機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯---往復(fù)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　外文翻譯原文：</b></p><p>　　The Reciprocating Engine</p><p>　　My Internet research eventually led me to the American Stirling Com

2、pany．While cruising their website for engine kits I ran across，an ad that said they wanted a technical writer who would trade some writing of instructional material and plans for engine kits．I shot them a quick email．I a

3、m a technical writer in my day job，and I write instructional material for computer software．Now that I was designing my own Stirling engines，I thought I would be a perfect match for them!Well，I didn’t end up worki</p&

4、gt;<p>　　few conversations with the owner of the company I was on a mission to complete my quest for a hand built LTD Stirling engine，and I was going to write a book about it at the same time．</p><p>

5、　　Brent Van Arsdell of The American Stirling Company was very helpful．He gave me some very good advice about how to increase the efficiency of my engine designs．He knew a lot a bout friction．He knew how to calculate its

6、impact，and how to overcome some of the problems it can cause．He didn’t really need a technical writer any more，but he did offer me some great encouragement on my efforts to design an efficient hand built engine．He sugges

7、ted that if I could build a Stirling engine that met these cri</p><p>　　·The engine had to run from the heat of a warm hand．</p><p>　　·The engine had to be made from common materials t

8、hat would be easy for anyone to obtain．</p><p>　　· It had to be affordable to build．</p><p>　　· It had to be built without the aid of a machine shop．I could only use the kinds of too

9、ls that most folks already have in their garage．</p><p>　　I stumbled across the website of an engineer in France who was working on a similar project．The only problem was the website was entirely in French!I

10、 had a brief email exchange with the author and asked him if his website was available i n English．He replied?！癝orry．no．It is hard enough to explain in French!</p><p>　　But I gleaned a lot of helpful hints f

11、rom his pictures and from his text，thanks in part to tools like the Google Translator．My previous design attempt had been troubled by friction and by pressure leaks．With gems of wisdom from Brent and some neat tricks on

12、the French site 1 was able to create a design that reduced the number of friction points and eliminated the pressure leaks．My first original Stirling engine was born!The first design was a reciprocating engine．That means

13、 the flywheel does not</p><p>　　direction，but rocks back and forth as it runs．It is efficient enough to run from the heat of my hand．</p><p>　　And remember，I constructed the engine you see here

14、 (and several others) while</p><p>　　recovering from back surgery．I was under Dr.’S orders to not bend over，don’t lift</p><p>　　anything more than 10 pounds，and don’t pick up anything off of

15、the floor．Those</p><p>　　restrictions presented some interesting challenges．Especially when tiny parts would</p><p>　　jump off the table and land on the floor．</p><p>　　I took ove

16、r half the dining room table for this project，which is where most of my</p><p>　　assembly work was done．There were just a few times I felt it was better to move into</p><p>　　the shop for a cons

17、truction step．All of my tools and materials fit in a medium sized</p><p>　　storage tub for those times when the table was needed for more mundane thinks，Like eating．</p><p>　　You may recall that

18、 before I ventured near the LTD engine designs，I started by first building a pop can Stirling engine．Building a pop can Stirling engine is a great way to start，and I highly recommend it．The most popular set of plans on t

19、he Internet are posted by the Stephen F．Austin State University in East Texas．You may be able to find the plans if you search the web for " SFA Stirling Engine Project". The pop can engine is easy to build and

20、is a very forgiving design．It will teach you how th</p><p>　　giving you lots of success．</p><p>　　My early efforts with the pop can engine and my first attempt at an LTD design taught me several

21、 important lessons that went into the design of the three engines here：</p><p>　　· Friction is the enemy．The more moving parts you have，the more friction you have．</p><p>　　·Pressure

22、leaks have a high impact on LTD designs．The point where the displacer shaft enters the pressure chamber in a traditional Stirling engine creates friction and a leak．Both contribute to a loss of power．</p><p>

23、;　　·Precision is required，especially at the sliding points like pistons and the displacer pushrod gland．</p><p>　　· Balance is critical．An out of balance flywheel consumes more energy than it prov

24、ides，and balancing them is not as easy as one first thinks．</p><p>　　· Best of all，I learned the Stirling cycle．</p><p>　　I learned friction is the enemy．Every point where 2 moving parts t

25、ouch is a friction point．Even though my friction appeared to be non—existent，it wasn’t．The piston arrangement on the Coffee Cup Engine worked，but it had some friction．And the displacer pushrod made noise as it passed in

26、and out of the pressure，chamber gland．I knew noise comes from vibration，and vibration comes from friction．</p><p>　　Some of the first flywheels I made would spin freely on their bearings for 4 or 5 seconds a

27、nd appeared to be working well．I didn’t realize how much friction was present until I created my first flywheel on averticalaxle and gave it a spin．I could get it to coast for about 2 minutes!In the micro—horsepower worl

28、d of model Stirling engines it takes only a small amount of friction to have a huge impact on performance．</p><p>　　I learned pressure leaks will rob you of precious power．A tiny pressure leak will help a St

29、irling engine "equalize"to match the changing barometric pressure，or help it bleed off a little excess pressure as the average temperature rises in the engine．But with that advantage comes a loss of power．My li

30、ttle engine needed all the power it could muster，especially for the lower temperature differentials I wanted it to run on．Some miniscule pressure leaks seemed impossible to avoid，such as where a movi</p><p>

31、　　I learned that balance is a difficult science．A typical design has a rotating flywheel that lifts the displacer up and down．You add a little weight to one side of the flywheel in order to compensate for the weight of t

32、he displacer．You place the weight opposite of the load so that when the displacer is moving up，the counterbalance is moving down．This makes the displacer motion almost effortless．I have used this technique to successfull

33、y reduce vibration and wobble，but I have never been able to co</p><p>　　it．I needed to create a design that did not require the flywheel to lift anything．If it wasn’t lifting anything，balance would not be a

34、problem．</p><p>　　So now the challenge is to apply these lessons to the building of an LTD engine．Lower temperature differential means this engine will have less power than the pop can engine．This means it w

35、ill have to have more precision，less friction，and a straightforward application of the Stirling cycle．And I have to do this without the aid of a machine shop!</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯中文：</b></p>&

36、lt;p><b>　　往復(fù)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)</b></p><p>　　我對(duì)于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的研究，最終導(dǎo)致我進(jìn)入了美國(guó)斯特林公司。而當(dāng)我看到一個(gè)巡航網(wǎng)站引擎的時(shí)候，我看到一個(gè)廣告，說(shuō)他們想要一個(gè)專業(yè)作家會(huì)寫一些教學(xué)材料和計(jì)劃引擎之類的東西。我很快的給他們發(fā)了一封電子郵件。我每天的工作就是技術(shù)研究，和我寫的教學(xué)材料的計(jì)算機(jī)軟件。 現(xiàn)在我在設(shè)計(jì)我自己的斯特林的引擎，我認(rèn)為我跟他們將是一個(gè)完美的絕配！好吧

37、，我最終并沒(méi)能為他們工作，但經(jīng)過(guò)幾次和公司的老板的交談，我的使命是要完成我的任務(wù)一手建立有限公司斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，我準(zhǔn)備寫一本關(guān)于它的書在同一時(shí)間。</p><p>　　布蘭特·凡對(duì)于美國(guó)斯特林公司是很有幫助的。他給了我一些非常好的建議就如何提高我的最新設(shè)計(jì)的效率。他對(duì)于摩擦了解得很多。他知道如何計(jì)算它的影響，以及如何克服一些問(wèn)題，它能使他不真實(shí)。他并不真正需要的任何一個(gè)技術(shù)作家，但他給我很大的鼓勵(lì)讓我努力

38、設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)有效的系統(tǒng)建立引擎。他建議，如果我能建造斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，并且符合這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，它將是一本偉大的暢銷書。這是我的設(shè)計(jì)所做的了：</p><p>　　·引擎運(yùn)行必須從溫?zé)岬氖譄徇M(jìn)行。</p><p>　　·發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)必須是普通的材料，這樣任何人都能輕松獲得。</p><p>　　·它的建立必須負(fù)擔(dān)得起。</p><p>

39、;　　·它必須建立的援助沒(méi)有一個(gè)商店。我只可以使用里面的工具，而是大多數(shù)人已經(jīng)在他們的車庫(kù)。</p><p>　　我偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站工程師在法國(guó)進(jìn)行了類似的項(xiàng)目。唯一的問(wèn)題是，該網(wǎng)站是完全在法國(guó)！我有發(fā)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的電子郵件與作者交流，問(wèn)他如果他的網(wǎng)站提供者是英國(guó)人會(huì)怎么樣。他回答：“對(duì)不起，這在法國(guó)是難以解釋的?。　?lt;/p><p>　　但我收集了很多有用的提示，從他的照片，從他的文字

40、，部分由于工具如谷歌翻譯。我以前的設(shè)計(jì)嘗試已受到摩擦和壓力泄漏的困擾。與智慧的寶石從布蘭特和一些技巧在法國(guó)網(wǎng)站是能設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)紅探討一些摩擦點(diǎn)和消除壓力泄漏。我的第一個(gè)原始斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是天生的！第一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)往復(fù)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。這意味著飛輪旋轉(zhuǎn)不連續(xù)在同一方向，但可以繞著來(lái)回跑。它可以從我的手熱所提供的效率。</p><p>　　但是請(qǐng)記住，我構(gòu)建引擎你從這里看（或者其他）顯然是從背部下手的。我是對(duì)在醫(yī)生的命令下不能彎

41、腰，不提任何超過(guò)10磅，而且不接地板上的東西限制的人提出了一些有趣的挑戰(zhàn)。尤其是當(dāng)微小的部分會(huì)跳下桌子，落在地板上的時(shí)候。</p><p>　　我花了一半以上的餐桌的時(shí)間，為了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目，這時(shí)候我的大多數(shù)裝配工作已經(jīng)完成了。有幾次，我覺得這是為了更好地進(jìn)入商店，為建設(shè)關(guān)鍵一步。我所有的工具和材料，適合裝在一個(gè)中等大小的存儲(chǔ)桶的時(shí)候被需要更多的世俗認(rèn)為，那是喜歡吃。</p><p>　　你可能

42、還記得之前我冒險(xiǎn)靠近發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)有限公司，那是我第一次開始建立一個(gè)易拉罐斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。建設(shè)一個(gè)易拉罐的斯特林是一個(gè)偉大的開始方式，我要高度推薦它。目前最流行的一套計(jì)劃是在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上張貼的由史蒂夫奧斯汀州立大學(xué)在東德克薩斯的研究。其實(shí)你也可以的，如果你能在網(wǎng)上搜索“國(guó)家林業(yè)局斯特靈項(xiàng)目”并且找到計(jì)劃。易拉罐引擎是很容易建立，也是一個(gè)非常寬容的設(shè)計(jì)。它會(huì)教你如何在斯特林周期中取得更多的成功。</p><p>　　我用易拉

43、罐引擎和我第一次嘗試在一個(gè)公司設(shè)計(jì)的早期努力的告訴我，到這里三個(gè)引擎的設(shè)計(jì)的幾個(gè)重要的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)：</p><p>　　·摩擦是敵人。你有更多的移動(dòng)部件，你就會(huì)有更多的摩擦。</p><p>　　·壓力泄漏由一個(gè)很有影響力的有限公司設(shè)計(jì)。點(diǎn)的位移隨著軸進(jìn)入壓力室在斯特林傳統(tǒng)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生摩擦和泄漏。既有助于功率損耗。</p><p>　　·

44、精度要求，特別是在滑動(dòng)點(diǎn)像活塞推桿腺和浮筒。</p><p>　　·平衡是至關(guān)重要的。一個(gè)不平衡的飛輪會(huì)消耗更多的能量比起它所提供的，而且平衡是他們最不容易第一個(gè)想到的。</p><p>　　·最重要的是，我學(xué)會(huì)了斯特林周期。</p><p>　　我學(xué)會(huì)了摩擦是敵人。每一個(gè)點(diǎn)的2個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件都是接觸摩擦點(diǎn)。雖然我認(rèn)為我的摩擦似乎是不存在的，它并不是

45、活塞安排在咖啡杯上發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作，但也有一些摩擦。和浮筒推桿了噪聲通過(guò)進(jìn)出的壓力，室腺。我知道噪聲來(lái)源于振動(dòng)，振動(dòng)摩擦產(chǎn)生的。</p><p>　　一些的，我做了4或5秒鐘，自由旋轉(zhuǎn)軸承，飛輪要努力工作不知道有多少摩擦，直到我創(chuàng)建我的第一個(gè)飛輪，并給它一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)我能得到它向海岸約2分鐘！在模型斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的微馬力的世界里，它只需少量的摩擦，就會(huì)對(duì)性能有巨大的影響。</p><p>　　我學(xué)會(huì)了

46、壓力泄漏會(huì)搶你的寶貴力量。微小的漏洞將幫助斯特林發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)“平衡”變化的壓力，或幫助它釋放一點(diǎn)多余的壓力使平均溫度升高的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。但這一優(yōu)勢(shì)來(lái)自權(quán)力的損失。我的小引擎所需要的一切能量會(huì)鼓起，尤其是在較低的溫度差的條件下。一些微小的壓力泄漏似乎無(wú)法避免，比如一個(gè)移動(dòng)軸必須可以通過(guò)壓力室的壁。我最終找到了一個(gè)方法，使用磁鐵取代，所以現(xiàn)在我的兩個(gè)壓力室是完全密封的。</p><p>　　我了解到這種平衡是一門困難的科學(xué)。一個(gè)

47、典型的設(shè)計(jì)有一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)的飛輪，升降機(jī)隨浮筒上下。你增加一點(diǎn)體重使飛輪的一側(cè)為補(bǔ)償?shù)闹亓康母⊥?。你把重量的?fù)荷，在浮筒上移動(dòng)，這個(gè)平衡將會(huì)向下移動(dòng)。這使浮筒運(yùn)動(dòng)幾乎不費(fèi)吹灰之力。我已經(jīng)用這種技術(shù)成功地減少振動(dòng)和擺動(dòng)，但我從來(lái)沒(méi)有能夠完全消除它。我需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)，不需要飛輪舉任何東西。如果不是取消的話，就不會(huì)是一個(gè)平衡問(wèn)題。</p><p>　　所以現(xiàn)在的挑戰(zhàn)是如何運(yùn)用這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)，建立一個(gè)較低的溫度差的有限公司的發(fā)