模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、<p>　　The mold designing and manufacturing</p><p>　　The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manuf

2、acturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then d

3、rives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three in</p><p>　　Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but com

4、pares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cyc

5、le and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .</p><p>　　The Chinese mo

6、ld industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the e

7、nterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis a

8、nd the structure improvement, the multi-purpos</p><p>　　The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was

9、complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized m

10、old factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The join</p><p>　　Although our country mold total quantity had at present ac

11、hieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. Th

12、e current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:</p><p>　　(1) The total quantity falls short of demand </p><p>　　Domestic mold assembling one rate only

13、, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.</p><p>　　(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the impor

14、t and export structure does not gather</p><p>　　in our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles on

15、eself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization

16、form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts </p><p>　　(3) The mold product level greatly i

17、s lower than the international standard</p><p>　　The production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on

18、surface roughness, life and structure.</p><p>　　(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low</p><p>　　The lev

19、el is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overs

20、eas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type managemen

21、t with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the mo</p><p>　　To create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product wh

22、ich should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .</p><p>　　(1) Country to mold industry policy support dyna

23、mics also insufficiently</p><p>　　Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enj

24、oyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have

25、 to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately opera</p><p>　　(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the tech

26、nical attack investment too urine </p><p>　　mold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person whic

27、h and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes ins

28、ufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the univer</p><p>　　(3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low.

29、 Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although

30、the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so o</p><p>

31、;　　(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation ability </p><p>　　Because receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago,

32、 mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce use

33、s for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter u</p><p>　　(5)

34、 To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fall </p><p>　　The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the

35、 life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhan

36、cement.</p><p>　　At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the

37、 good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gr

38、adually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold p</p><p>　　The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer

39、, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to large

40、r-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly redu</p><p>　　Mold profession in "

41、;十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough

42、 </p><p>　　Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity mo

43、re and more big, the specification more and more is also high.</p><p>　　Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-te

44、ch content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. Standard

45、letter type, quantity, level and the production of the mold have significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some</p><p><b>　　模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造</b></p><p>　　模具是

46、制造業(yè)的重要工藝基礎(chǔ)，在我國模具制造屬于專用設(shè)備制造業(yè)。中國雖然很早就開始制造模具和使用模具，但長期未形成產(chǎn)業(yè)。直到20世紀(jì)80年代后期，中國模具工業(yè)才駛?cè)氚l(fā)展的快車道。近年，不僅國有模具企業(yè)有了很大發(fā)展，三資企業(yè)、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)（個(gè)體）模具企業(yè)的發(fā)展也相當(dāng)迅速。 雖然中國模具工業(yè)發(fā)展迅速，但與需求相比，顯然供不應(yīng)求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具領(lǐng)域。由于在模具精度、壽命、制造周期及生產(chǎn)能力等方面，中國與國際平均水平和發(fā)

47、達(dá)國家仍有較大差距，因此，每年需要大量進(jìn)口模具。 中國模具產(chǎn)業(yè)除了要繼續(xù)提高生產(chǎn)能力，今后更要著重于行業(yè)內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整和技術(shù)發(fā)展水平的提高。結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整方面，主要是企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)向?qū)I(yè)化調(diào)整，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)向著中高檔模具發(fā)展，向進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu)的改進(jìn)，中高檔汽車覆蓋件模具成形分析及結(jié)構(gòu)改進(jìn)、多功能復(fù)合模具和復(fù)合加工及激光技術(shù)在模具設(shè)計(jì)制造上的應(yīng)用、高速切削、超精加工及拋光技術(shù)、信息化方向發(fā)展。 近年，模具行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和體制改革步伐加大，主

48、要表現(xiàn)在，大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命、中高檔模具及模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件發(fā)展速度高于一般模具產(chǎn)品；塑料模和壓鑄模比例增大；專業(yè)模</p><p>　　（1）總量供不應(yīng)求，國內(nèi)模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低檔模具供過于求，中高檔模具自配率只有50%左右。 </p><p>　?。?）企業(yè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)和進(jìn)出口結(jié)構(gòu)均不合理 。我國模具生產(chǎn)廠中多數(shù)是自產(chǎn)自配的工模具車間（分廠），自產(chǎn)自配比例高

49、達(dá)60%左右，而國外模具超過70%屬商品模具。專業(yè)模具廠大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的組織形式，而國外大多是“小而?！?、“小而精”。國內(nèi)大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命的模具占總量比例不足30%，而國外在50%以上。2004年，模具進(jìn)出口之比為3.7:1，進(jìn)出口相抵后的凈進(jìn)口額達(dá)13.2億美元，為世界模具凈進(jìn)口量最大的國家。</p><p>　?。?）模具產(chǎn)品水平大大低于國際水平，生產(chǎn)周期卻高于國際水平 產(chǎn)品水平低主要表

50、現(xiàn)在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、壽命及結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。 </p><p>　?。?）開發(fā)能力較差，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益欠佳，我國模具企業(yè)技術(shù)人員比例低，水平較低，且不重視產(chǎn)品開發(fā)，在市場中經(jīng)常處于被動(dòng)地位。我國每個(gè)模具職工平均年創(chuàng)造產(chǎn)值約合1萬美元，國外模具工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家大多是15～20萬美元，有的高達(dá)25～30萬美元，與之相對的是我國相當(dāng)一部分模具企業(yè)還沿用過去作坊式管理，真正實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化企業(yè)管理的企業(yè)較少。</p>

51、<p>　　造成上述差距的原因很多，除了歷史上模具作為產(chǎn)品長期未得到應(yīng)有的重視，以及多數(shù)國有企業(yè)機(jī)制不能適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)之外，還有下列幾個(gè)原因： </p><p>　?。?）國家對模具工業(yè)的政策支持力度還不夠，雖然國家已經(jīng)明確頒布了模具行業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)政策，但配套政策少，執(zhí)行力度弱。目前享受模具產(chǎn)品增值稅的企業(yè)全國只有185家，大多數(shù)企業(yè)仍舊稅負(fù)過重。模具企業(yè)進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造引進(jìn)設(shè)備要繳納相當(dāng)數(shù)量的稅金，影響技術(shù)進(jìn)

52、步，而且民營企業(yè)貸款十分困難。 </p><p>　　（2）人才嚴(yán)重不足，科研開發(fā)及技術(shù)攻關(guān)投入太少，模具行業(yè)是技術(shù)、資金、勞動(dòng)密集的產(chǎn)業(yè)，隨著時(shí)代的進(jìn)步和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，掌握并且熟練運(yùn)用新技術(shù)的人才異常短缺，高級模具鉗工及企業(yè)管理人才也非常緊張。由于模具企業(yè)效益欠佳及對科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)重視不夠，科研單位和大專院校的眼睛盯著創(chuàng)收，導(dǎo)致模具行業(yè)在科研開發(fā)和技術(shù)攻關(guān)方面投入太少，致使模具技術(shù)發(fā)展步伐不大，進(jìn)展不快。 &

53、lt;/p><p>　　（3）工藝裝備水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，近年來我國機(jī)床行業(yè)進(jìn)步較快，已能提供比較成套的高精度加工設(shè)備，但與國外裝備相比，仍有較大差距。雖然國內(nèi)許多企業(yè)已引進(jìn)許多國外先進(jìn)設(shè)備，但總體的裝備水平比國外許多企業(yè)低很多。由于體制和資金等方面的原因，引進(jìn)設(shè)備不配套，設(shè)備與附件不配套現(xiàn)象十分普遍，設(shè)備利用率低的問題長期得不到較妥善的解決。 </p><p>　?。?）專業(yè)化、

54、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、商品化程度低，協(xié)作能力差，由于長期以來受“大而全”“小而全”影響，模具專業(yè)化水平低，專業(yè)分工不細(xì)致，商品化程度低。目前國內(nèi)每年生產(chǎn)的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余為自產(chǎn)自用。模具企業(yè)之間協(xié)作不暢，難以完成較大規(guī)模的模具成套任務(wù)。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平低，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率低也對模具質(zhì)量、成本有較大影響，特別是對模具制造周期有很大影響。 </p><p>　　（5）模具材料及模具相關(guān)技術(shù)落后，模具材料性能、質(zhì)

55、量和品種問題往往會(huì)影響模具質(zhì)量、壽命及成本，國產(chǎn)模具鋼與國外進(jìn)口鋼材相比有較大差距。塑料、板材、設(shè)備性能差，也直接影響模具水平的提高。</p><p>　　目前，我國經(jīng)濟(jì)仍處于高速發(fā)展階段，國際上經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展趨勢日趨明顯，這為我國模具工業(yè)高速發(fā)展提供了良好的條件和機(jī)遇。一方面，國內(nèi)模具市場將繼續(xù)高速發(fā)展，另一方面，模具制造也逐漸向我國轉(zhuǎn)移以及跨國集團(tuán)到我國進(jìn)行模具采購趨向也十分明顯。因此，放眼未來，國際、國內(nèi)的

56、模具市場總體發(fā)展趨勢前景看好，預(yù)計(jì)中國模具將在良好的市場環(huán)境下得到高速發(fā)展，我國不但會(huì)成為模具大國，而且一定逐步向模具制造強(qiáng)國的行列邁進(jìn)?！笆晃濉逼陂g，中國模具工業(yè)水平不僅在量和質(zhì)的方面有很大提高，而且行業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品水平、開發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力、企業(yè)的體制與機(jī)制以及技術(shù)進(jìn)步的方面也會(huì)取得較大發(fā)展。 模具技術(shù)集合了機(jī)械、電子、化學(xué)、光學(xué)、材料、計(jì)算機(jī)、精密監(jiān)測和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)等諸多學(xué)科，是一個(gè)綜合性多學(xué)科的系統(tǒng)工程。模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢主要是模

57、具產(chǎn)品向著更大型、更精密、更復(fù)雜及更經(jīng)濟(jì)的方向發(fā)展，模具產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)含量不斷提高，模具制造周期不斷縮短，模具生產(chǎn)朝著信息化、無圖化、精細(xì)化、自動(dòng)化的方向發(fā)展，模具企業(yè)向著技術(shù)集成化、設(shè)備精良化、產(chǎn)批品牌化、管理信息化、經(jīng)營國際化的方向發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　模具行業(yè)在“十一五”期間需要解決的重點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)應(yīng)是模具信息化、數(shù)字化技術(shù)和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技術(shù)方面的突破，隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)總量和工業(yè)產(chǎn)品技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)

58、展，各行各業(yè)對模具的需求量越來越大，技術(shù)要求也越來越高。雖然模具種類繁多，但其發(fā)展重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是既能滿足大量需要，又有較高技術(shù)含量，特別是目前國內(nèi)尚不能自給，需大量進(jìn)口的模具和能代表發(fā)展方向的大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命模具。模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的種類、數(shù)量、水平、生產(chǎn)集中度等對整個(gè)模具行業(yè)的發(fā)展有重大影響。因此，一些重要的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件也必須重點(diǎn)發(fā)展，而且其發(fā)展速度應(yīng)快于模具的發(fā)展速度，這樣才能不斷提高我國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化水平，從而提高模具質(zhì)量，縮短模具生產(chǎn)周期