</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p&g

7、t;　　Abstract.1</p><p>　　1 Introduction2</p><p>　　2 Definition of Metaphor2</p><p>　　3 Importance of Cultural Connotations and Translation of Metaphor Study3</p><p>

8、　　4 Metaphor Connotation4</p><p>　　4.1 Same image, similar sense5</p><p>　　4.2 Same image ,different sense6</p><p>　　4.3 Different image, similar sense9</p><p>　　5

9、Difficulties of Metaphor Translation10</p><p>　　6 Translation Methods11</p><p>　　6.1 Literal translation12</p><p>　　6.2 Conversion or replacement13</p><p>　　6.3 Fre

10、e translation15</p><p>　　7 Conclusion16</p><p>　　Bibliography16</p><p>　　Acknowledgements17</p><p>　　Cultural Connotations and Translation of Metaphor</p>&l

11、t;p>　　Author: Chen Shiwen</p><p>　　Supervisor: Cao Hui, Professor</p><p>　　(College of Foreign Languages, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018)</p><p>　　Abstract: Meta

12、phor is commonly used in both Chinese and English.From the traditional method of metaphor study confined to the field of rhetoric to the new study method in the cognitive point of view, people are getting deeper recognit

13、ion about metaphor throughout the long history. Metaphor is not just an important figure of speech, but is also a thinking mode and a mean of cognition . Due to the fact that each people has the similar or dissimilar mod

14、e of thinking in relation to other ones, the m</p><p>　　Key Words: metaphor; cultural connotation; translation</p><p>　　隱喻的文化內(nèi)涵及其翻譯</p><p>　　摘要：隱喻在英漢語言中的應(yīng)用很普遍，從傳統(tǒng)的僅僅限于修辭學(xué)到后來的從認(rèn)知角度研究

15、隱喻，在漫長的歷史中，人們對隱喻的認(rèn)識正在不斷加深。如今人們都能普遍接受的是隱喻不僅是一種語言現(xiàn)象，更是一種思維方式和認(rèn)知手段。由于英漢兩種語言對隱喻使用的方式、結(jié)構(gòu)各有不同，因而通過隱喻可以折射出中西方兩種不同的文化內(nèi)涵。正因如此，隱喻的翻譯就成為翻譯中很復(fù)雜的問題。本文在介紹隱喻的定義及其翻譯的困難所在及重要性的基礎(chǔ)上，嘗試探討了隱喻的翻譯問題，希望對關(guān)于隱喻的文化內(nèi)涵及其翻譯理論的研究有所幫助。</p><p&

16、gt;　　關(guān)鍵詞：隱喻；文化內(nèi)涵；翻譯</p><p>　　1 Introduction</p><p>　　The traditional researchers held that metaphor is a purely linguistic phenomenon, and that its main function is to flourish languages. The 20

17、th century is an extremely important period in the development of metaphor study, for it is in the 20th century that people boldly broke through the traditional ideas and began to probe deeper into the nature of metaphor

18、. Contemporary researchers have found that metaphor is not only a linguistic activity, but also a cognitive activity of understanding and </p><p>　　Metaphors are heavily culture-loaded, and we can learn abo

19、ut cultural generality and cultural peculiarity through analyzing and comparing the corresponding generality and difference of the images and senses in metaphors in Chinese and English culture. Regarding the problem of h

20、ow to analyze and compare cultural generality and cultural peculiarity, we can analyze image and sense of English metaphors and Chinese ones from the following three aspects to find out their cultural generality and cult

21、ur</p><p>　　How to translate the culture-loaded metaphor need further discussion in this thesis. To this question, this thesis attempts to probe into the translation of metaphor according to the three classi

22、fications referred above. therefore, the corresponding methods include: (1)literal translation,(2)conversion,(3)free translation. The first method is propitious to the first aspect, the second to the second and the thir

23、d aspect. Free translation, however can be applied only when the other two methods ar</p><p>　　2 Definition of Metaphor</p><p>　　Metaphor , a common rhetoric device in both Chinese and English c

24、overing all aspects of our social life, language and culture ,politics and religions,science and technology is not only a form of language in our daily life but also a basic mode of thinking and behavior In the West, it

25、was Aristotle who firstly discussed about what metaphor refers to although his definition is quite narrow. Nowadays English dictionaries give different but more broad definitions such as following:</p><p>　　

26、a. A way of describing something by comparing it to something else that has similar qualities,without using the word ‘like’ or ‘a(chǎn)s’ ( Longman Dictionary Of Contemporary English)</p><p>　　b. The figure of spe

27、ech in which a name or descriptive term is transferred to some object different from, but analogous to, that to which it is properly applicable (English Dictionary,Second Edition, 2002)</p><p>　　In China h

28、owever, as early as Warring States period (403-221B.C.), Mo-tse, an ancient Chinese philosopher, made the first definition about figures of speech“辟(譬)也者，舉也(他)物而以明之也”(Figures of speech are that the object concerned is ex

29、plained or elucidated by comparing to another). The definition given in CiHai(《辭?！?runs:隱喻:比喻的一種。本體和喻體的關(guān)系，比之明喻更為緊切。本體和喻體之間一般要用“是”、“成為”等比喻詞(Metaphor is one of figures of speech. Its relationship between object and image

30、 is much closer than that of simile. Words like "</p><p>　　Form what have been mentioned above ,we know that metaphor can not be transferred simply as ”暗喻” in Chinese，it is ,in fact a very comprehensi

31、ve concept covering almost all the rhetoric devices except “明喻(simile)” ,but at least it shares the same basics: first,there must be the comparison between two different things ,second,the two things must have something

32、 in common. Having compared the different definitions let’s quote Peter New mark’s word as a summary: "the transferred sense of a physical</p><p>　　3 Importance of Cultural Connotations and Translation

33、of Metaphor Study</p><p>　　[英漢互譯的跨文化研究.趙愛莉]A distinctive feature of human beings is that they possess linguistic power, which magically links people sharing the same or different cultural backgrounds togethe

34、r.Language, known as the cultural carrier, serves as a bridge through which cross-cultural communication has been made possible. Being the cream of language, metaphors play an indispensable role in cross-cultural communi

35、cation.</p><p>　　With the aid of the Hi-Tech of the 20th century, the planet on which the human beings are living is on its fast track to become a global village. No country in the world can afford to well d

36、evelop itself economically and culturally without keeping its door widely open to the outside world. Cultural exchange, an indispensable part of social advancement, is no exception. It is a trend in the development of hu

37、man society. The historical experiences of China and other countries have again and again </p><p>　　Metaphor which reflects specific cultural connotations, is a very common phenomenon in both Chinese and Eng

38、lish. With the great difference of evolution history, habitat environment, religion,thinking mode between different nations, different nations formed their unique culture. As a result, the same thing may probably has dif

39、ferent connotation or senses in different cultures. For example, when referring“松”(pine)、“竹”（bamboo）、“梅”(plum, a Chinese will certainly think about “歲寒三友”（three durable pla</p><p>　　In fact , there is no as

40、pect of life remains yet to be untouched by metaphors, it is no exaggeration to say metaphor translation can play a major role in introducing various human experiences to people of different cultures. It can familiarize

41、people of one country with the cultural heritage of the other, thus achieve the goal of cultural exchange. In a sense, metaphors serve as a mirror of the historical and cultural conceptions of a social community,reflecti

42、ng the panoramic picture of linguist</p><p>　　As far as cross-cultural communication is concerned, metaphor translation, in the author's opinion, should be approached as literally as possible and as free

43、ly as it is necessary, for in metaphor translation practice, a translator should not only render the sense, but most importantly, help the target language readers taste as much as possible the genuine foreign flavor cont

44、ained in the source language metaphors and experience what the source language readers have experienced.</p><p>　　4 Metaphor Connotation</p><p>　　As is known to all, there exist similarities and

45、 dissimilarities between different cultures no matter how far the distance that separates the cultural background of source text and target audience in terms of time and place, in other words, compared to cultures of oth

46、er nations, each nation has its own cultural peculiarity as well as its cultural universality. Regarding the problem of how to analyze and compare cultural generality and cultural peculiarity, we can analyze image and s

47、ense of Engl</p><p>　　same image,similar sense;</p><p>　　2.same image,different sense;</p><p>　　3.different image,similar sense.</p><p>　　4.1 Same image, similar sense&

48、lt;/p><p>　　Although each nation has its unique cultural backgrounds,traditions and customs and mode of thinking etc., man itself, along with the exterior conditions it lives by, such as ecological environments

49、 or climate conditions has something in common. Based on the same cognitive experience, people from every nation have achieved the common understanding of human itself and their external living surroundings; and their me

50、ntal mechanism to accept metaphors are by and large similar. For example ,頭(head) </p><p>　　(1)nounal metaphor </p><p>　　A.chain reaction 連鎖反應(yīng)</p><p>　　B. Shadow cabinet 影子內(nèi)閣</p&

51、gt;<p>　　C. a thunder of applause 雷鳴般的掌聲</p><p>　　(2)verbal metaphor </p><p>　　A. To lead a wolf into the house 引狼入室</p><p>　　B. To see through at a glance 一眼看穿</p>

52、<p>　　C. To give somebody green light 給某人開綠燈</p><p>　　(3)adjectival metaphor</p><p>　　bitter smile 苦笑</p><p>　　The white terror 白色恐怖</p><p>　　As sly as a fox 像狐貍一樣

53、狡猾</p><p>　　Obviously, these ‘global' images do not bring about any misunderstandings between different peoples despite their different ecological surroundings. The above-mentioned metaphors are, cultura

54、lly speaking, referred to as "cultural Overlap(文化重合現(xiàn)象)"(郭建中，1999: 332) or cultural generality. The reason for this is that the natural world is complex, the cognitive ability of human is finite and the languag

55、e is limited in expression-all these factors are combined to compel the people to account for the c</p><p>　　4.2 Same image ,different sense</p><p>　　The same vehicle can bear different associat

56、ive sense because there exist difference in two different culture. So metaphors in English and Chinese often have the same images but different senses. Owing to the specific national characteristics, Chinese and English

57、people often adopt the same images to signify different senses, which, as a result, reflect the differences in their traditional ideas.</p><p>　　Colors have different associations in different languages or c

58、ustoms. For example,blue is often associated with depression or ribaldry in western culture. In Chinese culture it represents solemnness and grandeur, while ribaldry is represented by the color of yellow. Green is often

59、used in western culture and is often associated with jealousy, fresh-hand or unexperienced people ,while in Chinese, it often referrers to something about being cuckold. For instance:</p><p>　　(1)Alice’s gir

60、l friends were green with envy when they saw her new dress.</p><p>　　愛麗絲的女友們看到她的新裝時(shí)，心中充滿了妒忌。</p><p>　　(2)Iago：O！Beware，my lord, of jealousy; it’s the green-eyed monster(means jealousy) which dot

61、h mock. The meat it feeds on ... (W . Shakespeare, Othello,act III,sc.3)</p><p>　　伊阿古：啊，主帥，你要留心嫉妒??；那是一個(gè)綠眼妖怪，誰做了他的犧牲，就要受它的玩弄.....</p><p>　　“眼紅” in Chinese should be represented by “green-eyed”,

62、 if translated as “red-eyed”, it couldn't’ be more wrong. Western people may probably think it is Eyes hyperacidity due to inflammation which should be called “pink eyes(紅眼病)”in medical industry. Besides, there are

63、a number of other kinds of collocations, such as ” green hand”(新手)，”greenhorn”(沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人或新到一個(gè)地方不了解當(dāng)?shù)亓?xí)慣的人), “a green old age”(幸福的晚年)etc. By contrast, the extensive sense of “綠”is only refers to “戴綠帽子”(one’s wife has an affai

64、r with som</p><p>　　Once the images of metaphors that have universal characteristics both in the west and in the east are intimately linked with the specific psychological elements and the cultural backgroun

65、d of nationalities,they will produce information-overstepping languages (namely, cultural information) in the inter-cultural communication. For example, concerning“西風(fēng)”and "west wind", misunderstanding will aris

66、e if Chinese</p><p>　　and English do not know well about the cultural background. Due to the geographic</p><p>　　factor, when the west wind comes from the Atlantic Ocean, it is spring in Englan

67、d where everything is growing; while in China, when west wind blows, it is late autumn or winter when the weather is getting cold and trees are withering, but when east wind blows, it is spring when flowers are blooming.

68、 As a result, "west wind" arouses different association among English from what“西風(fēng)”arouses within Chinese. The British poet John Masefield (1878-1967) described the west wind in such way:</p><p>　

69、　It's a warm wind, the west wind, full of birds' cries;</p><p>　　And April's in the west, and daffodils.</p><p>　　Obviously the poet thinks the west wind adumbrates the spring is for

70、thcoming. In England, the people compare the west wind to warmth and strength. However, the west wind, a nice image in English mind, turns out to be the substitute for dreariness and stagnancy in the Chinese language, f

71、rom which we may see the influence of geography on the cultural connotation of a word. It also reflects the如pact of consciousness. There is a sentence in The Dream of Red Mansion saying "Anything concerned with t<

72、;/p><p>　　Associations aroused by certain plants or animals are very important both in the English language and the Chinese language. "Pine, bamboo and club" represent perseverance and dauntlessness

73、in eyes of Chinese people, while to the western people they are simply ordinary plants with no special cultural connotations. "Dragon and phoenix" are legendary animals representing good luck and wealth in the

74、Chinese nation, but in western eyes, dragon is a cruel monster and phoenix has no specific associati</p><p>　　he are a lucky dog.</p><p>　　version 1.他可真幸運(yùn)！</p><p>　　versation2.他是只幸運(yùn)

75、的狗。 </p><p>　　Actually, "a lucky dog" in English refers to "someone who are of good fortune",so what this sentence intends to express has no any derogatory sense . The second translation

76、has totally misunderstood what the source language want to express as many Chinese people may do if he or she does not know that dog ,one of the favorite pets,is man’s best friend in western countries. On the contrary,“狗

77、”and the phrases containing the word in Chinese is derogatory, which shows a fact of Chinese dislike or ave</p><p>　　Therefore, even though images in Chinese metaphors are the same as those in English, their

78、 metaphorical implications are sometimes different or even opposite in that they reflect their respective traditional cultural ideas or symbolic implications. We must be cautious of this kind of "cultural trap"

79、; in translating. </p><p>　　4.3 Different image, similar sense</p><p>　　Based upon the aesthetic taste, mythical stories and historical allusions, geographical location or mode of thinking, the

80、Chinese and the English always express the similar senses in virtue of different images. Usually, when we want to describe a new object or event, we often create "an abnormal relationship" between the two diff

81、erent categories, projecting the structure of a known object or event onto the new one, and in this way enrich our language(史鑫，2002).Owing to the different cultural tra</p><p>　　In English, the horse is also

82、 used often to refer to a person, such as a “willing horse” . Loud harsh laugh is called “horse laugh”; rough and noisy play is called “horse play”;and plain good sense is reffed to as “horse sense”. In the Chinese langu

83、age , there is no such illusion,but “?！眎s often used to refer a person: a hardworking person is called a “老黃牛”. Lu Xun’s saying of“俯首甘為孺子?！?is known to almost everybody in China. This is because the Chinese have been usi

84、ng “?！?in farming for thousands</p><p>　　攔路虎 a lion in the way</p><p>　　老虎屁股摸不得one should not twist the lion’s tail </p><p>　　狐假虎威donkey in a lion's hide</p><p>　　害

85、群之馬a black sheep </p><p>　　他有一股牛勁兒 he is as strong as a horse</p><p>　　過著牛馬般的生活lead a dog's life</p><p>　　像蜜蜂一樣勤奮 as industrious as an ant</p><p>　　趕鴨子上架 teach a pi

86、g to play on a flute</p><p>　　膽小如鼠、兔子膽chicken-hearted</p><p>　　蠢得像頭豬as stupid as a goose</p><p>　　熱鍋上的螞蟻a cat on a hot tin roof; a hen on a hot girdle</p><p>　　非驢非馬neit

87、her fish nor fowl</p><p>　　寧為雞頭，勿為牛后Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.</p><p>　　The history of one nation is a genuine record of its social development process, in which its cu

88、ltural inheritance has been deposited and reflected in its language. This kind of historic background knowledge mainly finds expression in idioms, allusions,proverbs and so on. For example, there are some proverbs in f

89、requent use that express the same truth or practical precept but(沒有修改照抄的) reflect their historical events, such as (1)說曹操，曹操到(Talk of the devil and the devil will appear). (2)魯班面前弄大斧，關(guān)</p><p>　　(1) The burnt

90、 child dreads the fire.</p><p>　　一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井繩。</p><p>　　(2) When a man is going down-hill, everyone will give him a push.</p><p><b>　　墻倒眾人推。</b></p><p>　　(3)

91、 What we lose in hake we shall have in herring.</p><p>　　失之東隅，收之桑榆。</p><p>　　(4) You can't get blood out of a stone.</p><p><b>　　石頭里榨不出油來。</b></p><p>　　

92、4.4Absence of images or sense</p><p>　　5.Difficulties of Metaphor Translation</p><p><b>　　[英語日常用語中]</b></p><p>　　Although English metaphors are translatable, in fact, th

93、ey are really difficult to handle in practice. The barriers are mainly as follows:</p><p>　　Firstly, metaphorical sense is changing like other elements in the language. New metaphors stemming out of human in

94、spiration are creative or even bizarre. Without specific context, it is hard to understand their real metaphorical senses.</p><p>　　Secondly, as Widdowson points out "Language can be seen as distinctive

95、 because of its intricate association with the human mind and with human society" (Widdowson,2000:15). Chinese and English are two different languages developed by two different peoples with different modes of think

96、ing. This gives rise to difficulty in understanding.the fact that no two words in any two languages ever seem to have precisely the same senses, the diverse ways in which languages organize words into syntactic stru</

97、p><p>　　Thirdly,The structures of English metaphors are complex. Some dwell in single word, some appear in phrases or sentences, such as in idioms and proverbs.</p><p>　　Fourthly, diversities of cu

98、lture and language may become unexpected hindrance in translation. China and those English-speaking countries such as the United States and Britain are much different geographically and culturally. Not only every society

99、 has its own culture, but different subgroups within a society may have their own distinctive subculture. A nation's language and culture are the powerful manifestations of its national spirit. Therefore, metaphors w

100、ithin various cultures should be more</p><p>　　The general principal in metaphor translation</p><p>　　6 Translation Methods</p><p>　　Basically the translators should read the whole

101、source text carefully, and try to grasp the contents the author wants to express. Furthermore, what translators should do is to understand both the literal sense and the implicative and associative sense between the line

102、s as there are different usages between source language and target language. Thus, different translating strategies should also be applied. In order to deal with the cultural factors in translating metaphor, the followin