外文翻譯--基于單片機的智能水表的設計

1、<p><b>　　本科畢業(yè)設計</b></p><p><b>　?。ㄍ馕姆g）</b></p><p>　　題 目 基于單片機智能水表的設計 </p><p>　　學生姓名 王 建 玲 </p><p>　　專業(yè)班級 09

2、電子科學與技術3班 </p><p>　　學 號 200931069 </p><p>　　指導教師(職稱) 袁 玉 霞 </p><p>　　鄭州科技學院電氣工程學院</p><p><b>　　二○一三年五月</b></p>

3、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　Based on single chip microcomputer </p><p>　　intelligent water meter design</p><p>　　一、Singl

4、e-chip microcomputer</p><p>　　1.Singlechip application </p><p>　　Singlechip application domain Singlechip widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the domestic electric appliances,

5、the medical equipment, domain and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment intellectualized management and process control, may divide the following several categories approximately:</p><p>　　⑴ On intellig

6、ent instrument measuring appliance application Singlechip has the volume small, the power loss low, the control function strong, the expansion is nimble, merit and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely a

7、pplies in the instrument measuring appliance, the union different type sensor, may realize such as physical quantity the and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, ang

8、le, length, degree of hardness, element, pressu</p><p>　?、? In industry control application May constitute the various formats control system, the data acquisition system with singlechip. For example the fac

9、tory assembly line intellectualized management, the elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, constitutes two cascade control systems with the computer networking and so on. </p><p>　　

10、⑶.In domestic electric appliances application May say like this that, the present domestic electric appliances basically have all used singlechip control, praised, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air condition

11、er, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipments from the electricity food, again to the electronic weighting equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent. </p><p>　　⑷.In computer network and corr

12、espondence domain application Of the modern singlechip has the correspondence connection generally, may very conveniently and the computer carries on the data communication,for provided the extremely good physical condit

13、ions application in between the computer network and the communication facility, the present communication facility basically has all realized singlechip intelligence control, from the handset, the telephone, the small p

14、rogram controlled switch, the </p><p>　?、?Singlechip in medical equipment domain application Singlechip quite is also widespread inmedical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind o

15、f analyzer, , ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on. In addition, singlechip in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domain and so on national

16、 defense aerospace all has the extremely widespread use. </p><p>　　2.Singlechip development tendency</p><p>　　Now may say singlechip was all flowers blooms together, the time which hundred schoo

17、l of thought contended, in the world each big chip manufacture company has all promoted own singlechip, from 8, 16 to 32, innumerable, had everything expected to find, has compatibly with the mainstream C51 series, also

18、had not not compatibly, but they unique, became mutually supplementarily, provided the broad world for singlechip application. Looks over singlechip developing process, may indicate singlechip dev</p><p>　?、?/p>

19、 Low power loss CMOS The MCS-51 series 8,031 promotes when the power loss reaches 630mW, but the present singlechip all about 100mW, along with more and more is generally low to singlechip power loss request, the present

20、 each singlechip manufacturer basic has all used CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor craft). Looked like 80C51 to use HMOS (namely high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft) and CHMOS (supplementary

21、 high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft). CM</p><p>　?、?Miniature monolithic Now the conventional singlechip all is generally the central processor (CPU), the random access data storage (RAM),

22、 the read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and the serial communication connection, the interruption system, the timing circuit, the clock electric circuit integration on together the sole chip, the enlargement mode s

23、inglechip integrated like A/The D switch, PMW (pulse-duration modulation electric circuit), WDT (watch-dog), some singlechips (liquid crystal)</p><p>　?、?Mainstream and multi- varieties coexistence Now altho

24、ugh singlechip variety is many, unique, but still as the core singlechip occupies the mainstream take 80C51, the compatible its structure and the command system have PHILIPS Corporation the product, the ATMEL Corporation

25、's product and the Chinese Taiwan's Winbond series singlechip. Therefore C8051 was the core singlechip occupied the half of the country. But Microchip Corporation's PIC simplified the set of instructions (RIS

26、C) also to have t</p><p>　　二、intelligent water meter design</p><p>　　Long-term since, our country residence water meter are arranged on the indoor kitchen or toilet water concentration, the wate

27、r more and scattered residences, sometimes even a indoor set more than one meter. In recent years, water meter is arranged on the indoor and caused many problems cause the attention of people increasingly: Home meter rea

28、ding disturbs people 's normal life and may lead to residential burglary, privacy and safety not guaranteed: management of meter reading meter reading is n</p><p>　　Skyscraper water gauge the open air se

29、t up following severa ⑴kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line,

30、And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether

31、⑵adopt magnetic stripe</p><p>　　基于單片機的智能水表的設計</p><p><b>　　一、單片機</b></p><p>　　1.單片機的應用領域</p><p>　　單片機廣泛應用于儀器儀表、家用電器、醫(yī)用設備、航空航天、專用設備的智能化管理及過程控制等領域，大致可分如下幾個范疇：&

32、lt;/p><p>　　⑴在智能儀器儀表上的應用</p><p>　　單片機具有體積小、功耗低、控制功能強、擴展靈活、微型化和使用方便等優(yōu)點，廣泛應用于儀器儀表中，結合不同類型的傳感器，可實現(xiàn)諸如電壓、功率、頻率、濕度、溫度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、長度、硬度、元素、壓力等物理量的測量。采用單片機控制使得儀器儀表數(shù)字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用電子或數(shù)字電路更加強大。例如精密的測量設備（

33、功率計，示波器，各種分析儀）。</p><p>　　⑵在工業(yè)控制中的應用</p><p>　　用單片機可以構成形式多樣的控制系統(tǒng)、數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)。例如工廠流水線的化智 管理，電梯智能化控制、各種報警系統(tǒng)，與計算機聯(lián)網構成二級控制系統(tǒng)等。</p><p>　?、窃诩矣秒娖髦械膽?lt;/p><p>　　可以這樣說，現(xiàn)在的家用電器基本上都采用了單片機

34、控制，從電飯褒、洗衣機、電 冰箱、空調機、彩電、其他音響視頻器材、再到電子秤量設備，五花八門，無所不在。</p><p>　?、仍谟嬎銠C網絡和通信領域中的應用</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代的單片機普遍具備通信接口，可以很方便地與計算機進行數(shù)據(jù)通信，為在計算 機智能網絡和通信設備間的應用提供了極好的物質條件，現(xiàn)在的通信設備基本上都實現(xiàn)了單片機控制，從手機、電話機、小型程控交換機、樓宇自動通信呼叫

35、系統(tǒng)、列車無線通信、再到日常工作中隨處可見的移動電話，集群移動通信，無線電對講機等。</p><p>　?、蓡纹瑱C在醫(yī)用設備領域中的應用</p><p>　　單片機在醫(yī)用設備中的用途亦相當廣泛，例如醫(yī)用呼吸機，各種分析儀，監(jiān)護儀，超聲診斷設備及病床呼叫系統(tǒng)等等。此外，單片機在工商，金融，科研、教育，國防航空航天等領域都有著十分廣泛的用途。</p><p>　　2.單

36、片機的發(fā)展趨勢</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在可以說單片機是百花齊放，百家爭鳴的時期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的單片機，從8位、16位到32位，數(shù)不勝數(shù)，應有盡有，有與主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它們各具特色，互成互補，為單片機的應用提供廣闊的天地?？v觀單片機的發(fā)展過程，可以預示單片機的發(fā)展趨勢，大致有：</p><p>　?、诺凸腃MOS MCS-51系列的8031推出時

37、的功耗達630mW，而現(xiàn)在的單片機普遍都在100mW左右，隨著對單片機功耗要求越來越低，現(xiàn)在的各個單片機制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互 補金屬氧化物半導體工藝)。80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金屬氧化阿物半導體工藝)像和CHMOS(互補高密度金屬氧化物半導體工藝)。CMOS雖然功耗較低，但由于其物理特征決定其工作速度不夠高，而CHMOS則具備了高速和低功耗的特點，這些特征，更適合于在要求低功耗像電池供電的應用場合。所以這種工藝將是

38、今后一段時期單片機發(fā)展的主要途徑。</p><p>　?、莆⑿蛦纹F(xiàn)在常規(guī)的單片機普遍都是將中央處理器(CPU)、隨機存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲(RAM)、只讀程序存儲器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中斷系統(tǒng)、定時電路、時鐘電路 集成在一塊單一的芯片上，增強型的單片機集成了如A/D轉換器、PMW(脈寬調制電路)、WDT(看門狗)、有些單片機將、LCD(液晶)驅動電路都集成在單一的芯片上，這樣單片機包含的單元電路就更多，功能

39、就越強大。甚至單片機廠商還可以根據(jù)用戶的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的單片機芯片。此外，現(xiàn)在的產品普遍要求體積小、重量輕，這就要求單片機除了功能強和功耗低外，還要求其體積要小?，F(xiàn)在的許多單片機都具有多種封裝形式，其中SMD(表面封裝)越來越受歡迎，使得由單片機構成的系統(tǒng)正朝微型化方向發(fā)展。</p><p>　?、侵髁髋c多品種共存現(xiàn)在雖然單片機的品種繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51為核心的單片機占主流，兼容其結

40、構和指令系統(tǒng)的有 PHILIPS公司的產品，ATMEL公司的產品和中國臺灣的Winbond系列單片機。所以C8051為核心的</p><p>　　單片機占據(jù)了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精簡指令集(RISC)也有著強勁的發(fā)展勢頭，中國臺灣的HOLTEK公司近年的單片機產量與日俱增，與其低價質優(yōu)的優(yōu)勢，占據(jù)一定的市場分額。此外還有MOTOROLA公司的產品，日本幾大公司的專用單片機。在一定的時期內，這

41、種情形將得以延續(xù)，將不存在某個單片機一統(tǒng)天下的壟斷局面，走的是依存互補，相輔相成、共同發(fā)展的道路。</p><p><b>　　智能水表</b></p><p>　　長期以來，我國住宅水表均設于室內廚房或衛(wèi)生間等用水集中處，對于用水點較多且分散的住宅，有時甚至一戶內設多個水表。近年來，水表設于戶內而引發(fā)的諸多問題日益引起人們的重視：入戶抄表擾亂人們的正常生活及可能導致

42、的入戶搶劫，使住宅私密性及安全性得不到保障：管理人員抄表不易且抄表勞動強度大：個別用戶偷水而管理部門無法制止及處罰等。由于這些問題的產生，水表出產已成為必然的選擇。水表出戶一般有以下幾種方式：分戶水表集中設于屋頂（水箱供水）或底層空間內（變頻供水）。這種方式常用于多層單元式住宅中。一般一個單元梯位水表設一個水表井（箱），分戶水管沿室內管井或建筑外墻引入戶內。其優(yōu)點為；抄表方便，抄表人員勞動強度低，可以杜絕用戶的輸水行為。缺點是：管材耗量

43、大，管道水頭損失大，需占用較大空間的管道井，如設于外墻則易影響建筑外觀，分戶支管不易檢修。水表設于樓梯休息平臺處。給水立管設于平臺處，每戶設一水表箱；將水表箱嵌入休息平臺兩側墻體中。其優(yōu)點為：分戶支管短，較節(jié)約管材，管道水頭損失也較小，缺點是：水表分散設置，抄表人員勞動強度較大；通常室內消火栓箱也明設于休息平臺處，因而使本來就擁擠的休息平臺更為局促，給住</p><p><b>　　水表戶外設置問題：&

44、lt;/b></p><p>　　水表設在戶內，不但抄表的工作量很大，而且使住宅的安全性和私密性大大降低。故住宅的分戶水表或分戶水表的數(shù)字顯示宜設在戶外。多層住宅水表戶外設置有以下幾種形式：⑴采用遠傳水表把普通水表換成遠傳水表，由一根信號線連接水表與數(shù)據(jù)采集機，再傳至智能管理（微機）。它的優(yōu)點在于節(jié)省大量人力來抄表，數(shù)據(jù)準確，缺點是造價高。⑵采用磁卡式水表用戶預先購買自來水公司的電子卡，然后把它插入水表的存

45、貯器內，用水時卡上金額被自動扣除，這種方式用戶需預水費，水表價格較高。⑶采用普通水表設在戶外⑷水表設在樓梯休息平臺的壁龕里。住戶給水支管經水表計量后進入廚房、衛(wèi)生間。這種方式 實現(xiàn)了水表出房設置，工程等價低，但給水立管和水表設在樓梯處影響美觀。它適用于南方較暖和地區(qū)廚 房、衛(wèi)生間布置靠近樓梯間位置的住宅。⑸水表集中設在水表間（水表箱）。下行上給式供水時，在底層設水表間（水表箱），各層住戶給水支管在管道井內敷設，南方地區(qū)也可在建筑物陰角處