從生態(tài)批評(píng)理論角度分析《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》【畢業(yè)論文】

1、<p><b>　?。?0_ _屆）</b></p><p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p><b>　　英語(yǔ)</b></p><p>　　從生態(tài)批評(píng)理論角度分析《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》</p><p>　　A Brief Ecocritical Analysi

2、s of Far from the Madding Crowd</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　Abstract............................................................................................................

3、..........III</p><p>　　1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1</p><p>　　1.1 Definition and Importance of Ec

4、ocriticism.......................................................1</p><p>　　1.2 The Purpose of Choosing the Title....................................................................1</p><p>　　2.

5、 Relevance between Protagonists and Their Residences.......................................2</p><p>　　2.1 “Farmer” Oak and Bathsheba on Norcombe Hill..............................................2</p>

6、<p>　　2.2 Weatherbury and the status of Bathsheba.........................................................4 </p><p>　　3. A Tragicomic Development in the Weatherbury Surrounding........................

7、5</p><p>　　3.1 Bathsheba and Boldwood..................................................................................5</p><p>　　3.2 Bathsheba and Sergeant Troy.................................

8、...........................................6</p><p>　　3.1.1 The Glade to Love of Spark.....................................................................6</p><p>　　3.1.2 At an Upper Window to

9、the Marriage......................................................7</p><p>　　3.1.3 Night to the End of the Marriage.............................................................9</p><p>　　3.3 Bat

10、hsheba and Gabriel Oak.............................................................................10</p><p>　　3.3.1 Recognition in a Fire Incident............................................................

11、....10</p><p>　　3.3.2 The Shepherd Life and to the Intimacy..................................................11</p><p>　　3.3.3 A Foggy Night and Morning to a Final Scene of Quiet Marriage.......

12、...12</p><p>　　4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................14</p><p>　　Bibliography................................

13、...............................................................................15</p><p>　　Acknowledgements....................................................................................................

14、16</p><p><b>　　摘要</b></p><p>　　目前，在批評(píng)理論界生態(tài)觀念越來(lái)越被注意和重視，人們對(duì)生態(tài)批評(píng)、生態(tài)美學(xué)、生態(tài)文學(xué)等概念的使用也越來(lái)越多。而生態(tài)批評(píng)，正是文學(xué)研究與當(dāng)代生態(tài)思潮的結(jié)合，是文學(xué)研究的綠色化，是文學(xué)文化的染色劑，是文學(xué)開創(chuàng)的潤(rùn)滑劑，它是對(duì)生態(tài)危機(jī)的綜合回應(yīng)。生態(tài)批評(píng)，以文學(xué)為出發(fā)點(diǎn)的研究線路，是一種聯(lián)系還較為松散但正成氣候

15、的研究方法，是綠色文化研究的領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　本文試圖從梳理前人研究成果入手，在此基礎(chǔ)上，解讀托馬斯·哈代寫作人物所處的環(huán)境時(shí)代。并結(jié)合細(xì)讀其作品《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》,分析女主人公巴絲謝芭·伊芙丁與環(huán)境交織在一起的渾然天成為基地，描寫在一定的環(huán)境鋪墊下與伽伯利·奧克、特洛伊和波德伍德三位男士的愛(ài)情故事。希望通過(guò)對(duì)哈代小說(shuō)《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》的生態(tài)批評(píng)分析，增強(qiáng)我們對(duì)環(huán)境的生態(tài)保護(hù)意識(shí)，進(jìn)一

16、步延伸生態(tài)批評(píng)的文學(xué)趨向，幫助促進(jìn)生態(tài)批評(píng)研究的綠色化，深化生態(tài)批評(píng)的文化內(nèi)涵，拓展生態(tài)批評(píng)的文化領(lǐng)域。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：生態(tài)批評(píng)；環(huán)境；哈代；遠(yuǎn)離塵囂</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　At present, the ecological concepts are attracting mo

17、re and more attention in the critical theory circle and the concept of ecocriticism, ecological aesthetics, and ecological literature are used more and more. The ecocriticism is the very combination of literary research

18、and the contemporary ecological thought, the greenization of the literary research, the dye of the literature and culture, the lubricant of the literature initiated and the comprehensive response to the ecological crisis

19、. Ecoc</p><p>　　This thesis aims to have a further analysis and understanding based on researches done by scholars to interpret the age of the characters written by Thomas Hardy. By reading his work Far fro

20、m the Madding Crowd closely, it analyzes the perfect connection between the heroine Bathsheba Everdene and the environment, a base for it, to describe the love story with Gabriel Oak, Troy and Boldwood these three men un

21、der the matting of the environment. Here, the author attempts to enhance our awareness of </p><p>　　Key words: ecocriticism; environment; Hardy; Far from the Madding Crowd</p><p>　　1. Introducti

22、on</p><p>　　1.1 Definition and Importance of Ecocriticism</p><p>　　With more and more scenic spots opened to both domestic and foreign region of literature, ecocriticism is becoming a hot issue.

23、 Focusing on questions of human creativity, human agency and human social relations, we can find that nowadays we seldom portray and analyze the relations between human beings and environment in all areas of cultural pro

24、duction. Ecocriticism is a new critical trend and its birthplace is the United States. It is a very numerous, jumbled and open criticism of system to the</p><p>　　Ecocriticism scholars believe that the ecolo

25、gical crisis is a crisis of human dominance under the guidance of the human centered ideology and a crisis of the human cultures. We must be led out of the central concept of human survival paradigm if we want to elimina

26、te the ecological crisis fundamentally and shift to the survival of the ecological paradigm for the center. “Every era of human history has the task of that era, then the historical task of our time, what is it? The answ

27、er is: the ecolo</p><p>　　1.2 The Purpose of Choosing the Title</p><p>　　If plot circumstances exist in the key point of chronotope’s time and space, then the landscape analysis in the plot even

28、ts is not only important to the understanding of the relationship between people and natures, but also critical to the understanding of the plot events’ meaning. The landscape always seems to inform us about the motion a

29、nd character of the event. Hardy’s style has been praised as rhythmic and imaginative. While the best characterized style of Hardy’s is the novels of Character</p><p>　　All ecocriticisms identify with one ba

30、sic premise: human culture associated with the physical world, human cultures has an impact on the material world and is influenced by the physical world. Based on this understanding, ecological critics do not figure the

31、 protagonists in the environment as a free and independent existence outside the individual, but as a part of the composition of the environment and an integral part of the natural environment. This thesis attempts to ac

32、hieve an adequate ecol</p><p>　　2. Relevance between Protagonists and Their Residences</p><p>　　2.1 “Farmer” Oak and Bathsheba on Norcombe Hill</p><p>　　Hardy seems to deliberately

33、avoid the life center of human civilization-city and most of his life time is wandering in the villages and the land that cut off from the civilization; his life seems to be constantly looking for the ecological natural

34、field that never been dipped by human civilization around the world. Therefore, he focused his ideas and sights on his work as a way to express his feeling to the reality. This work reflects the author’s wishing to keep

35、away from hustle and bustle, and</p><p>　　On Norcombe Hill, “ancient”, “mysterious” and “surrounded by mountains” (Hardy, 1982:14) all said that this place is an isolated, primitive, independent and self-suf

36、ficient eco-system. And on the other hand, “indestructible”, “ordinary”, “remarkably clear” and “undisturbed” (Hardy, 1982:14) all said that Oak is an unremitting, plain, emotional and natural person. The farm is develop

37、ed on a piece of wasteland which expresses the fact of a natural image of Farmer Oak. Initially, Oak’s young and dy</p><p>　　The novel begins on a certain December morning—sunny, warm and pleasant, the Farme

38、r Oak is leisurely walking on his own field, as he casually looks outward, and he sees a four-wheel carriage. Oak sees the most beautiful moment of the girl—Bathsheba and falls in love with her. Her bright face, dark hai

39、r and at such a leafless season, the fresh and green plants, all give the girl the whole peculiar vernal charm. At this moment, she is a symbol of the nature. In the third chapter the author describ</p><p>　

40、　While nature has a tremendous life-support capability to provide various means of subsistence for people, human beings obtain the resources from nature they need and regard it as a granted thing. The Norcombe Hill is ve

41、ry poor because of the destruction of natural ecosystems: “between the half-wooded half-naked hill and the vague still horizon that summit indistinctly commanded, was a mysterious sheet of fathomless shade” and the adver

42、se consequence of the human’s natural over-exploration. (Hard</p><p>　　2.2 Weatherbury and the status of Bathsheba</p><p>　　In Hardy’s works, Bathsheba always changes her roles in life and these

43、 roles are always associated with different views and agricultural labor. She is a talented and aggressive woman who has a quick wit; no matter in material aspect or spiritual aspect she pursues independence. In Weatherb

44、ury, beautiful, rich scenery and warm sunshine make Bathsheba having a good confidence to take care of her farm. It plays a smart, capable and creative side of her capability. Working in her farm, she can along</p>

45、<p>　　In the beautiful farm picture we may see, the natural beauty and beauty of the characters are so harmoniously connected with each other. Hardy describes the love entanglement which happened in Weatherbury, t

46、he place full of quiet harmony and simple atmosphere, not only represent the complicated relationship between people, but also performance the relationship between human beings and nature. Bathsheba respectively has a lo

47、ve story with Shepherd Gabriel Oak, Sergeant Troy and Farmer Boldwood.</p><p>　　3. A Tragicomic Development in the Weatherbury Surrounding</p><p>　　3.1 Bathsheba and Boldwood</p><p>

48、;　　The farm is orderly running under the management of Bathsheba. The green grass, the silent water, the lush trees and the singing birds accompany the cattle and sheep growing which combined into a wonderful landscape,

49、vibrant. Bathsheba is living in a peaceful life with the quiet farm, lovely animals and the simple people.</p><p>　　Bathsheba is a charming woman; almost all the men have a favor on her. But the forty-year-o

50、ld farmer Boldwood has no feeling and concern to Bathsheba at all. Bathsheba’s vanity has been challenged and on Valentine's Day she writes a letter to Boldwood in an ambiguous attitude. The letter has an intense emo

51、tion of love on Boldwood and he loves Bathsheba crazily. At dusk on the evening of Valentine's Day Boldwood sits down to supper as usual and the description of this night and the sunrise just r</p><p>　　

52、In this ecosystem, the people through the production and life to get a common knowledge. Boldwood is growing and working in this village which makes him a typical farmer there. When it is an early spring, the vegetable

53、world begins to move and swell and the saps to rise. Spring has come and the farm is full of life which means the rebirth of Boldwood’s love to Bathsheba. He begins to pursue Bathsheba’s love crazily. </p><p&g

54、t;　　When he approaches the gate of the meadow, beyond it the ground was melodious with ripples and the sky with larks; the low bleating of the flock mingling with both. In April day, Hardy describes that Bathsheba’s prob

55、able whereabouts is out-of-doors at this time of the year. In the communication with nature, in a sense, she belongs to nature. Plants on the earth not only decorate the beauty of nature, but also add the natural rhythm

56、of life. Every Bathsheba’s little detail has become perfect in t</p><p>　　However, some happy memories and some uncertain expectations of the past can only bring a short-term vision to Boldwood. In Weatherbu

57、ry, Christmas Eve comes. One night, Boldwood and Bathsheba's feelings have an end. “Night is very deep and very quiet. The dark tree tops gently rock against the sky and occasionally shivering in a slight wind.” (Har

58、dy, 1982:144) Boldwood’s love is a long-lasting feeling and even could say a good tolerance. But he is not asking for anything without return, he desir</p><p>　　The quiet Weatherbury makes a silent Boldwood.

59、 Here, Hardy seems to imply that nature has an effective role to human beings. Everyone cannot run out of their own environmental situations.</p><p>　　3.2 Bathsheba and Sergeant Troy</p><p>　　3.

60、1.1 The Glade to Love of Spark</p><p>　　In Weatherbury, Bathsheba diligently does farm and lets herself into the nature, with the cattle and sheep together. In the novel, the description of the relationship

61、between animal and human beings reflects the intimacy between man and animals: human beings and animals are all alive. Beautiful scenery, warm sunshine, the smooth farm and the Well-fed glut of life make Bathsheba harder

62、 and more self-confident. Every night, she will turn around her house to ensure everything is in order and peace </p><p>　　One night, darkness and silence ruled everywhere around. Here, on the way back to ho

63、use, she meets Sergeant Troy, in the fir plantation. The density of the interwoven foliage, even at cloudless noontide, here is as gloomy as midnight and black as the nine plague of Egypt at midnight. The surroundings re

64、flect the result of the following story between Bathsheba and Troy. They have a good impression actually.</p><p>　　Now Sergeant Troy comes from Casterbridge. The irritability of Casterbridge is extended to t

65、he unstable and frivolous character of Troy. In Casterbridge there are tall buildings around, trade fairs, entertainment places, the steeple church, open road, the dark prison, and the crowd full of strife; it is a city

66、with urban atmosphere and a world out of tune with nature. The arrangement of the second appearance of Troy after one week of finishing cutting the wool is just a foreshadowing of a new em</p><p>　　3.1.2 At

67、an Upper Window to the Marriage</p><p>　　Troy, under Hardy’s writing, is a flattering officer and is very critical in the farm people. People rumor that he is a frivolous and dissolute playboy. But it does n

68、ot stop the rising temperature of Bathsheba’s love at first sight to Troy. Actually when Bathsheba goes to Bath, she has been married to Troy at High Church in Bath. In a special morning-a time of sun and dew, the truth

69、between Bathsheba and Troy in Weatherbury emerges. Birds, the healthy air, the blue sky, the incorporeal cloud and</p><p>　　Absolutely, Troy is ignorant of the activities of the farm. The event of the coming

70、 of the storm at the end of the August is the most convincing evidence. There are lots of the tips and hints of the nature to tell us the storm is coming on the way: the heated breeze slowly blowing from the south, dashe

71、s of buoyant cloud in the sky sailing in a course, the moon showing a lurid metallic look, the field with the impure light; the large toad humbly traveling across the path, the huge brown garden-sl</p><p>　　

72、Then it is October, Bathsheba and Troy are on the way back home. The scenery makes people very sad. The early-withered leaves from the trees, the overshadowing trees and the approach of eventide are the sign of sad thing

73、s happening. Fanny appears in front of them. It means the two people's marriage is facing the challenge of broken like the October's leaves scattering. Hardy has a clear expression on the animals and the surround

74、ing environment to this chapter. Fanny is on the way to Casterbridge</p><p>　　Bathsheba is hurt by Troy in the dark night when Fanny is lying in the coffin in the hall. She goes along the dark road where som

75、e large oak and beech trees have. The environment is similar to the situation of falling in love with each other in the glade. She sadly spends the unforgettable night. Later, although her maid Liddy finds her, she does

76、not immediately go home. She wanders in the wood for nearly two hours. It is there, she distracts his gloomy mood and her emotion calms down. Finally, </p><p>　　3.1.3 Night to the End of the Marriage</p&g

77、t;<p>　　In the fall, the busiest, merriest and noisiest day of the whole statute number is the day of the sheep fair. Troy appears again. Hardy thinks that the town contains the social evil and kills the human nat

78、ure, while the countryside without being invaded by the industrialization is always maintaining a good and pure human nature. (Zhang Zhongzai, 1987:159) They explore the theoretical issues that arise when one attempts to

79、 adopt and adapt an environmental perspective for analyzing urban life. Tro</p><p>　　The last part of the description of her unhappy marriage with Troy is reveal of the true nature. Her effeminacy, kindness,

80、 leniency and sincerity fully embody the good qualities of a woman. The mild autumn sun and the fine autumn afternoon are the suitable condition for the start of the last period between Bathsheba and Troy. Nature is the

81、foundation of human life, the emotional attachment and the spiritual habitat. The night is dark as a hedge, when Bathsheba is going to promise Boldwood's prop</p><p>　　Bathsheba witnesses the whole love

82、tragedy caused by her. The simple consciousness that superhuman strain is no longer required had at once put a period to her power to continue it. It is so thrilling. After her despair to the life, marriage and love, she

83、 sees the insight suddenly. Originally the life is so weak, and the Bathsheba's enlightenment just likes a lost sheep under the guidance of the God. </p><p>　　3.3 Bathsheba and Gabriel Oak</p><

84、;p>　　3.3.1 Recognition in a Fire Incident</p><p>　　Hardy's description of nature permeates with the characters' emotions which indicate the relationship between human beings and nature. Only the c

85、haracter like Oak who is love and getting close to nature can see the difference of colors in the stars, so as to really enjoy the people's joy taken from the natural beauty. On Oak's way to Weatherbury, “water-m

86、eadows”, “stream” and “l(fā)ittle birds” are all completely different with the Norcombe Hill’s natural scenery. The description of this environment</p><p>　　When Farmer Oak arrives at Weatherbury, he is prepared

87、 to find some hay or corn stack to sleep which shows the inherent relationship with nature. He belongs to the nature. Then he meets with Bathsheba again in a fire accident. The character Oak is highly praised in closing

88、to natural by Hardy to acquire the ultimate happiness by relying on nature. Since then, he is alive with Bathsheba's love quietly and successfully been her shepherd. He takes care of her farm. The animals begin to be

89、 more acti</p><p>　　Bathsheba has already owned the rich economic foundation and has her separate human dignity, love view and marriage vision. While Bathsheba accepts Oak as her shepherd, she just regards O

90、ak as a worker or a common friend. But for Oak, from the beginning of his second farm management, he treats the creatures of nature in a equality and fraternity attitude. His care of morality has been extended to other o

91、rganisms in the nature. He puts his sheep in an equal status as human, so when he sees severa</p><p>　　3.3.2 The Shepherd Life and to the Intimacy</p><p>　　After Oak begins to work for Miss Bath

92、sheba as a shepherd and still couldn’t help loving her in a quiet way. The horses, cattle, sheep and other animals in Bathsheba and boldwood's farm, most of the time, are free to live without a threat from human. In

93、the farm, Oak concerns about the production of the ewes at any time, always cares about the growth of the lamb. Bathsheba is also going to her farm every night to ensure the security of her animals before going to bed an

94、d stays a deeply care to t</p><p>　　When Bathsheba's sheep greedily eat the red flowers when life-threatening, Oak does not bear grudges against Bathsheba's injury to him, but uses his special method

95、s to help them. He saves these animals from the natural life. Oak that embodies the harmonious beauty is standing out from Hardy's works. In his work, the rural area is the garden where the blooming flowers are every

96、where. The nature has been personified. A tree, a leaf or a stream all seem to own a person's spiritual and emotional fee</p><p>　　3.3.3 A Foggy Night and Morning to a Final Scene of Quiet Marriage</p

97、><p>　　Bathsheba and Gabriel Oak finally develop their long and friendly relationship into a love that nothing could destroy. Hardy shows us such a scene: the lover is happy with the nature because in nature, t

98、hey find the peace of mind. In the communication with nature, in a sense, they return to nature. In the dairy farm with the animals, the life with the nature makes them fell rich and satisfied. Their hearts look forward