工程中的微型計(jì)算機(jī)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　外 文 專 業(yè) 文 章 翻 譯</p><p><b>　　指導(dǎo)老師： </b></p><p><b>　　姓 名： </b></p><p><b>　　工程中的微型計(jì)算機(jī)</b></p><p>　　在過去 25 年間,許多新的計(jì)算機(jī)功能已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)

2、換為實(shí)踐社會和行為研究, 計(jì)算機(jī)在每個方面之內(nèi)對于社會研究來說發(fā)揮了巨大的作用。 包括許多對以前來說不太可能工作，如文本的分析和一些以前不能做到的分析,而這些在數(shù)年以前是不可能完成的。</p><p>　　當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入新的世紀(jì)時候 , 社會科學(xué)的水平急劇地加速。直到 19世紀(jì)80 年代早期因?yàn)閮r格和當(dāng)時主流的社會科學(xué)家開始打算獲得新型的計(jì)算機(jī)的原因，所以導(dǎo)致普通的微型計(jì)算機(jī)的性能的發(fā)展。這個主意是明顯的因?yàn)槠渌脑?/p>

3、因, 但是無論如何它是情緒的反應(yīng)，沒有人宣稱不需要的學(xué)習(xí)更多有關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)的知識。唯一的主要不合適是在人們明確地的基礎(chǔ)上為了要快速地發(fā)展計(jì)算機(jī)而要避免荒廢的技術(shù)。</p><p>　　為了要確定多少學(xué)問才是被科學(xué)家認(rèn)可的平均量科學(xué)家需要新的微型計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù),許多社會的研究員開始找尋一個原始資料幫助找出其中原因，而且使用的主要方法是使用計(jì)算機(jī)。 這就是我們這本書發(fā)表的原因。其他的書籍已經(jīng)在社會科學(xué)的計(jì)算機(jī)上寫出，但是他們

4、容易偏向軟件的編程的特性應(yīng)用。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)70年代的微型計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展引起了工程設(shè)計(jì)的一場革命。在19世紀(jì)之初的工業(yè)革命宣布了用機(jī)械工具代替繁重的體力勞動的機(jī)器有了進(jìn)展。但除了少數(shù)例外，這些機(jī)器需要人的操作管理，這是因?yàn)榭刂七@種機(jī)械的動力的問題并不都是簡明的。</p><p>　　在20世紀(jì)，出現(xiàn)了許多種基于電子、機(jī)械、液壓和流體原理的自動控制系統(tǒng)。由于系統(tǒng)中的每一元件通常對

5、系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)只起單一確定的功能，各種類型系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)是相似的。</p><p>　　微型計(jì)算機(jī)代表了一種根本不同的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)方法。其物理形式是非常簡單可靠的，包括一些通用元件，通過編程取得所需的系統(tǒng)功能?？刂瞥绦虻脑O(shè)計(jì)必須給與系統(tǒng)所需的功能作用，它像其他工程類型一樣包含“元件”和“組件”。程序或軟件，如同物理硬件形成的工程系統(tǒng)，但如果設(shè)計(jì)正確，是不易出問題的。</p><p>　　可編程

6、系統(tǒng)的設(shè)想很早以前就有了，電子計(jì)算機(jī)已使用了幾十年。但是，它的應(yīng)用得益于大規(guī)模集成電路-硅片的發(fā)展，從而使生產(chǎn)的計(jì)算機(jī)變得足夠的便宜、耐用且可靠，能夠以部件的形式綜合到工程設(shè)計(jì)中去。軟件設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)對計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家來說已是十分清楚的，而且并不奇怪好的工程設(shè)計(jì)和“軟件工程”是好的工程設(shè)計(jì)的基本條件，我們會看到使用軟件的工程設(shè)計(jì)使系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)比使用更常規(guī)的方法更為簡便。</p><p>　　正是由于電子器件技術(shù)的發(fā)展和計(jì)算機(jī)技

7、術(shù)發(fā)展的綜合產(chǎn)生了微型計(jì)算機(jī)。這些技術(shù)“匯集起來”形成了今天的電子工業(yè)。</p><p>　　從計(jì)算機(jī)到微型計(jì)算機(jī)</p><p>　　盡管最早的計(jì)算機(jī)先于電子學(xué)好幾十年，電子工業(yè)的發(fā)展是計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。事實(shí)上，對“第一臺計(jì)算機(jī)”的代表的選擇主要取決于我們將何種東西看作是計(jì)算機(jī)，例如一種計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工具，算盤，在古代就已被人所知了。</p><p>　　布萊斯帕斯卡

8、于1642年發(fā)明第一臺真正的計(jì)算器；這是包含一組齒輪傳動輪的純機(jī)械裝置，齒輪的分布使任何一齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)一周就驅(qū)動其緊鄰的齒輪向左旋轉(zhuǎn)十分之一周。在19世紀(jì)前半葉，巴貝奇由機(jī)械技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)了可編程計(jì)算機(jī)器，盡管我們今天知道這些計(jì)算機(jī)是不實(shí)用的，因?yàn)橐ㄔ焖麄冃枰芫?xì)的工程。20世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)了電機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī)，開發(fā)用于諸如密碼破譯、槍的瞄準(zhǔn)等特殊的軍事任務(wù)，但是這些機(jī)器速度不高，并迅速被使用熱離子管的全電子設(shè)計(jì)所取代。</p><p&g

9、t;　　二次大戰(zhàn)后，民用的計(jì)算機(jī)被開發(fā)來作為一種商務(wù)的科學(xué)用途的大型昂貴的執(zhí)行算術(shù)運(yùn)算的機(jī)器。熱離子管的功耗和使用的不可靠限制了計(jì)算機(jī)的使用，直至晶體管的出現(xiàn)取代了熱離子管，而且新的信息存儲技術(shù)的采用使得生產(chǎn)的計(jì)算機(jī)更小更強(qiáng)大。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)60年代目睹了小型計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，這種計(jì)算機(jī)很小并且價格低廉至幾千英鎊，所以可以被較大數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)并用于工業(yè)控制和實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器。當(dāng)集成電路被采用時，小型計(jì)算機(jī)就變得更

10、為便宜。隨著這些電路變得更加復(fù)雜，建造功能化計(jì)算機(jī)所需要的集成電路數(shù)量則下降，直至可能只用一塊或兩塊印刷電路板構(gòu)成小型計(jì)算機(jī)，這些小型計(jì)算機(jī)使得在設(shè)計(jì)、開發(fā)和委托加工工具有大量電子邏輯的方案時，所需的時間就大為減少。</p><p>　　集成電路技術(shù)的更新發(fā)展促使了微型計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，也就是用相對較少量的集成電路元件構(gòu)成了小計(jì)算機(jī)。事實(shí)上一個完整的計(jì)算機(jī)可用一個芯片做出。在任一計(jì)算機(jī)中，其核心是中央處理器即CPU，

11、而微型計(jì)算機(jī)的核心是微處理器或MPU，它是用一個硅片制成的CPU。它的處理能力比早先的巨大芯片還要強(qiáng)，并且對僅僅作為另一種工程部件來說，已足夠強(qiáng)大。</p><p>　　微型計(jì)算機(jī)被設(shè)想為能以非常靈活的方式進(jìn)行編程的裝置，通過一組電子指令清單就能給出幾乎任何所希望的功效。使用計(jì)算機(jī)會涉及在生成指令清單時的編程技巧以及常用的電子和機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)。正如它的名字所指示的，微型計(jì)算機(jī)以常用計(jì)算機(jī)十分相同的方法組成；事實(shí)上，

12、它可看作是從最早的計(jì)算機(jī)“進(jìn)化”的“自然”結(jié)果。</p><p><b>　　微型計(jì)算機(jī)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)</b></p><p>　　第一個優(yōu)點(diǎn)已經(jīng)提到過了，就是電子系統(tǒng)的大規(guī)模集成已經(jīng)降低了所用的元件數(shù)量，促使系統(tǒng)的總體可靠性的提高和裝配費(fèi)用的降低。由于大規(guī)模集成引起的尺寸減小意味著基于微型計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)備功能通常要小得多，輕的多，并且比用舊技術(shù)制成的設(shè)備要更為強(qiáng)大。</

13、p><p>　　由于微型計(jì)算機(jī)是通用設(shè)備，能夠大量的從生產(chǎn)線上產(chǎn)生，所以與構(gòu)成同樣復(fù)雜性系統(tǒng)的常規(guī)方法相比，會使單位成本低得多。這種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化可擴(kuò)大到安裝集成電路的印刷電路，這樣就能以相當(dāng)合理的價格購到用單位印數(shù)電路板形成的非常復(fù)雜的微型計(jì)算機(jī)的微機(jī)系統(tǒng)。而且標(biāo)準(zhǔn)元件的使用使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試附件在故障診斷中的應(yīng)用成為可能。</p><p>　　是程序限定了微機(jī)化系統(tǒng)的功能，通常也正是在這個程序環(huán)境下，大多

14、數(shù)的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)得以開展。在軟件工程設(shè)計(jì)中，工程師會遇到許多熟悉的概念，例如模塊設(shè)計(jì)的重要性，以及可測試性和可維護(hù)性設(shè)計(jì)的必要性。事實(shí)上，假如某些系統(tǒng)錯誤可被設(shè)計(jì)者所預(yù)見，微機(jī)在系統(tǒng)中的存在就使得錯誤查找問題變得容易，這些因?yàn)槲C(jī)可用來診斷錯誤的確切性。但是，基于時間的錯誤是不容易探測的，這些錯誤可能要運(yùn)行許多小時后才會變得清楚。</p><p>　　到此，微機(jī)看起來給了工程人員某些萬靈藥，但是不幸得是在使用微機(jī)時也

15、會引發(fā)某些不利因素。首先是純電子系統(tǒng)仍具有吸引力；微機(jī)邏輯比硬件連接的電子邏輯大約慢100倍。在許多應(yīng)用中，例如具有機(jī)械接口的場合，這是不重要的，因?yàn)轫憫?yīng)速度是由外部因素而不是微機(jī)本身速度所限制的。</p><p>　　在不良的微機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，錯誤的查找問題就更加嚴(yán)重。這種錯誤可能存在于電子硬件中，或者是由于編程錯誤，而涉及硬軟件交互的錯誤則特別難以克服。常用的錯誤查找技術(shù)和儀器，如示波器，常常對他們無能為力，但幸運(yùn)

16、的是用于錯誤定位和辨別的方法已經(jīng)被開發(fā)出來。</p><p><b>　　附錄：英文原件</b></p><p>　　Microcomputer in engineering</p><p>　　During the past 25 years many new computer capabilities have transformed th

17、e practice of social and behavioral research, Computer continue to be drawn into every facet of social research. including such unlikely tasks as textual analysis and field note-taking, which were totally untouched by co

18、mputers only a few years ago.</p><p>　　This transformation of the social sciences dramatically accelerated when we entered the new century. It was not until the early 1980s that the price and performance of

19、the average microcomputer had evolved to the point when typical social scientists began to comtenpalte acquiring desktop computers. Such idear was more obtrsive for some than for others, but whatever the emotional reac

20、tion, no one claim ed immunity from the need to learn more about computers. The only major disagreement was over</p><p>　　In order to decide how much learning is needed by the average social scientist to har

21、ness the power of the new microcomputer technology, many social researchers began looking for a sourcebook to help locate and evalutate the principal ways computers can be used. It is this need to which we address this b

22、ook .Other books have been written on computers in the social sciences, but they tend to merely explain how specific soft ware is used.</p><p>　　The development of the microcomputer during the 1970s brought

23、about a revolution in engineering design. The industrial revolution at the turn of the nineteenth century heralded the development of machines which could replace physical drudgery by mechanical means. Apart from a few e

24、xceptions, however, these machines required manual supervision because the problem of controlling this mechanical power was not at all straightforward.</p><p>　　Many types of automatic control systems have a

25、ppeared during the twentieth century, based on electronic, mechanical, hydraulic, and fluidic principles. In each case the design techniques have been similar because each component of the system usually contributes a si

26、ngle well defined function to the system behavior.</p><p>　　The microcomputer represents a fundamentally different approach to the design of a system. Its physical form is quite simple and reliable, consisti

27、ng of a few general-purpose elements which can be programmed to make the system function as required. It is the controlling program which must be designed to give the system the required behavior, and which will contain

28、components and “subassemblies” just like any other kind of engineering. The program, or software, is just of the engineered system as</p><p>　　The idea of programmed systems is not new; electronic computers

29、have been in existence for many years. However, it has taken the development of the large scale integrated circuit-the silicon chip-to produce computers which are cheap, rugged, and reliable enough to be incorporated int

30、o engineering designs as components. The techniques of software design are well known to computer scientists and it is not surprising that the principles of good engineering design and “software engineering” are esse<

31、/p><p>　　It is the combination of developments in electronic device technology with those in computer technology which has enabled the microcomputer to be produced, and these technologies have “converged” to pr

32、oduce the microcomputer industry. Which we see today.</p><p>　　FROM COMPUTER TO microcomputer</p><p>　　The development of electronic technology has been the basis of the development of the compu

33、ter, although the earliest computer antedates electronics by many decades. In fact the choice of candidate for “first computer” depends very much upon what we choose to regard as a computer; for example one calculating a

34、id, the abacus, has been knows since antiquity.</p><p>　　Blaise Pascal invented the first real calculating machine in 1642; this was a purely mechanical device consisting of a set of geared wheels arranged s

35、o that a complete revolution of any wheel rotated the wheel immediately to its left through one-tenth of a revolution . In the first half of the nineteenth century Babbage designed programmable calculation “engines” usin

36、g mechanical techniques, although computers as we know them today were impractical because of the precision engineering required t</p><p>　　After the Second World War Ⅱ the computer was developed for civilia

37、n use as a large and expensive arithmetic-performing machine for business and scientific purpose. The power consumption and unreliability of valves limited the use fullness of computers until valves were ousted by the in

38、troduction of the transistor, and new information of transistor, and new information storage techniques appeared which allowed smaller and more powerful computer to be produced.</p><p>　　The 1960s saw the in

39、troduction of the minicomputer which was small and cheap enough at a few thousands of pounds-or dollars-to be produced in relative large numbers for industrial control and laboratory instrumentation purposes. The minicom

40、puter became yet cheaper when integrated circuits were introduced. As these circuits became more complex the number of integrated circuit required to construct a functioning computer fell, until simple minicomputers usin

41、g only one or two printed circuit boards</p><p>　　More recent develop in integrated circuit technology have led to the introduction of microcomputer, small computers fabricated using relatively few integrate

42、d circuit components. In fact an entire microcomputer can be made as a single chip. At the heart of any computer is a Central Processing Unit or CPU, and the corresponding heart of the microcomputer is the microprocessor

43、, which is simply a CPU implemented on a silicon chip. Its processing power is greater than that of its giant predecessors </p><p>　　The microcomputer was conceived as a device which could be programmed in a

44、 very flexible fashion to give almost any desired behavior by means of a list of electronic instructions. Using a microcomputer involves programmed skill in producing these lists of instructions as well as more conventio

45、nal electronic and mechanical design techniques. As its name suggests, the microcomputer is organized in much the same way as a conventional computer; indeed, it may be regarded as the “natural” outcome of </p>&l

46、t;p>　　The Advantages and Disadvantages of microcomputer system</p><p>　　The first advantage has already been mentioned; the large-scale integration of electronic systems has reduced the number of componen

47、ts which are used, leading to an increase in the overall reliability of the system and a reduction in assembly costs. The decrease in size which results from large-scale integration means that equipment based on microcom

48、puters is usually much smaller, lighter, and more robust than that using older technologies.</p><p>　　Microcomputer can be made in large quantities because they are general purpose devices, and this leads to

49、 a much lower unit cost when compared with more conventional methods of producing system with similar complexity. This standardization can be extended to the printed circuits on which the integrated circuits are mounted,

50、 and very sophisticated microcomputer systems can be purchased as single printed circuit boards at quite reasonable cost. The use of standard components also offers the possib</p><p>　　It is the program whic

51、h defines the function of a microcomputer based system and usually it is in this program that most of the system design is carried out. Many concepts which ate similar to the engineers are found in software engineering,

52、such as the need for modular design and the need to design for testability and maintainability. In fact, the presence of a microcomputer in a system can case the problem of fault finding if the possibility of such faults

53、 has been anticipated by the designer,</p><p>　　The microcomputer might appear at this point to have been presented as something of an engineer’s panacea, but unfortunately there are also some disadvantages

54、which arise from using a microcomputer. The first is mainly of interest in purely electronic systems; microcomputer logic is slower than hardwired electronic logic by a factor of perhaps 100. In many applications, for ex

55、ample those which have mechanical interfaces, this is not important because the speed of response is limited by external </p><p>　　The problem of fault finding in a malfunctioning microcomputer system is mor

56、e serious. The fault could be in the electronic hardware, or it might be due to a programming error, and faults which involve interactions between hardware and software are especially inscrutable. Conventional fault-find

57、ing techniques and instruments such as oscilloscopes are frequently useless in such cases, but fortunately methods for locating and identifying faults have been developed.</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCE