施工組織設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯譯文</b></p><p>　　題　　目：　　　君山二期工程施工組織設(shè)計(jì)　　　　　　　　　　　　</p><p>　　學(xué)院名稱： 建筑工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級(jí)： 工程

2、管理 </p><p>　　學(xué)生姓名： 　　 學(xué)號(hào)： 200851585141 </p><p><b>　　一、外文原文：</b></p><p>　　1. Design project management</p><p>　　1.1 Choosing the planning

3、 practice</p><p>　　Choosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three

4、to five applicants receive preliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality,

5、knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coord</p><p>　　1.2 Design and authorization planning</p><p>　　Coordination and control of the planning proc

6、ess and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be left to the design institute alone. Regular planning and coordination meetings examine the planning proce

7、ss in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.</p><p>　　1.3 Working plans</p><p>　　Regular coo

8、rdination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage. Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specificat

9、ions have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great deal of convincing argument will be needed.</p><p>

10、;　　1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awards</p><p>　　Tender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to

11、 detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before tender documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrally in terms of product. This means that the bui

12、lding firm is able to use inferior materials without the client's agreement. This often results in buildings with serious defici</p><p>　　As a rule, five to ten firms (general contractors or firms offeri

13、ng individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.</p><p>　　After the

14、bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil

15、 is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earlier tender and award to specialist building firms.</p><p>　　1.5 B

16、uilding and completion phase</p><p>　　The legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German

17、site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI, Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings "quality monitoring" and "safety management":</p&

18、gt;<p>　　- examining the working plans</p><p>　　- quality control for building materials</p><p>　　- quality control for building plant and equipment</p><p>　　- building site

19、safety</p><p>　　- checking current building progress</p><p>　　- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel</p><p>　　- demanding and examining inventory documents<

20、;/p><p>　　Only building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites need pioneering work in

21、 this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the av

22、ailable production and fitting methods. Quality control starts even in the plann</p><p>　　The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved on the basis o

23、f specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and

24、 details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the quality of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and othe</p><p>　　1.6 Documentation</p><p

25、>　　The quality control process ends with the correction of faults and the start-up phase. Buildings are officially accepted in China at the point of final acceptance. The quality bureau, the fire prevention department

26、 and the environmental health office have to approve in order to ensure successful acceptance. The as-complete plans should be drawn up by the planning practice, as the building firm usually delivers these too late, and

27、in poor quality.</p><p>　　1.7 Communication</p><p>　　It is a characteristic feature of Chinese building projects that a large number of participants have to work together, under pressure from de

28、adlines and cost factors, on the basis of differing information from various locations. This creates the necessity for a "digital platform" that gives those involved in the project access to up-to-date document

29、s and the ability to communicate with the same aims in mind and to keep up with the work as it needs to be done. But the project management team shou</p><p>　　2 Planning and building costs</p><p&g

30、t;　　2.1 Quantity surveying</p><p>　　Chinese quantity surveyors provide the same services as their English model. Quantity surveying is the generic term for cost planning and cost control. Quantity surveying

31、includes tender award and contract management, both of which are part of the cost control process. The quantity surveyor is commissioned by the client directly and assists with planning and controlling project investment

32、. He represents the client's financial interests throughout the entire course of the project. During the real</p><p>　　Cost reduction opportunities are largely exhausted by the end of the planning phase.

33、</p><p>　　The diagram makes it clear that realization decisions made in the early planning phases crucially influence fixing the cost framework. The importance of control increases when planning is concluded

34、 and during the realization phase.</p><p>　　Despite the overwhelming volume of investment by Western standards, professional cost and schedule control rarely occurs in China. Moreover, clients who are commer

35、cially successful and put a great deal of money into building projects often have no knowledge of how to implement and control planning and building work, and often rely on their experience in other industries. Even thou

36、gh the predominant Chinese enterprise culture is not comparable with the Western world, professional project manageme</p><p><b>　　二、外文譯文：</b></p><p>　　1.1 選擇一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的規(guī)劃方式</p>&l

37、t;p>　　選擇一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的規(guī)劃方式是很重要的。采用一種資格預(yù)審的方式能夠給工作效率、專業(yè)知識(shí)和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量提供必要的洞察力：三到五個(gè)投標(biāo)人能夠獲得項(xiàng)目的初步設(shè)計(jì)文件和項(xiàng)目規(guī)劃方案。接著進(jìn)行面談，以實(shí)證考察和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘探表現(xiàn)為依據(jù)。但是最關(guān)鍵的因素是單位的規(guī)劃質(zhì)量、具備的材料知識(shí)、注重細(xì)節(jié)的程度、以及計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)和辦公設(shè)備。畢竟協(xié)調(diào)建設(shè)和技術(shù)規(guī)劃的能力相當(dāng)密切的。</p><p>　　1.2設(shè)計(jì)和授權(quán)規(guī)劃<

38、;/p><p>　　協(xié)調(diào)和控制規(guī)劃過程及內(nèi)容在規(guī)劃階段當(dāng)中是相當(dāng)重要的。在中國，任何情況下都不能把設(shè)計(jì)工作單獨(dú)留給設(shè)計(jì)院。定期進(jìn)行規(guī)劃和開展協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)議以此檢查整個(gè)規(guī)劃過程，這樣才能確保指導(dǎo)方針和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)真正能夠起到作用。這對(duì)協(xié)調(diào)指定的工藝流程路線和檢查出產(chǎn)生矛盾的點(diǎn)是很重要的。</p><p><b>　　1.3工作計(jì)劃</b></p><p>　　在規(guī)

39、劃的最后階段，仍然需要常規(guī)協(xié)調(diào)、控制管理、各種技術(shù)支持。協(xié)調(diào)建設(shè)過程進(jìn)度和技術(shù)工人的工作往往是整個(gè)規(guī)劃隊(duì)伍里面的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。對(duì)于比較重要的細(xì)節(jié)和技術(shù)規(guī)范都必須作出嚴(yán)格地要求。1:20到1:5這樣的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)方面的比例在目前的中國是很少見的，我們必須堅(jiān)持這樣的規(guī)劃特點(diǎn)，鼓勵(lì)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員們積極進(jìn)行這方面的討論。</p><p>　　1.4邀請(qǐng)投標(biāo)和投標(biāo)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)</p><p>　　在起草的投標(biāo)文件方面，中

40、國的文件詳細(xì)程度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比不上西方國家做得好。值得考慮的一個(gè)重要的方面是，應(yīng)該對(duì)工作圖紙的詳細(xì)程度給于足夠的關(guān)注。在投標(biāo)之前，應(yīng)該對(duì)工程圖紙的詳細(xì)好壞程度進(jìn)行排名。不能允許一意孤行地堅(jiān)持使用特殊產(chǎn)品的決定。在所有列入考慮的材料當(dāng)中，都要對(duì)任何一種材料進(jìn)行客觀中立的描述。這就是說，在文件詳細(xì)程度上做得不夠的話，可能建設(shè)單位在沒有經(jīng)過業(yè)主的同意，就可以使用劣質(zhì)材料進(jìn)行建設(shè)。這往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致建筑物在質(zhì)量和使用方面存在嚴(yán)重的缺陷。要避免這些不良影響，建

41、筑師需要跳出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的指導(dǎo)方針的限制，進(jìn)行適當(dāng)變通，以此來避免建設(shè)過程中使用劣等材料的行為。因?yàn)橹袊暮芏嘟ㄔO(shè)規(guī)劃和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都顯得滯后，跟不上國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更跟不上國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　邀請(qǐng)投標(biāo)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的流程圖</p><p>　　這方面有個(gè)規(guī)定，一般邀請(qǐng)五到十架建設(shè)單位（傳統(tǒng)的承包商或者是能夠提供獨(dú)立完整建設(shè)服務(wù)的個(gè)體團(tuán)隊(duì)）進(jìn)行投標(biāo)。當(dāng)然了，國外的建設(shè)公司在中國的分支機(jī)構(gòu)也會(huì)得到邀請(qǐng)。通常

42、這些國外公司的報(bào)價(jià)往往會(huì)高于國內(nèi)的其他競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者。在對(duì)所有的投標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)估后，選出幾個(gè)個(gè)最合理的投標(biāo)者進(jìn)行詳細(xì)談判。是否中標(biāo)取決于他們對(duì)項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量評(píng)估和給出的特殊建議。因?yàn)榻ㄖ幕A(chǔ)很差，而在沖積土地上使用深基礎(chǔ)是很普遍的。為了能夠爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間，地下工程部分可以讓早期的且這方面的專家較多的建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行建設(shè)。</p><p>　　1.5建設(shè)和竣工階段</p><p>　　法律上規(guī)定，這兩個(gè)階段需要監(jiān)理

43、進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督，也需要一定數(shù)量的測(cè)量人員（詳見B章2.2節(jié)）?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同于德國的所要求的，坐標(biāo)符合HOAI、相位8。中國的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)要提供以下的服務(wù)模式，正如下列標(biāo)題所說的“質(zhì)量監(jiān)控”和“安全管理”：</p><p><b>　　-檢查工作計(jì)劃</b></p><p>　　-建筑材料的質(zhì)量控制</p><p>　　-建設(shè)生產(chǎn)廠房和設(shè)備的

44、質(zhì)量控制</p><p>　　-建設(shè)施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的安全工作</p><p>　　-檢查控制當(dāng)前的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度</p><p>　　-檢查施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)工作人員的從業(yè)資格</p><p>　　-嚴(yán)格按要求檢查相關(guān)庫存文件</p><p>　　施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)只有建筑用地，這會(huì)給人傳達(dá)一種思想：一個(gè)井然有序的方法能夠生產(chǎn)出有質(zhì)量保證的產(chǎn)品并且高

45、效率工作。這也包括清潔和安全。中國的建筑行業(yè)領(lǐng)域需要先驅(qū)者為其注入新鮮血液。強(qiáng)迫承包商采用一種與自己意愿相違背的特殊方法是沒有意義的。實(shí)際上，做出這方面的讓步是及其明智的，這樣能夠使現(xiàn)有的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)方法和施工模式得到最充分的利用。項(xiàng)目的質(zhì)量控制在規(guī)劃階段就應(yīng)該開始了。在建設(shè)進(jìn)行階段，要小心謹(jǐn)慎細(xì)心把關(guān)，確保需要的建材是真材實(shí)料，需要的特殊部件能夠合適的安裝到位。</p><p>　　對(duì)于承包商來說，他們可以提出能夠

46、替代投標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的建議。這些建議需要審核，在承包商提供的樣本和參考資料的基礎(chǔ)上決定是否批準(zhǔn)。事實(shí)證明，在建設(shè)階段進(jìn)行之前很有必要設(shè)立一個(gè)樣本養(yǎng)護(hù)室，以便更詳細(xì)的測(cè)試材料的細(xì)部性能，在合適的時(shí)間提出改善材料的方法。在開始進(jìn)行的建筑的外墻、屋頂和其他關(guān)鍵部位的施工前，對(duì)部件模型的質(zhì)量進(jìn)行檢查和審核是很游戲要的。</p><p><b>　　1.6文件材料</b></p><p&g

47、t;　　隨著故障的糾正和項(xiàng)目的正式投入使用，質(zhì)量控制階段也就結(jié)束了。在中國，建筑只有在最終驗(yàn)收完成后才能被人們所接受。為了順利完成驗(yàn)收，質(zhì)量監(jiān)督局、消防中心和環(huán)保辦公室都不得不批準(zhǔn)。隨著計(jì)劃的實(shí)施，完整的規(guī)劃書應(yīng)該盡早起草并完善結(jié)束，不能指望施工單位，因?yàn)樵谶@方面他們的動(dòng)作是在是太慢了。</p><p><b>　　1.7交流</b></p><p>　　中國的項(xiàng)目建

48、設(shè)有一大顯著的特點(diǎn)：有很多的參與者在為同一個(gè)項(xiàng)目共同工作著，他們頂著工期進(jìn)度和成本費(fèi)用的壓力，可是卻接收著來自不同地區(qū)的不同信息。這就為數(shù)字交流平臺(tái)的產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造了條件，數(shù)字平臺(tái)給所有的參與者提供了最新的文檔材料信息，也讓大家能夠在上面自由交流，為了共同的目標(biāo)做應(yīng)該做的事。但是該項(xiàng)目的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)要接受統(tǒng)一調(diào)控和工作監(jiān)督，包括所有的報(bào)告。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)把所有參與進(jìn)項(xiàng)目的人都連接起來，控制著工作流程、及時(shí)發(fā)布新聞、文檔和信息。</p>&

49、lt;p><b>　　2規(guī)劃和建設(shè)成本</b></p><p>　　2.1 工程造價(jià)估算</p><p>　　中國的造價(jià)師提供著與榜樣（英國測(cè)算員）相同的服務(wù)。造價(jià)估算是成本計(jì)劃和成本控制的專業(yè)術(shù)語。造價(jià)估算包括招標(biāo)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)和合同管理，這些都是成本費(fèi)用的組成部分。造價(jià)員直接接受業(yè)主的委托并協(xié)助控制規(guī)劃和項(xiàng)目投資。在整個(gè)項(xiàng)目建設(shè)過程中，造價(jià)員代表了業(yè)主的財(cái)務(wù)利益。在即

50、將完工階段，造價(jià)員需要評(píng)估項(xiàng)目的完成程度，這樣方便控制部分付款和額外支出，使之穩(wěn)定不增長(zhǎng)。這也有助于避免爭(zhēng)端，與有額外補(bǔ)償要求的公司進(jìn)行協(xié)商。有效的成本控制是建立在成本管理框架上的。所有的支出款項(xiàng)在成本控制系統(tǒng)里面都有記錄。成本控制是一個(gè)主動(dòng)過程。真正精確地項(xiàng)目控制，即使在項(xiàng)目的最初階段就能夠識(shí)別出后續(xù)將要發(fā)生變動(dòng)的成本。影響成本的因素和措施盡早地傳遞到項(xiàng)目管理團(tuán)隊(duì)當(dāng)中的話，有助于及時(shí)有效地采取相對(duì)應(yīng)的措施。</p>&l

51、t;p>　　隨著規(guī)劃階段的結(jié)束，降低成本的機(jī)會(huì)也大大地減少了。通過圖表，可以很清楚地看出在早期規(guī)劃階段做出的實(shí)踐決定對(duì)固定成本框架起到了很大程度的影響。</p><p>　　隨著規(guī)劃階段的結(jié)束和實(shí)施階段的開始，成本控制變得越來越重要。盡管受到西方國家巨額投資標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的影響，但是我國的項(xiàng)目管理還是不重視成本和進(jìn)度控制。更糟糕的是，在生意上取得成功的業(yè)主，他們把大量的資金投入到了項(xiàng)目當(dāng)中，但是卻不知道如何實(shí)施計(jì)劃和