玻璃廠畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯----玻璃熔窯的最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)

1、<p><b>　　外文資料</b></p><p>　　OUR TRIBUNE</p><p>　　WHAT IS THE BEST DESIGN FOR A GLASS FURNACE</p><p>　　N. Ya. Suvorov</p><p>　　(Kurlov Glass works)</p

2、><p>　　During 195354 there was a discussion in Glass and Ceramics on the design of tank furnace. The discussion was very informative for workers in the glass industry, for it acquainted them with the existing v

3、iews on this matter, although it was not completed by the presentation of conclusions relating to the courses to be followed in the design of glass furnaces.</p><p>　　It must be acknowledged that science has

4、 not yet succeeded in making a complete study and systematization of experience gained in the operation of glass furnace and has not yet been able to tell us how to design furnaces that will correspond to the present lev

5、el of knowledge and technology.</p><p>　　What is the fundamental principle which ,in our opinion ,must form the basis of the design of perfect tank furnaces ,It will be obvious that by a ＂perfect tank furnac

6、e ＂we mean one that is as efficient as possible in technical and economic respects .</p><p>　　The design of a tank furnace must be such that the melted glass passed to the machines in strict sequence .For ex

7、ample, if the capacity of the furnaces is 1000 tons of glass and the machines only after ten days.</p><p>　　We consider that the time has come when it should be possible to arrive at a well grounded conclusi

8、on concerning the distribution of currents of glass in tank furnaces and to design a furnace accordingly, so that our basic principle of the strict sequence of the melted glass to the machines can be realized.</p>

9、<p>　　It is essential to eliminate undesirable currents of glass and the formation of layers differing in composition, i.e.to keep the kinetics of glass within limits set by the special design of the tank furnace,

10、by the heating schedule adopted, and possibly by the mechanical action exerted ion the melted glass .Our proposed design for such a furnace is represented in figures 1-6.</p><p>　　We do not consider that the

11、 problem of constructing a glass tank furnace of our design is more difficult than many others problems already solved by science and technology. The solution of this problem is within the power of our planning and erect

12、ion organizations.</p><p>　　In the light of the requirements that we have made with respect to the design of glass furnaces, the tanks of the very large tank furnace now in use in the glass industry give the

13、 impression of large ＂frying pans＂in which ,at the glass surface , the glass is not melted but ＂roasted＂,and in the roasted condition ,after being cooled for 10-12 hours, is passed to the machines.</p><p>　　

14、When such apparently well-melted glass is examined optically, it is found that there are innumerable defects: streaks, whirls, stripes, threads, etc. ,which differ from the surrounding mass .Such a glass is non-uniform i

15、n mechanical and technical properties ;the productivity of the machines is not as high as it might be and the glass is of lower utility.</p><p>　　In the manufacture of optical glass these defects are elimina

16、ted by prolonged stirring of the glass with special stirrers. In the manufacture of sheet glass, pressed ware, etc., no effort is made to overcome these defects, and all is left in the care of the ＂laws of thermal moveme

17、nt in the glass mass＂.Rapid cooling of glass, particularly when there in a negative pressure over the glass surface in the cooling zone –not to speak of the use of coolers and blowers –results in the formation of layers&

18、lt;/p><p>　　Slow cooling gives glass that is more stable against leaching .Rapidly cooled glass has different physicochemical properties than the same glass cooled slowly, We cannot agree with the assertion tha

19、t glass ,having attained to a definite degree of clarity during melting ,cannot be submitted to a temperature higher than that previously attained, nor with the recommendation that cooling should be rapid and so fix the

20、state of the glass with all its established and non-established equilibria .Also, </p><p>　　Prevention of the overheating of the glass by increase in the dimensions of the furnace or with the aid of coolers

21、and ventilators must be regarded as highly erroneous.</p><p>　　The main and greatest defect of large tank furnace and of all furnaces in general, particularly those without barriers (floating bridges, bridge

22、 walls etc.) is that the upper layer of glass moves very rapidly to the working end .This has many undesirable consequence, particularly in the non-barrier method of forming sheet glass by vertical drawing machines.</

23、p><p>　　We maintain that glass of the upper, working layer, moving over the intermediate layer disposed between it and the oppositely moving lower layer, particularly entraines glass form the intermediate layer

24、. In its turn, glass of the upper layer partially falls into the intermediate layer. These processes bring about the physicochemical and thermal non-uniformity of the glass –the cause of all of the defects indicated abov

25、e.</p><p>　　We consider that in existing tank furnaces-particularly in very large furnace-at least 90% of the glass entering he machines has been carried there within 12-16 hours after melting by the main wo

26、rking upper layer of the glass mass, which is formed at the hottest mass point of this view can be readily confirmed by coloring the glass mass.</p><p>　　From our knowledge of the formation of currents in me

27、lted glass in tank furnaces we concluded that it is necessary to learn how to control these currents, to eliminate their harmful effect, and to cause them to assist the process by mixing the layers of glass together and

28、bringing about their homogenization.</p><p>　　There is no need to say very much about the harmful effects of the layers of glass disposed below the upper working current in existing glass tank furnaces, par

29、ticularly those of large dimensions. If the use of furnaces of large dimensions has effected some improvement in the unfavorable effect of the direct feeding of the machines with glass from the tank furnace .</p>

30、<p>　　Our large furnaces do not have high specific outputs, whereas we know from the technical literature that furnace of 1500㎏ output and higher are in existence.</p><p>　　In our opinion tank furnaces

31、 provided with throats deserve attention. At the technical literature that furnaces for the manufacture of glass of all kinds , apart from special glasses.</p><p>　　The results of the experiments that have b

32、een carried out on the manufacture of sheet glass in furnaces provided with throats are not conclusive, and it is very unfortunate that, owing to an insufficiency of fuel and batch, such excellent furnaces have been test

33、ed under such unfavorable condition.</p><p>　　We wish to design a glass tank furnace in such a way that the working stream passing to the machines shall not be in the upper layer of the glass, but in the low

34、er layer .Only under these conditions will the physicochemical and thermal homogeneity be attained which will confer good working properties of well-annealed sheet glass without thickness variations with a minimum of bre

35、akage.</p><p>　　When the working current in a glass tank furnace becomes the lower layer , the imperfection in the glass which occur in tank furnaces having an upper working current are eliminated . The glas

36、s will be renewed throughout the whole tank within a strictly definite period of stagnation-in the tank and in the channel at the working end-which we maintain are the main sourced of stripiness, thickness variation, fri

37、able places, and threadlike whirls. This view is confirmed by results of the production o</p><p>　　As can be seen from the diagrams showing the principle of the design of our proposed glass tank furnace, the

38、 bottom of the tank is not horizontal throughout its length and breadth, so that the depth of the tank varies correspondingly. The bottom slopes towards the throat, the fall in level being 400-800mm. The fall from the si

39、de to the center of the bottom is 200-500mm. The bottom of the furnace is therefore in the form of a gutter. </p><p>　　The bottom being of this form, the glass is bound to move over its sloping surface in t

40、he direction of the throat. The glass will move also from the sides of the tank bottom to the center of the tank and, mixing with the central stream and becoming homogeneous, pass into the throat (fig.3).</p><

41、p>　　It will be seen from the temperature curve that the maximum temperature occurs at the end of the furnace near to the throat. Since the glass moves along the bottom in the direction of the throat and the maximum te

42、mperature is at the throat, the upper layer of glass will move from the throat toward the dog house and, acquiring increased density and homogeneity, fall into the bottom layer and move into the throat as a lower working

43、 layer. We are convinced that in a tank of this design operating un</p><p>　　It will be seen from Fig.4 that the crown of the tank furnace rises from the throat in the direction of the dog house. A crown of

44、this sort is essential in order to establish the necessary temperature distribution in the furnace (Fig.2) and also so that any air-carried swirls of batch will be carried away to the dog house by the upper currents of h

45、ot gases. The ports and crown must be as low as possible over the tank furnace.</p><p>　　The ports in the upper part must be unified with the crown of the furnace (Fig.5). The burners must differ in cross se

46、ction and in the directions of their flames. The arrangement of each pair of burners depends on the direction of the flame, the desired gaseous medium in that particular region, and the pressure over the glass surface.&l

47、t;/p><p>　　In the existing tank furnaces, all of the burners are usually identical and the regenerator chambers are common to all of the burners, so that it is extremely difficult to regenerators on some works

48、has made it possible to change the filling of the regenerators without shutting down the furnace. In addition, it is essential that each section of the regenerators should have its own supply of gas and air, which is the

49、 necessary condition for the regulation of the working of the burners2.</p><p>　　The reserve of draft in the flues should be so great that, irrespective of the extent to which the regenerators are choked, it

50、 is always possible to regulate the supply of air and gas to the burners so as to give the required direction and character to the flame.</p><p>　　We stipulate the following dimensions and temperature distri

51、bution for the tank furnace: length of tank-minimum 10 m, maximum 20 m; width of tank-minimum 5 m, maximum 10m;fall in level of bottom from dog house to throat 0.4-0.8 m; fall in bottom from side to center 0.2-0.5 m; tem

52、perature near throat 1490℃-1500℃; temperature in the region of the first burner near the dog house 1430℃-1440℃.</p><p>　　Tank furnaces should be planned to give a productivity of at least 100-400 tons of mel

53、ted glass per day a yield of at least two tons of glass from each square meter of melting area. The melting area is regarded as the whole area of the tank form the dog house to the throat. There is no cooling part in the

54、 tank furnace; it is replaced by the slow sinking of the glass into the working layer at the bottom. </p><p>　　As can be seen from Fig.2.the glass passing from the throat moves upwards, crosses a baffle as a

55、 layer 300-800 mm in thickness, and so proceeds into the working section. The volume of the working end should be equal to a day＇s production. The level of the bottom of the working end falls by 500-600 mm from the baffl

56、e to the machines (only as far as the neck, in the cause of sheet glass machines). The depth of the channel is 1200 mm.</p><p>　　All the dimension of our proposed glass tank furnace are determined by the phy

57、sicochemical properties of the glass, temperature distribution, the time of sojourn of the glass in the tank, the productivity, and the quality of the gas(it is desirable to use purified gas, for the use of unpurified ga

58、s necessitates increase in the dimensions of the furnace).</p><p>　　The glass industry has refractory materials at its disposal which make it quite possible to construct a glass tank furnace to our design. T

59、he author is now occupied in drawing up a working plan for a glass tank furnace of this type.</p><p><b>　　外文資料譯文</b></p><p><b>　　玻璃熔窯的最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)</b></p><p>　　在1953

60、-1954年期間，有一個(gè)關(guān)于玻璃和陶瓷池窯設(shè)計(jì)的討論。雖然這次討論不是以玻璃池窯設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)課程結(jié)論介紹完成的，但是對(duì)玻璃行業(yè)的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這次討論還是非常有意義的，因?yàn)檫@次討論讓他們熟悉現(xiàn)有的關(guān)于玻璃池窯設(shè)計(jì)的新想法。</p><p>　　必須承認(rèn)的是，科學(xué)還沒(méi)有成功的做出一個(gè)完整的有關(guān)玻璃池窯研究，也沒(méi)有獲得系統(tǒng)化的玻璃池窯運(yùn)作的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。同樣，科學(xué)也沒(méi)能告訴我們?nèi)绾卧O(shè)計(jì)符合現(xiàn)代知識(shí)和科技水平的玻璃池窯。</p&g

61、t;<p>　　什么是玻璃池窯設(shè)計(jì)的基本原則，我們并不知道，但這個(gè)原則一定是在設(shè)計(jì)完美玻璃池窯的基礎(chǔ)上。很明顯的是，我們心中的“完美玻璃池窯”是指一個(gè)既具有最新技術(shù)又經(jīng)濟(jì)使用的玻璃池窯。</p><p>　　一個(gè)池窯的設(shè)計(jì)必須滿(mǎn)足熔融玻璃液以嚴(yán)格的連續(xù)性傳遞給生產(chǎn)機(jī)器。例如，如果池窯容量為1000噸，而機(jī)器每天只產(chǎn)100噸玻璃液，那么只有在十天之熔融玻璃液才能達(dá)到機(jī)器容量。</p>&

62、lt;p>　　我們認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在實(shí)現(xiàn)這一基本原則的時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)來(lái)臨，我們應(yīng)該有可能得出一個(gè)關(guān)于玻璃熔窯中流量分布的基本結(jié)論，也有可能根據(jù)此設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)相應(yīng)的玻璃池窯。這樣就使熔融玻璃液以嚴(yán)格的連續(xù)性傳遞到機(jī)器中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵是，為了消除我們不期望看到的玻璃流動(dòng)以及因玻璃成分不同所造成的玻璃液的分層，也為了保持玻璃在極限內(nèi)的流動(dòng)性，我們可以通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)特殊玻璃池窯，可以通過(guò)采用加熱原件，也可以通過(guò)玻璃液

63、的機(jī)械流動(dòng)。我們所提出的池窯設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)在圖1-6得到體現(xiàn)。</p><p>　　我們并不認(rèn)為，建設(shè)我們的設(shè)計(jì)玻璃池窯所遇到的問(wèn)題比已經(jīng)由科學(xué)技術(shù)解決的許多其它問(wèn)題更棘手。因?yàn)榻鉀Q這些問(wèn)題方法在我們的計(jì)劃建造隊(duì)的能力范圍之內(nèi)</p><p>　　鑒于我們已經(jīng)在玻璃池窯設(shè)計(jì)方面所提出的要求，目前在玻璃行業(yè)中使用的超大玻璃池窯的窯給人們留下深刻的“炸鍋”印象，從玻璃表面上看，玻璃不是</p&g

64、t;<p>　　熔化了，而是被“烤”化了，并且在烤的條件，冷卻10-12小時(shí)，再被傳遞給生產(chǎn)機(jī)器。當(dāng)這些看似明顯良好的熔融玻璃經(jīng)過(guò)光學(xué)檢查時(shí)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有無(wú)數(shù)的缺陷：條紋，旋渦，線(xiàn)條，線(xiàn)程等，這些外界氣氛造成的缺陷和因組成、耐火材料侵蝕所造成的缺陷不同 ，這種玻璃的機(jī)械和工藝性能也會(huì)不一樣。生產(chǎn)這種玻璃的機(jī)器的生產(chǎn)效率可能要低，而且生產(chǎn)的玻璃使用率低。</p><p>　　當(dāng)這些看似明顯良好的熔融玻璃經(jīng)

65、過(guò)光學(xué)檢查時(shí)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有無(wú)數(shù)的缺陷：條紋，旋渦，線(xiàn)條，線(xiàn)程等，這些外界氣氛造成的缺陷和因組成、耐火材料侵蝕所造成的缺陷不同 ，這種玻璃的機(jī)械和工藝性能也會(huì)不一樣。生產(chǎn)這種玻璃的機(jī)器的生產(chǎn)效率可能要低，而且生產(chǎn)的玻璃使用率低。</p><p>　　制造光學(xué)玻璃時(shí)，需用特殊玻璃攪拌器攪拌來(lái)消除這些缺陷。而制造平板玻璃時(shí)，像壓制品等，很容易消除這些缺陷，而且這都是“玻璃液大規(guī)模熱運(yùn)動(dòng)”的結(jié)果。</p>&l

66、t;p>　　對(duì)于急冷玻璃，尤其是當(dāng)在玻璃冷卻區(qū)玻璃表面是負(fù)壓的，會(huì)導(dǎo)致玻璃液因粘度不同分層，因此生產(chǎn)的玻璃充滿(mǎn)了螺紋和波筋，厚度不均勻，退火不良，耐熱性不良，而且加工過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生許多裂紋，不經(jīng)久耐用。更不用說(shuō)使用冷卻器和鼓風(fēng)機(jī)，生產(chǎn)的急冷玻璃。</p><p>　　慢冷玻璃更加穩(wěn)定。急冷玻璃與同種慢冷玻璃相比具有更好的物理化學(xué)性能，我們不同意在熔化過(guò)程中獲得一定透明度的玻璃不能達(dá)到比以前獲得的更高的溫度這樣

67、的論斷，也不符合玻璃液冷卻應(yīng)迅速和通過(guò)已建立或未建立的平衡來(lái)固定玻璃的狀態(tài)這樣的共識(shí)。同樣，我們不能接受的意見(jiàn)就是為了滿(mǎn)足玻璃熔化工藝總是調(diào)節(jié)玻璃熔窯氣氛。這種意見(jiàn)只是理論性的，不能作為個(gè)人生產(chǎn)的一個(gè)指導(dǎo)原則。</p><p>　　通過(guò)增加池窯尺寸或者在冷卻器和通風(fēng)設(shè)備的輔助下來(lái)阻止玻璃的過(guò)度升溫，這種想法真是太荒謬了。</p><p>　　大型池窯和所有一般池窯，特別是那些沒(méi)有障礙（浮橋

68、，橋墻等）的池窯主要的也是最大的缺陷就是上層玻璃液會(huì)非常迅速流到熔化部的末端。這就帶來(lái)了許多不良后果，尤其是通過(guò)非立式拉絲機(jī)無(wú)障礙法形成平板玻璃的方法。</p><p>　　我們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，玻璃液的上層，工作層在中間層上面移動(dòng)，下層會(huì)被帶動(dòng)向反方向移動(dòng)，部分中間層的玻璃液會(huì)下沉。反過(guò)來(lái)，上層玻璃液部分變成中間層。這些過(guò)程就造成玻璃物理化學(xué)不均勻性和熱不均勻性，以上已說(shuō)明玻璃所有缺陷形成原因。</p>

69、<p>　　我們認(rèn)為，在現(xiàn)有的池窯，特別是超大池窯（也就是至少90％的玻璃進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)機(jī)器），能成形的大量上層玻璃液通常是在池窯的熱點(diǎn)形成的，而且熔化后的玻璃液在12-16小時(shí)內(nèi)能流到生產(chǎn)機(jī)器里面的。這種觀點(diǎn)的正確性已經(jīng)在著色</p><p>　　玻璃質(zhì)量中得到了證實(shí)。從我們對(duì)玻璃池窯內(nèi)熔融玻璃液形成的流動(dòng)性的了解，我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論，學(xué)會(huì)怎樣控制玻璃液的流動(dòng)，學(xué)會(huì)怎樣消除其有害影</p>

70、<p>　　響，學(xué)會(huì)怎樣通過(guò)混合多層玻璃液并均勻化來(lái)優(yōu)化工藝過(guò)程，這都是有必要的。</p><p>　　在現(xiàn)存玻璃池窯，尤其那些大型池窯，上層玻璃液流動(dòng)會(huì)對(duì)下層玻璃液帶來(lái)有害影響，但我們沒(méi)必要非常關(guān)注這些有害影響。如果要說(shuō)使用大尺寸池窯會(huì)對(duì)平板玻璃的質(zhì)量有所改善的話(huà)，那么這種改善也是非常微小的，因?yàn)榘巡Ａб褐苯訌牟ＡС馗G喂到機(jī)器里面也會(huì)帶來(lái)不好的影響。</p><p>　　我們

71、的大型玻璃池窯并沒(méi)有特別高的產(chǎn)出，然而我們從技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)中可以了解到1500㎏/㎡或者更高產(chǎn)量的池窯都是存在的。</p><p>　　在我們看來(lái)，玻璃池窯設(shè)置卡脖是值得關(guān)注的。在當(dāng)時(shí)，對(duì)于各種玻璃制造，除了特種玻璃，這就是設(shè)計(jì)最好的玻璃池窯。</p><p>　　我們?cè)谠O(shè)置卡脖的玻璃池窯中進(jìn)行了平板玻璃生產(chǎn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果并非最終定論，但非常不幸的是，燃料和配合料不充足，但是完美的玻璃池窯還是

72、在如此不利的條件下完成了生產(chǎn)測(cè)試。</p><p>　　我們希望設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)玻璃池爐，在這種池窯中應(yīng)該是下層玻璃液而不是上層玻璃液流到機(jī)器里面。只有在這種條件下，才能獲得物理化學(xué)均勻性和熱均勻性的玻璃，這也給玻璃提供了良好的成形性能，也確保生產(chǎn)出退火良好、厚度均勻、最不易炸裂的平板玻璃</p><p>　　當(dāng)玻璃池窯中的工作流動(dòng)變成下層玻璃液時(shí)，這時(shí)因玻璃池窯中上層玻璃液流動(dòng)所帶來(lái)的缺陷將會(huì)消

73、除。整個(gè)池窯內(nèi)玻璃液會(huì)在一段嚴(yán)格的時(shí)間內(nèi)將保持這種性質(zhì)，以這種方法保護(hù)它的熱均勻性。在窯爐和流道的工作端玻璃液將不會(huì)滯留，我們認(rèn)為這就是玻璃中出現(xiàn)波筋，厚度不均勻，出現(xiàn)易碎的地方，線(xiàn)狀旋渦缺陷的主要原因。這種觀點(diǎn)在采用無(wú)橋熔窯直接把玻璃液喂給相應(yīng)機(jī)器的方法生產(chǎn)平板玻璃的效果中得到了證實(shí)。</p><p>　　關(guān)于玻璃池窯設(shè)計(jì)，我們提出的基本原則正如圖表中顯示那樣，窯底在整個(gè)窯長(zhǎng)和窯寬方向上不是水平，窯深也會(huì)隨著發(fā)

74、生相應(yīng)的變化。窯底到卡脖是傾斜式的，水平下降400-800mm。從窯底兩側(cè)到窯底中心線(xiàn)下降200-500mm。因此窯的底部呈現(xiàn)出排水溝的形式。</p><p>　　這種形式的窯底，玻璃液必將在傾斜的表面上向卡脖方向流動(dòng)。玻璃液將從窯底兩側(cè)向窯體中心線(xiàn)流動(dòng)，并與中心流聚合，混合均勻流向卡脖（如圖3）。</p><p>　　從溫度曲線(xiàn)上可以看出，玻璃液的最高溫度出現(xiàn)在池窯末端接近卡脖處。因?yàn)椴?/p>

75、璃液在窯底向卡脖的方向移動(dòng)，所以最高溫度會(huì)在卡脖。上層玻璃液將從卡脖回流到熔化部，從而獲得更高的密度和均勻性，并降低到底層作為工作層流向卡脖。我們深信，在給定溫度條件下設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)這樣的玻璃池窯，將不會(huì)出現(xiàn)玻璃</p><p>　　液沿著窯底向熔化部回流的現(xiàn)象1。</p><p>　　從圖4可以看出，該玻璃池窯的窯頂從卡脖到熔化部是逐漸升高。為了在池窯（圖2）中建立必要的溫度分布，設(shè)計(jì)這種窯頂

76、是有必要的，而且熱氣體的上層流動(dòng)會(huì)把空氣漩渦帶到熔化部。但是這種池窯的小爐和窯頂要盡可能的低。</p><p>　　小爐的上部必須和玻璃池窯窯頂一致（圖5）。而且噴槍在橫火焰區(qū)域必須分布不同。每對(duì)噴槍的分布取決于火焰方向，特殊區(qū)域氣流介質(zhì)以及玻璃表面壓力。</p><p>　　在現(xiàn)有的池窯，所有的噴槍通常都是相同的，所有的噴槍都有普通的蓄熱室，因此很難單獨(dú)對(duì)每一個(gè)噴槍統(tǒng)計(jì)。維修者做的一些工

77、作不用停窯就可以改變窯爐的填充物。另外，至關(guān)重要的是，爐膛的每一部分都應(yīng)該有它自己燃?xì)夤?yīng)，不過(guò)有一個(gè)很重要的條件就是噴槍的安裝必須是有規(guī)律的2。</p><p>　　預(yù)設(shè)計(jì)的煙道應(yīng)該足夠大，不至于池窯維修者在維修時(shí)被嗆住。我們總是在有規(guī)律的給噴槍供燃?xì)夂涂諝?，就是為了滿(mǎn)足火焰方向和性質(zhì)的需要。</p><p>　　我們對(duì)池窯尺寸和溫度分布做了以下規(guī)定：窯長(zhǎng)最小10m，最大20m；窯寬最小

78、5m，最大10m；從火焰空間到卡脖，窯底水平降低0.4-0.8m;熔窯底部?jī)蓚?cè)到中心線(xiàn)降低0.2-0.5m；卡脖附近溫度為1490℃-1500℃;第一個(gè)噴槍區(qū)域接近火焰空間處溫度為1430℃-1440℃。</p><p>　　設(shè)計(jì)的池窯每天應(yīng)該至少熔融玻璃200-400t，即每平方米融化區(qū)域熔融玻璃至少兩噸。池窯熔化部是指從火焰空間到卡脖整個(gè)池窯區(qū)域。池窯中沒(méi)有冷卻區(qū)域：它由玻璃緩慢下沉置換成底部工作層所替代。

79、 </p><p>　　正如從圖2看到的那樣，玻璃液穿過(guò)卡脖向上流動(dòng)，然后跨越了一個(gè)厚度在300-800mm的擋板，進(jìn)入到成形區(qū)。成形區(qū)末端的體積就等于池窯一天的產(chǎn)量。從擋板到機(jī)器（只到頸部，而且以平板玻璃板生產(chǎn)為例），該工作部末端底部將水平下降500-600mm。機(jī)器流道的深度為1200mm。</p><p>　　我們認(rèn)為，所有的玻璃池窯的尺寸都是由玻璃物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)，池窯溫度分布，玻璃