測繪專業(yè)外文翻譯---現(xiàn)有測繪成果轉(zhuǎn)換到中國2000大地坐標(biāo)系

1、<p><b>　　附錄1 英文原文</b></p><p>　　Conversion of existing mapping results to the China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000</p><p>　　China is a vast area of the country, due to historica

2、l reasons, China's adoption of the Beijing 54 coordinate system, such as Xi'an 80 coordinate system coordinates. With the mapping technology known as 2000, China established a national geodetic coordinate system

3、of the earth coordinate system. This will be the extent possible, on China's achievements have been converted to the new mapping coordinates a variety of theoretical methods to be learning from industry peers.</p&

4、gt;<p>　　1.Definition of the China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000</p><p>　　National Geodetic coordinate system is defined to include the origin of coordinates, three axes of direction, scale, and the

5、 earth ellipsoid four basic parameters of the definition. China Geodetic Coordinate System origin to include the oceans and atmosphere whole Earth's center of mass; China Geodetic Coordinate System Z axis pointing

6、to the original Epoch 2000.0 of the Earth's direction, the epoch of the point by the International Bureau of time epoch 1984.0 set the initial point for the pro</p><p>　　Long axle a＝6378137m</p>&

7、lt;p>　　Flat rate f=1/298.257222101</p><p>　　Gravitational constant GM＝3.986004418×1014m3s-2</p><p>　　Angular velocity ω＝7.292l15×10-5rad s-1</p><p>　　Other paramete

8、rs as follows:</p><p>　　2. The method of Point and coordinate’s transformation</p><p>　　(1) Model selection</p><p>　　The scope of national and provincial choose two-dimensional coor

9、dinate conversion seven parameter transformation model; provincial level below the three-dimensional coordinate conversion option or four-parameter model for planar four-parameter model. For the relatively independent pl

10、ane coordinate system and the China Geodetic Coordinate System links four parameters model can be used flat or polynomial regression model. Coordinate transformation model detailed in Part VI of this guide.</p>&

11、lt;p>　　(2) Coincidence point selection</p><p>　　Coincidence coordinates can be used in the two coordinates are the results of the point coordinates. But in the end overlap point needed to determine the co

12、nversion parameters according to the calculated coincidence coordinate residuals, according to the size of the residuals to determine if the residual error is greater than 3 times removed in recalculate the coordinate co

13、nversion parameters until satisfied precision so far; used to calculate the number of transformation parameters and conversi</p><p>　　(3) Calculation of model parameters</p><p>　　Coincidence ide

14、ntified with the coordinates of the coordinate conversion model model parameters using least squares method. </p><p>　　(4)Accuracy assessment and validation.</p><p>　　Coordinate transformation w

15、ith the above model must meet the corresponding precision indicators, specific indicators and assessment of accuracy assessment methods, see the annex to relevant content. Select some coincidence as an external check poi

16、nt, is not involved in conversion parameter calculation, calculating the transformation parameters using the conversion point coordinates are compared with known coordinates of the external check. Should be selected at l

17、east six evenly spaced points on </p><p>　　(5) Coordinates of the midpoint of the database conversion model parameter calculation of regional selection</p><p>　　Xi'an coordinate system for t

18、he 1980 database, using national data of a set of model parameters to meet the 1:5 million and 1:25 million scale database conversion accuracy; with the national data of the model parameters of the six regional meets 1 :

19、 10 000 scale database conversion accuracy. For the 1954 Beijing coordinates database conversion, using the national data of the model parameters of the six regional meets, and 1:25 million, 1:5 million scale database co

20、nversion accuracy; by (2 ° × 3 </p><p>　　3.1:2.5-1:25 Million conversion of the database</p><p>　　(1)Basic scale topographic maps by country Framing organization's database</p&g

21、t;<p>　　Basic scale topographic maps by country sub-site organizations graphics data (DLG,DEM,DRG),based on the following program to convert.</p><p>　　1.1:2.5-1:10million DLG conversion of the databas

22、e</p><p>　　(2)1954 Beijing coordinate system1:2.5-1:10 million DLG conversion of the database</p><p>　　A,according to the appropriate regional scale sub-division of lots, two steps complete the

23、coordinate transformation. First to ellipsoid transform, re-scale maps using the corresponding region of X, Y coordinates of the coordinate shift amount of shift;</p><p>　　B,according to 2000 National Geodet

24、ic coordinates corresponding to the scale of the standard profile data and Drawing cutting edge of the region maps the data in the blank area adjacent maps use additional data;</p><p>　　C,add the 2000 Nation

25、al Geodetic coordinates in grid square layer, delete the original square grid where the data layer;</p><p>　　D,complete the chart profile changes, data editing, data access side, topology reconstruction, dat

26、a storage and other data processing and construction of library work;</p><p>　　E,with maps for Edge: The picture on the right (1954 Beijing coordinate system) then left (China Geodetic Coordinate System ), t

27、he first picture on the right of the ellipsoid to bring change and change in the use of the left with left of motion for the coordinates of picture on the right translation, completed and saved then in the left side with

28、 the picture on the right (back up) results. Back to picture on the right to withdraw for Edge to join the pan with the amount, and the projection trans</p><p>　　F,on the basis of geographic information data

29、base metadata associated changes entries.</p><p>　　(2)1980 Xi'an coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DLG Database Conversion</p><p>　　Framing according to the relevant regional division of scale,

30、 without regard to ellipsoid transform, directly corresponding to the scale regional maps X, Y coordinates of displacement is to coordinate translation; and then follow the 1954 Beijing DLG database coordinate system tra

31、nsformation b ~ f the corresponding steps.</p><p>　　2,1:2.5-1:10 million DRG Database Conversion</p><p>　　The original data 300 ~ 500dpi scan of original printed maps to correct generated by the

32、 RGB raster data, no maps between the elements of Edge Treatment.</p><p>　　(1) 1954 Beijing coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DRG Database Conversiona、</p><p>　　A,consider the ellipsoid transformat

33、ion and the corresponding map contour corner of the X, Y coordinate translation, calculation coordinate system in 1954, Beijing Drawing of profile corner in the China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates, and modify t

34、he appropriate header files positioning coordinates;</p><p>　　B,in the 2000 National DRG data superimposed on the earth coordinate system based on the new geodetic control layer (Fig. profile and square in t

35、he grid, etc.), the new chart profile data or data gaps do not do a chart pattern for the region to complement and reduction;</p><p>　　C,in the legend to add 2,000 National Geodetic Coordinate System Control

36、 base note of new terms;</p><p>　　D,the data layer was completed, and keep the original resolution of DRG data;</p><p>　　E,change the metadata related to content, increase the standard of the 19

37、54 Beijing Framing coordinates four corners of points in the plan profile China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates, calculating in 2000 the national standard geodetic coordinate system profile corners framing the ma

38、p coordinates of points.</p><p>　　The converted data for China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates, coordinates 1954 Beijing Framing.(2) 1980 Xi'an coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DRG Database Conver

39、sion</p><p>　　Get maps corresponding contour map scale maps corner of the X, Y coordinate shift amount calculation under the shift maps positioning coordinates, modify the header file; and then follow the co

40、ordinates to the 1954 Beijing National Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 1:2.5 -1:10 million DRG database conversion b ~ e steps.</p><p>　　The converted data for China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates,

41、coordinates of Xi'an in 1980, Framing.</p><p>　　3,1:2.5-1:10 million DEM Database Conversion</p><p>　　The original data of 25 meter resolution grayscale (256) raster data, library data, maps

42、 indirect edge processing intact. This data conversion can be in two ways: one is based on the China Geodetic Coordinate System related to layer DLG data (contour lines, elevation points) to re-generate DEM (see DEM dat

43、a production specifications), one is for DEM data conversion. The following are given DEM data conversion methods.</p><p>　　(1) 1954 Beijing coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DEM Database Conversion</p>

44、<p>　　A,in accordance with the scale corresponds to block maps, the need to add the contents of the adjacent side of the addition of a corresponding scale maps;</p><p>　　B,consider the ellipsoid transfo

45、rmation and the corresponding scale maps of the X, Y coordinate translation volume, obtained by X, Y coordinates of corrections;</p><p>　　C,the coordinate correction value maps coordinate translation, the sa

46、me time, the starting coordinates of reference pixel resolution data to determine re-sampling;</p><p>　　D,by 2000 the new national geodetic coordinate system and the overlapping pixel map contour maps crop,

47、change the header file positioning coordinates;</p><p>　　E,modify the meta data related to entry.</p><p>　　(2) 1980 Xi'an coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DEM Database Conversiona</p>&

48、lt;p>　　A,in accordance with the scale corresponds to the corresponding block maps, the need to add the contents of the adjacent side of the addition of a corresponding scale maps;</p><p>　　B,according to

49、the corresponding scale maps of the X, Y coordinate translation capacity for maps coordinate translation and reference pixel resolution to determine the starting coordinates for data re-sampling;</p><p>　　C,

50、according to the 1954 Beijing coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DEM database conversion d, e steps.</p><p>　　4,1:25 million DLG Database Conversion</p><p>　　(1) 1:25 extreme increase of the plane c

51、oordinate shift amount is converted to the corresponding longitude and latitude, or direct access to the corresponding shift amount of economic and maps, latitude shift amount;</p><p>　　(2) The extreme ampli

52、tude by 1:25, latitude shift amount, latitude and longitude data to complete the 1:25 10 000 2000 National Geodetic latitude and longitude coordinate data conversion (1954 Beijing coordinate system taking into account th

53、e need to change and shift ellipsoid volume);</p><p>　　(3) based on 2000 National Geodetic coordinates corresponding to the standard of 1:25 million data profile and Drawing cutting edge of the region maps t

54、he data in the blank area adjacent maps using data added;</p><p>　　(4) data processing, including: graph profile changes, add new grid layer, data editing, data access side, topology reconstruction, data sto

55、rage, etc.;</p><p>　　(5) to change the metadata file.</p><p>　　5,1:25 million DEM Database Conversion</p><p>　　(1) the use of National Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 DLG data layer

56、s corresponding to re-interpolation generated DEM;</p><p>　　(2) changes under the new DEM metadata file.</p><p>　　2. Database established by other means</p><p>　　1, the establishme

57、nt of the graphics database by region</p><p>　　By region (province, region, watershed, etc.) to establish the graphics database (DLG, DEM, DRG), can block the first sub-layer with the completion of conversio

58、n, refer to the above basic geographic information database corresponding scale conversion program converted mosaic synthesis.</p><p>　　1:10 10 000 -1:25 10 000 database, the database conversion program by 1

59、:25 million conversion block by block, then the overall mosaic synthesis; by way of non-Gaussian projection organization, the original latitude and longitude data network 30 '× 30' or 15 '× 15'

60、intersection as the coordinate conversion reference points to calculate the reference points in the China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates graphics using GIS software to correct, complete data conversion.</p>

61、;<p>　　2, according to the linear band graphic database established</p><p>　　By linear bands (state, river, lines, pipes lines, etc.) to establish the graphics database, can be based on the direction

62、of bands, the length of such section were then spliced synthesis; also can strip ground points in a certain density The two sets of coordinates, point by point through the software to correct. Specific methods:</p>

63、<p>　　block to correct: extreme blocks for 1:1, 1:1 million, according to data conversion, followed by side-by-block to correct synthesis; for extremely 1:5 block, according to 1:2.5-1:10 million to correct data c

64、onversion program block by block Edge after synthesis;</p><p>　　corrected point by point: According to data accuracy, the establishment of a certain density (1:1 million 100 MiG outlets, 1:5 million in 2000

65、MiG outlets) of the coordinate conversion reference points to calculate the reference points in the new coordinate system of coordinates, using GIS software for data conversion.</p><p>　　3, no fixed points i

66、ncrease by the establishment of the graphics database partition</p><p>　　Increase by no fixed points to establish the graphical data area, according to coordinates, scale and data subject where the maps, dat

67、a, organization, product type (DLG, DEM, DRG) and so on, refer to the appropriate scale of the conversion program, the implementation of data conversion .</p><p>　　4, DOM Database Conversion</p><p

68、>　　The original data, air or space remote sensing for black and white or color image data, is continuous gray (full color) or RGB (color) raster data, resolution of a number of ways (mainly for topographic mapping 1:5

69、 aerial images of various resolutions, as well as for special survey of 10 meters, 15 meters, 30 meters and so on satellite images). Image data conversion can refer to the following manner.</p><p>　　Has been

70、 organized by the database for processing and handling of the DOM data, DEM data can be used 1:2.5-1:10 million conversion method, it can be used to calculate the effective landscape images of edges of 4 points in 2000,

71、National Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates to reposition way.</p><p>　　Not by the database organization for processing and handling of DOM data can be used 1:2.5-1:10 million DRG data conversion method,

72、 add the new control is no longer the basis of the information.</p><p>　　-30 M 5 m resolution data, be based on the data subject where the 1:25 million maps 1:25 10 000 corresponds to the region to use the i

73、ntegrated maps coordinate corrections; for the resolution of 2 meters to 5 meters in between data is required based on the data subject where the 1:5 million map sheet area in the selection of 1:5 million, corresponding

74、to the integrated maps coordinate corrections; thus determine the respective X, Y direction translation of the coordinates corresponding to the nu</p><p>　　4,1:1 1:5 1 000 million and conversion of basic geo

75、graphic information database</p><p>　　(1)1:1 million and 1:5 1000 grid network coordinate conversion calculation correction</p><p>　　1,1980 Xi'an correct coordinate system coordinate convers

76、ion calculation</p><p>　　Large-scale 1:1 million or more generally by (2 ° × 3 °) to partition, and the outward expansion of each partition is about 20 ', respectively, be calculated by th

77、e partition of the transformation parameters, the method used to determine conversion and conversion models, respectively 1:1 million and 1:5 computing the national grid network in 2000, thousands of national geodetic co

78、ordinate system coordinates of B2000, L2000, and then find the points of Xi'an in 1980 and China Geodetic Coordinate </p><p>　　2,1954 in Beijing coordinates coordinate conversion calculation correction&l

79、t;/p><p>　　Beijing 1954 nationwide coordinate system to the China Geodetic Coordinate System Transformation correction amount calculated using two-step method: first calculating the coordinate system conversio

80、n in 1954 to the 1980 Beijing Xi'an correct amount of coordinate system transformation, followed by calculation of Xi'an in 1980 to the China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates correct amount of change, the

81、final superposition of the two correct coordinate system formed in 1954 to the 2000 Beiji</p><p>　?、?1954 to 1980 in Beijing Xi'an coordinate system coordinate system coordinate conversion calculation co

82、rrection</p><p>　　Old and the new coordinate system (coordinates 1954 and 1980, Beijing Xian coordinate system) of the conversion</p><p>　　Geodetic Coordinate correction calculation formula:<

83、/p><p>　　Where: IAG-75, respectively Crasovschi ellipsoid ellipsoid with a long radius, the first eccentricity squared difference. That ,The various points of Xi'an in 1980, the earth coordinate system coor

84、dinates:</p><p>　　According to conversion, the Gaussian formula for the calculation of the corresponding projection is Gauss plane coordinates.</p><p>　　1:1 million to strike a national network

85、of large-scale conversion of cell volume correction</p><p>　　Calculation of adjustment to correct</p><p>　　1954 Beijing coordinates provided by the results of a large site has not been an overal

86、l adjustment, 1980, Xi'an Great location coordinates provided by the results of the overall adjustment is the result of data, so old and new systems should also consider converting the amount of adjustment to correct

87、 the problem. Comparison of calculated amount of adjustment to correct problems, not some mathematical models, different regions vary considerably amount of adjustment to correct, in some areas of </p><p>　　

88、1:1 million, according to the national grid network of large-scale conversion of correct amount of DX1, DY1 peace differential correction with DX2, DY2 by the following formula in 1954 to the 1980 Beijing Xi'an coord

89、inate system coordinate system coordinate conversion transformation to correct the amount DX, DY.</p><p>　　The DX, DY converted into a large scale of 1:1 million to convert to correct geodetic coordinate gri

90、d network capacity DB5480, DL5480.</p><p>　?、贐eijing 1954, 2000, National Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates to convert coordinate conversion calculation correction</p><p>　　1:1 million to t

91、he national network of large-scale grid coordinates, 1954 to the 1980 Beijing Xi'an coordinate system with the correct amount of DB5480 Xi'an coordinates 1980 to China Geodetic Coordinate System to correct the a

92、mount DB802000 stack, the nation 1:1 million to large scale grid network in 1954 to the 2000 Beijing National Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates transformation coordinate transformation to correct the amount DB542000

93、.</p><p>　　That is DB542000=DB5480+DB802000</p><p>　　DL542000=DL5480+DL802000</p><p>　　(2)1:1 million and 1:5 1000 DLG Database Conversion</p><p>　　Conversion process s

94、hown in Figure 1:</p><p>　　Figure 1 1:5 1000 1:1 million and basic geographic information database conversion technology process</p><p>　　1,1954 in Beijing coordinates of 1:1 million, 1:5 1000 D

95、LG Database Conversion</p><p>　　(1)Each of the four maps chart the amount used to correct contour point coordinate frame of 1954 to the 2000 Beijing National Geodetic Coordinate System Transformation method;

96、</p><p>　　(2) maps the coordinates of each point of correction factors were estimated based on the selected contour maps of the four plan to correct the coordinate volume, by bilinear interpolation methods s

97、uch as computing;</p><p>　　(3) According to the maps four map profile point coordinates and maps to correct amount of points the coordinates of every element correct, calculation of 2000 National Geodetic co

98、ordinates maps four map contour point coordinates and maps of various elements of points coordinates;</p><p>　　(4) and the stitching around the maps;</p><p>　　(5) in accordance with the 2000 Nat

99、ional Geodetic coordinates corresponding to 1:1 million, 1:5 standard framing thousand kilometers of grid computing new data that add the 2000 National Geodetic coordinates of km of new grid layer;</p><p>　　

100、(6) complete graph profile changes, data editing, changing with Edge, topology reconstruction;</p><p>　　(7) of the spatial database metadata associated changes entries;</p><p>　　(8) data storage